{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T09:08:10Z","timestamp":1779527290217,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n While conventional imaging can readily identify ventricular enlargement in hydrocephalus, structural changes that underlie microscopic tissue injury might be more difficult to capture. MRI-based diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) uses properties of water motion to uncover changes in the tissue microenvironment. The authors hypothesized that DTI can identify alterations in optic nerve microstructure in children with hydrocephalus.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n The authors retrospectively reviewed 21 children (< 18 years old) who underwent DTI before and after neurosurgical intervention for acute obstructive hydrocephalus from posterior fossa tumors. Their optic nerve quantitative DTI metrics of mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) were compared to those of 21 age-matched healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n Patients with hydrocephalus had increased MD and decreased FA in bilateral optic nerves, compared to controls (p < 0.001). Normalization of bilateral optic nerve MD and FA on short-term follow-up (median 1 day) after neurosurgical intervention was observed, as was near-complete recovery of MD on long-term follow-up (median 1.8 years).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n DTI was used to demonstrate reversible alterations of optic nerve microstructure in children presenting acutely with obstructive hydrocephalus. Alterations in optic nerve MD and FA returned to near-normal levels on short- and long-term follow-up, suggesting that surgical intervention can restore optic nerve tissue microstructure. This technique is a safe, noninvasive imaging tool that quantifies alterations of neural tissue, with a potential role for evaluation of pediatric hydrocephalus.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.9.focus19619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]],"date-time":"2019-12-06T18:18:29Z","timestamp":1575656309000},"page":"E16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging of the optic nerves in pediatric hydrocephalus"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Katie","family":"Shpanskaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Quon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Lober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sid","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Lucile Packard Children\u2019s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel H.","family":"Cheshier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S. B.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children\u2019s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald A.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children\u2019s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen W.","family":"Yeom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Lucile Packard Children\u2019s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.11.PEDS09343","article-title":"Longitudinal comparison of pre- and postoperative diffusion tensor imaging parameters in young children with hydrocephalus","volume":"5","author":"Air EL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Air EL, Yuan W, Holland SK, Jones BV, Bierbrauer K, Altaye M, : Longitudinal comparison of pre- and postoperative diffusion tensor imaging parameters in young children with hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr 5:385\u2013391, 20102036734510.3171\/2009.11.PEDS09343"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.10.PEDS13668","article-title":"Clinical benefits of diffusion tensor imaging in hydrocephalus","volume":"16","author":"Ben-Sira L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ben-Sira L, Goder N, Bassan H, Lifshits S, Assaf Y, Constantini S: Clinical benefits of diffusion tensor imaging in hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr 16:195\u2013202, 201510.3171\/2014.10.PEDS1366825978534"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.2.PEDS11331","article-title":"Longitudinal comparison of diffusion tensor imaging parameters and neuropsychological measures following endoscopic third ventriculostomy for hydrocephalus","volume":"9","author":"Buckley RT","year":"2012","unstructured":"Buckley RT, Yuan W, Mangano FT, Phillips JM, Powell S, McKinstry RC, : Longitudinal comparison of diffusion tensor imaging parameters and neuropsychological measures following endoscopic third ventriculostomy for hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr 9:630\u2013635, 20122265625510.3171\/2012.2.PEDS11331"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-014-2500-x","article-title":"Differential vulnerability of white matter structures to experimental infantile hydrocephalus detected by diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"30","author":"Eskandari R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eskandari R, Abdullah O, Mason C, Lloyd KE, Oeschle AN, McAllister JP II: Differential vulnerability of white matter structures to experimental infantile hydrocephalus detected by diffusion tensor imaging. Childs Nerv Syst 30:1651\u20131661, 201410.1007\/s00381-014-2500-x25070594"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4772","article-title":"Gray matter growth is accompanied by increasing blood flow and decreasing apparent diffusion coefficient during childhood","volume":"37","author":"Forkert ND","year":"2016","unstructured":"Forkert ND, Li MD, Lober RM, Yeom KW: Gray matter growth is accompanied by increasing blood flow and decreasing apparent diffusion coefficient during childhood. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 37:1738\u20131744, 20162710231410.3174\/ajnr.A4772"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Eye (Lond)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1991.44","article-title":"Ophthalmic complications of spina bifida and hydrocephalus","volume":"5","author":"Gaston H","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gaston H: Ophthalmic complications of spina bifida and hydrocephalus. Eye (Lond) 5:279\u2013290, 199110.1038\/eye.1991.44"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000367801.35654.EC","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging in patients with adult chronic idiopathic hydrocephalus","volume":"66","author":"Hattingen E","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hattingen E, Jurcoane A, Melber J, Blasel S, Zanella FE, Neumann-Haefelin T, : Diffusion tensor imaging in patients with adult chronic idiopathic hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 66:917\u2013924, 20102040469610.1227\/01.NEU.0000367801.35654.EC"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.10.001","article-title":"Pathogenesis of optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure","volume":"50","author":"Hayreh SS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hayreh SS: Pathogenesis of optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure. Prog Retin Eye Res 50:108\u2013144, 201610.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.10.00126453995"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J Headache Pain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-1004-1","article-title":"The effect of CSF drain on the optic nerve in idiopathic intracranial hypertension","volume":"20","author":"Hoffmann J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoffmann J, Kreutz KM, Csap\u00f3-Schmidt C, Becker N, Kunte H, Fekonja LS, : The effect of CSF drain on the optic nerve in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Headache Pain 20:59, 201910.1186\/s10194-019-1004-131122204"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Arch Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.9.1287","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography demonstrates subretinal macular edema from papilledema","volume":"119","author":"Hoye VJ III","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hoye VJ III, Berrocal AM, Hedges TR III, Amaro-Quireza ML: Optical coherence tomography demonstrates subretinal macular edema from papilledema. Arch Ophthalmol 119:1287\u20131290, 200110.1001\/archopht.119.9.128711545633"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-014-0584-0","article-title":"DTI-MRI biomarkers in the search for normal pressure hydrocephalus aetiology: a review","volume":"38","author":"Hoza D","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoza D, Vlas\u00e1k A, Ho\u0159\u00ednek D, Same\u0161 M, Alfieri A: DTI-MRI biomarkers in the search for normal pressure hydrocephalus aetiology: a review. Neurosurg Rev 38:239\u2013244, 201510.1007\/s10143-014-0584-025345377"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0181624","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181624","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging profiles reveal specific neural tract distortion in normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"12","author":"Keong NC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Keong NC, Pena A, Price SJ, Czosnyka M, Czosnyka Z, DeVito EE, : Diffusion tensor imaging profiles reveal specific neural tract distortion in normal pressure hydrocephalus. PLoS One 12:e0181624, 201710.1371\/journal.pone.018162428817574"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Exp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.02.113","article-title":"Brain damage in neonatal rats following kaolin induction of hydrocephalus","volume":"200","author":"Khan OH","year":"2006","unstructured":"Khan OH, Enno TL, Del Bigio MR: Brain damage in neonatal rats following kaolin induction of hydrocephalus. Exp Neurol 200:311\u2013320, 20061662430410.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.02.113"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders: Lifelong Implications","first-page":"131","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology-based magnetic resonance imaging in hydrocephalus","author":"Patel SK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patel SK, Vuong SM, Yuan W, Mangano FT: Anatomy and physiology-based magnetic resonance imaging in hydrocephalus, in Limbrick DD Jr, Leonard JR (eds): Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders: Lifelong Implications. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature, 2019, pp 131\u2013152"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5582","article-title":"Brain diffusion abnormalities in children with tension-type and migraine-type headaches","volume":"39","author":"Santoro JD","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santoro JD, Forkert ND, Yang QZ, Pavitt S, MacEachern SJ, Moseley ME, : Brain diffusion abnormalities in children with tension-type and migraine-type headaches. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 39:935\u2013941, 201810.3174\/ajnr.A558229545251"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Am J Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)02093-7","article-title":"Comparison of optic nerve head measurements obtained by optical coherence tomography and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy","volume":"135","author":"Schuman JS","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schuman JS, Wollstein G, Farra T, Hertzmark E, Aydin A, Fujimoto JG, : Comparison of optic nerve head measurements obtained by optical coherence tomography and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Am J Ophthalmol 135:504\u2013512, 20031265436810.1016\/S0002-9394(02)02093-7"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Magn Reson Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21176","article-title":"Clinical multishot DW-EPI through parallel imaging with considerations of susceptibility, motion, and noise","volume":"57","author":"Skare S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Skare S, Newbould RD, Clayton DB, Albers GW, Nagle S, Bammer R: Clinical multishot DW-EPI through parallel imaging with considerations of susceptibility, motion, and noise. Magn Reson Med 57:881\u2013890, 200710.1002\/mrm.2117617457876"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199602000-00009","article-title":"The effectiveness of papilledema as an indicator of raised intracranial pressure in children with craniosynostosis","volume":"38","author":"Tuite GF","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tuite GF, Chong WK, Evanson J, Narita A, Taylor D, Harkness WF, : The effectiveness of papilledema as an indicator of raised intracranial pressure in children with craniosynostosis. Neurosurgery 38:272\u2013278, 199610.1097\/00006123-199602000-000098869054"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W437","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.9854","article-title":"Comparison of readout-segmented echo-planar imaging (EPI) and single-shot EPI in clinical application of diffusion-weighted imaging of the pediatric brain","volume":"200","author":"Yeom KW","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yeom KW, Holdsworth SJ, Van AT, Iv M, Skare S, Lober RM, : Comparison of readout-segmented echo-planar imaging (EPI) and single-shot EPI in clinical application of diffusion-weighted imaging of the pediatric brain. AJR Am J Roentgenol 200:W437\u2013W443, 20132361751110.2214\/AJR.12.9854"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.11.PEDS09343","article-title":"Longitudinal comparison of pre- and postoperative diffusion tensor imaging parameters in young children with hydrocephalus","volume":"5","author":"Air EL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Air EL, Yuan W, Holland SK, Jones BV, Bierbrauer K, Altaye M, : Longitudinal comparison of pre- and postoperative diffusion tensor imaging parameters in young children with hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr 5:385\u2013391, 20102036734510.3171\/2009.11.PEDS09343"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.10.PEDS13668","article-title":"Clinical benefits of diffusion tensor imaging in hydrocephalus","volume":"16","author":"Ben-Sira L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ben-Sira L, Goder N, Bassan H, Lifshits S, Assaf Y, Constantini S: Clinical benefits of diffusion tensor imaging in hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr 16:195\u2013202, 201510.3171\/2014.10.PEDS1366825978534"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.2.PEDS11331","article-title":"Longitudinal comparison of diffusion tensor imaging parameters and neuropsychological measures following endoscopic third ventriculostomy for hydrocephalus","volume":"9","author":"Buckley RT","year":"2012","unstructured":"Buckley RT, Yuan W, Mangano FT, Phillips JM, Powell S, McKinstry RC, : Longitudinal comparison of diffusion tensor imaging parameters and neuropsychological measures following endoscopic third ventriculostomy for hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr 9:630\u2013635, 20122265625510.3171\/2012.2.PEDS11331"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-014-2500-x","article-title":"Differential vulnerability of white matter structures to experimental infantile hydrocephalus detected by diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"30","author":"Eskandari R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eskandari R, Abdullah O, Mason C, Lloyd KE, Oeschle AN, McAllister JP II: Differential vulnerability of white matter structures to experimental infantile hydrocephalus detected by diffusion tensor imaging. Childs Nerv Syst 30:1651\u20131661, 201410.1007\/s00381-014-2500-x25070594"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4772","article-title":"Gray matter growth is accompanied by increasing blood flow and decreasing apparent diffusion coefficient during childhood","volume":"37","author":"Forkert ND","year":"2016","unstructured":"Forkert ND, Li MD, Lober RM, Yeom KW: Gray matter growth is accompanied by increasing blood flow and decreasing apparent diffusion coefficient during childhood. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 37:1738\u20131744, 20162710231410.3174\/ajnr.A4772"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Eye (Lond)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1991.44","article-title":"Ophthalmic complications of spina bifida and hydrocephalus","volume":"5","author":"Gaston H","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gaston H: Ophthalmic complications of spina bifida and hydrocephalus. Eye (Lond) 5:279\u2013290, 199110.1038\/eye.1991.44"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000367801.35654.EC","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging in patients with adult chronic idiopathic hydrocephalus","volume":"66","author":"Hattingen E","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hattingen E, Jurcoane A, Melber J, Blasel S, Zanella FE, Neumann-Haefelin T, : Diffusion tensor imaging in patients with adult chronic idiopathic hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 66:917\u2013924, 20102040469610.1227\/01.NEU.0000367801.35654.EC"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.10.001","article-title":"Pathogenesis of optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure","volume":"50","author":"Hayreh SS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hayreh SS: Pathogenesis of optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure. Prog Retin Eye Res 50:108\u2013144, 201610.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.10.00126453995"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J Headache Pain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-1004-1","article-title":"The effect of CSF drain on the optic nerve in idiopathic intracranial hypertension","volume":"20","author":"Hoffmann J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoffmann J, Kreutz KM, Csap\u00f3-Schmidt C, Becker N, Kunte H, Fekonja LS, : The effect of CSF drain on the optic nerve in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Headache Pain 20:59, 201910.1186\/s10194-019-1004-131122204"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Arch Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.9.1287","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography demonstrates subretinal macular edema from papilledema","volume":"119","author":"Hoye VJ III","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hoye VJ III, Berrocal AM, Hedges TR III, Amaro-Quireza ML: Optical coherence tomography demonstrates subretinal macular edema from papilledema. Arch Ophthalmol 119:1287\u20131290, 200110.1001\/archopht.119.9.128711545633"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-014-0584-0","article-title":"DTI-MRI biomarkers in the search for normal pressure hydrocephalus aetiology: a review","volume":"38","author":"Hoza D","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoza D, Vlas\u00e1k A, Ho\u0159\u00ednek D, Same\u0161 M, Alfieri A: DTI-MRI biomarkers in the search for normal pressure hydrocephalus aetiology: a review. Neurosurg Rev 38:239\u2013244, 201510.1007\/s10143-014-0584-025345377"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0181624","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181624","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging profiles reveal specific neural tract distortion in normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"12","author":"Keong NC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Keong NC, Pena A, Price SJ, Czosnyka M, Czosnyka Z, DeVito EE, : Diffusion tensor imaging profiles reveal specific neural tract distortion in normal pressure hydrocephalus. PLoS One 12:e0181624, 201710.1371\/journal.pone.018162428817574"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Exp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.02.113","article-title":"Brain damage in neonatal rats following kaolin induction of hydrocephalus","volume":"200","author":"Khan OH","year":"2006","unstructured":"Khan OH, Enno TL, Del Bigio MR: Brain damage in neonatal rats following kaolin induction of hydrocephalus. Exp Neurol 200:311\u2013320, 20061662430410.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.02.113"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders: Lifelong Implications","first-page":"131","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology-based magnetic resonance imaging in hydrocephalus","author":"Patel SK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patel SK, Vuong SM, Yuan W, Mangano FT: Anatomy and physiology-based magnetic resonance imaging in hydrocephalus, in Limbrick DD Jr, Leonard JR (eds): Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders: Lifelong Implications. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature, 2019, pp 131\u2013152"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5582","article-title":"Brain diffusion abnormalities in children with tension-type and migraine-type headaches","volume":"39","author":"Santoro JD","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santoro JD, Forkert ND, Yang QZ, Pavitt S, MacEachern SJ, Moseley ME, : Brain diffusion abnormalities in children with tension-type and migraine-type headaches. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 39:935\u2013941, 201810.3174\/ajnr.A558229545251"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Am J Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)02093-7","article-title":"Comparison of optic nerve head measurements obtained by optical coherence tomography and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy","volume":"135","author":"Schuman JS","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schuman JS, Wollstein G, Farra T, Hertzmark E, Aydin A, Fujimoto JG, : Comparison of optic nerve head measurements obtained by optical coherence tomography and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Am J Ophthalmol 135:504\u2013512, 20031265436810.1016\/S0002-9394(02)02093-7"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Magn Reson Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21176","article-title":"Clinical multishot DW-EPI through parallel imaging with considerations of susceptibility, motion, and noise","volume":"57","author":"Skare S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Skare S, Newbould RD, Clayton DB, Albers GW, Nagle S, Bammer R: Clinical multishot DW-EPI through parallel imaging with considerations of susceptibility, motion, and noise. Magn Reson Med 57:881\u2013890, 200710.1002\/mrm.2117617457876"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199602000-00009","article-title":"The effectiveness of papilledema as an indicator of raised intracranial pressure in children with craniosynostosis","volume":"38","author":"Tuite GF","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tuite GF, Chong WK, Evanson J, Narita A, Taylor D, Harkness WF, : The effectiveness of papilledema as an indicator of raised intracranial pressure in children with craniosynostosis. Neurosurgery 38:272\u2013278, 199610.1097\/00006123-199602000-000098869054"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W437","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.9854","article-title":"Comparison of readout-segmented echo-planar imaging (EPI) and single-shot EPI in clinical application of diffusion-weighted imaging of the pediatric brain","volume":"200","author":"Yeom KW","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yeom KW, Holdsworth SJ, Van AT, Iv M, Skare S, Lober RM, : Comparison of readout-segmented echo-planar imaging (EPI) and single-shot EPI in clinical application of diffusion-weighted imaging of the pediatric brain. AJR Am J Roentgenol 200:W437\u2013W443, 20132361751110.2214\/AJR.12.9854"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/47\/6\/article-pE16.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/47\/6\/article-pE16.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/47\/6\/article-pE16.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T08:35:51Z","timestamp":1779525351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/47\/6\/article-pE16.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2019.9.focus19619","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}}}