{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:42:31Z","timestamp":1792806151934,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>External ventricular drain (EVD) placement is a common neurosurgical procedure. While this procedure is simple and effective, infection is a major limiting factor. Factors predictive of infection reported in the literature are not conclusive. The aim of this retrospective, single-center large series was to assess the rate and independent predictors of ventriculostomy-associated infection (VAI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors performed a retrospective chart review of consecutive patients who underwent EVD placement between January 2012 and January 2018.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 389 patients were included in the study. The infection rate was 3.1% (n = 12). Variables that were significantly associated with VAI were EVD replacement (OR 10, p = 0.001), bilateral EVDs (OR 9.2, p = 0.009), duration of EVD placement (OR 1.1, p = 0.011), increased CSF output\/day (OR 1.0, p = 0.001), CSF leak (OR 12.9, p = 0.001), and increased length of hospital stay (OR 1.1, p = 0.002). Using multivariate logistic regression, independent predictors of VAI were female sex (OR 7.1, 95% CI 1.1\u201347.4; p = 0.043), EVD replacement (OR 8.5, 95% CI 1.44\u201350.72; p = 0.027), increased CSF output\/day (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.0\u20131.02; p = 0.023), and CSF leak (OR 15.1, 95% CI 2.6\u201387.1; p = 0.003).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rate of VAI was 3.1%. Routine CSF collection (every other day or every 3 days) and CSF collection when needed were not associated with VAI. The authors recommend CSF collection when clinically needed rather than routinely.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.2.jns192051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]],"date-time":"2020-04-10T12:22:58Z","timestamp":1586521378000},"page":"1218-1225","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Predictors of ventriculostomy infection in a large single-center cohort"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Sweid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua H.","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawad","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kareem","family":"El Naamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stavropoula","family":"Tjoumakaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Wamsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica J.","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Neely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffery","family":"Head","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Nauheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Hauge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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