{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:44:45Z","timestamp":1792806285586,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute injury of the trigeminal nerve or its branches can result in posttraumatic trigeminal neuropathy (PTTN). Affected patients suffer from chronic debilitating symptoms long after they have recovered from the inciting trauma. Symptoms vary but usually consist of paresthesia, allodynia, dysesthesia, hyperalgesia, or a combination of these symptoms. PTTN of the trigeminal nerve can result from a variety of traumas, including iatrogenic injury from various dental and maxillofacial procedures. Treatments include medications, pulsed radiofrequency modulation, and microsurgical repair. Although trigeminal nerve stimulation has been reported for trigeminal neuropathy, V3 implantation is often avoided because of an elevated migration risk secondary to mandibular motion, and lingual nerve implantation has not been documented. Here, the authors report on a patient who suffered from refractory PTTN despite multiple alternative treatments. He elected to undergo novel placement of a lingual nerve stimulator for neuromodulation therapy. To the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge, this is the first documented case of lingual nerve stimulator implantation for lingual neuropathy, a technique for potentially reducing the risk of electrode migration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.2.jns193109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T03:37:09Z","timestamp":1587699429000},"page":"1271-1275","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neuromodulation of the lingual nerve: a novel technique"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Christopher E.","family":"Talbot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"},{"name":"Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"},{"name":"Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aron","family":"Kandinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey"},{"name":"Otolaryngology\u2013Head & Neck Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonios","family":"Mammis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"},{"name":"Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Paskhover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey"},{"name":"Otolaryngology\u2013Head & Neck Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"b1","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2009.09.111","article-title":"Retrospective review of microsurgical repair of 222 lingual nerve injuries","volume":"68","author":"Bagheri\n \nSC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bagheri\n \nSC\n\n, \n\nMeyer\n \nRA\n\n, \n\nKhan\n \nHA\n\n, \n\n\n \nRetrospective review of microsurgical repair of 222 lingual nerve injuries\n. \nJ Oral Maxillofac Surg\n. \n2010\n;\n68\n(\n4\n):\n715\n\u2013\n723\n.\n2003604210.1016\/j.joms.2009.09.111"},{"issue":"12","key":"b2","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2012.06.025","article-title":"Evaluation of trigeminal nerve injuries in relation to third molar surgery in a prospective patient cohort. Recommendations for prevention","volume":"41","author":"Renton\n \nT","year":"2012","unstructured":"Renton\n \nT\n\n, \n\nYilmaz\n \nZ\n\n, \n\nGaballah\n \nK\n\n\n. \nEvaluation of trigeminal nerve injuries in relation to third molar surgery in a prospective patient cohort. Recommendations for prevention\n. \nInt J Oral Maxillofac Surg\n. \n2012\n;\n41\n(\n12\n):\n1509\n\u2013\n1518\n.\n10.1016\/j.ijom.2012.06.025"},{"issue":"2","key":"b3","series-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2007.02.010","article-title":"Unusual case of post-traumatic lingual paraesthesia","volume":"46","author":"Tekeli\n \nKM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tekeli\n \nKM\n\n, \n\nAgrawal\n \nT\n\n, \n\nWorrall\n \nSF\n\n\n. \nUnusual case of post-traumatic lingual paraesthesia\n. \nBr J Oral Maxillofac Surg\n. \n2008\n;\n46\n(\n2\n):\n157\n\u2013\n158\n.\n10.1016\/j.bjoms.2007.02.01017959280"},{"issue":"6","key":"b4","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2018.02.004","article-title":"Iatrogenic trigeminal post-traumatic neuropathy: a retrospective two-year cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Klazen\n \nY","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klazen\n \nY\n\n, \n\nVan der Cruyssen\n \nF\n\n, \n\nVranckx\n \nM\n\n, \n\n\n \nIatrogenic trigeminal post-traumatic neuropathy: a retrospective two-year cohort study\n. \nInt J Oral Maxillofac Surg\n. \n2018\n;\n47\n(\n6\n):\n789\n\u2013\n793\n.\n10.1016\/j.ijom.2018.02.00429523381"},{"issue":"3","key":"b5","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2005.11.010","article-title":"Frequency and evolution of lingual nerve lesions following lower third molar extraction","volume":"64","author":"Queral-Godoy\n \nE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Queral-Godoy\n \nE\n\n, \n\nFigueiredo\n \nR\n\n, \n\nValmaseda-Castell\u00f3n\n \nE\n\n, \n\n\n \nFrequency and evolution of lingual nerve lesions following lower third molar extraction\n. \nJ Oral Maxillofac Surg\n. \n2006\n;\n64\n(\n3\n):\n402\n\u2013\n407\n.\n1648780110.1016\/j.joms.2005.11.010"},{"issue":"4","key":"b6","series-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-4356(90)90059-T","article-title":"A method of assessment in cases of lingual nerve injury","volume":"28","author":"Blackburn\n \nCW","year":"1990","unstructured":"Blackburn\n \nCW\n\n\n. \nA method of assessment in cases of lingual nerve injury\n. \nBr J Oral Maxillofac Surg\n. \n1990\n;\n28\n(\n4\n):\n238\n\u2013\n245\n.\n10.1016\/0266-4356(90)90059-T2207042"},{"issue":"10","key":"b7","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12313","article-title":"Evidence-based outcomes following inferior alveolar and lingual nerve injury and repair: a systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Kushnerev\n \nE","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kushnerev\n \nE\n\n, \n\nYates\n \nJM\n\n\n. \nEvidence-based outcomes following inferior alveolar and lingual nerve injury and repair: a systematic review\n. \nJ Oral Rehabil\n. \n2015\n;\n42\n(\n10\n):\n786\n\u2013\n802\n.\n10.1111\/joor.1231326059454"},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-4356(90)90005-6","article-title":"The radiological prediction of inferior alveolar nerve injury during third molar surgery","volume":"28","author":"Rood\n \nJP","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rood\n \nJP\n\n, \n\nShehab\n \nBA\n\n\n. \nThe radiological prediction of inferior alveolar nerve injury during third molar surgery\n. \nBr J Oral Maxillofac Surg\n. \n1990\n;\n28\n(\n1\n):\n20\n\u2013\n25\n.\n10.1016\/0266-4356(90)90005-62322523"},{"issue":"1","key":"b9","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.12.JNS14645","article-title":"Trigeminal branch stimulation for the treatment of intractable craniofacial pain","volume":"123","author":"Ellis\n \nJA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ellis\n \nJA\n\n, \n\nMejia Munne\n \nJC\n\n, \n\nWinfree\n \nCJ\n\n\n. \nTrigeminal branch stimulation for the treatment of intractable craniofacial pain\n. \nJ Neurosurg\n. \n2015\n;\n123\n(\n1\n):\n283\n\u2013\n288\n.\n2563547610.3171\/2014.12.JNS14645"},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000126874.08468.89","article-title":"Peripheral stimulation for treatment of trigeminal postherpetic neuralgia and trigeminal posttraumatic neuropathic pain: a pilot study","volume":"55","author":"Johnson\n \nMD","year":"2004","unstructured":"Johnson\n \nMD\n\n, \n\nBurchiel\n \nKJ\n\n\n. \nPeripheral stimulation for treatment of trigeminal postherpetic neuralgia and trigeminal posttraumatic neuropathic pain: a pilot study\n. \nNeurosurgery\n. \n2004\n;\n55\n(\n1\n):\n135\n\u2013\n142\n.\n1521498210.1227\/01.NEU.0000126874.08468.89"},{"issue":"5","key":"b11","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2011.11.026","article-title":"Interval between injury and lingual nerve repair as a prognostic factor for success using type I collagen conduit","volume":"71","author":"Erakat\n \nMS","year":"2013","unstructured":"Erakat\n \nMS\n\n, \n\nChuang\n \nSK\n\n, \n\nShanti\n \nRM\n\n, \n\nZiccardi\n \nVB\n\n\n. \nInterval between injury and lingual nerve repair as a prognostic factor for success using type I collagen conduit\n. \nJ Oral Maxillofac Surg\n. \n2013\n;\n71\n(\n5\n):\n833\n\u2013\n838\n.\n2236598210.1016\/j.joms.2011.11.026"},{"issue":"4","key":"b12","series-title":"Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03043553","article-title":"Microneural reconstruction after iatrogenic lesions of the lingual nerve and the inferior alveolar nerve. Critical evaluation [in German]","volume":"1","author":"Cornelius\n \nCP","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cornelius\n \nCP\n\n, \n\nRoser\n \nM\n\n, \n\nEhrenfeld\n \nM\n\n\n. \nMicroneural reconstruction after iatrogenic lesions of the lingual nerve and the inferior alveolar nerve. Critical evaluation [in German]\n. \nMund Kiefer Gesichtschir\n. \n1997\n;\n1\n(\n4\n):\n213\n\u2013\n223\n.\n10.1007\/BF030435539410631"},{"issue":"6","key":"b13","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2006.10.010","article-title":"Does early repair of lingual nerve injuries improve functional sensory recovery?","volume":"65","author":"Susarla\n \nSM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Susarla\n \nSM\n\n, \n\nKaban\n \nLB\n\n, \n\nDonoff\n \nRB\n\n, \n\nDodson\n \nTB\n\n\n. \nDoes early repair of lingual nerve injuries improve functional sensory recovery?\n \nJ Oral Maxillofac Surg\n. \n2007\n;\n65\n(\n6\n):\n1070\n\u2013\n1076\n.\n1751728810.1016\/j.joms.2006.10.010"},{"issue":"10","key":"b14","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2008.06.017","article-title":"A bioabsorbable collagen nerve cuff (NeuraGen) for repair of lingual and inferior alveolar nerve injuries: a case series","volume":"66","author":"Farole\n \nA","year":"2008","unstructured":"Farole\n \nA\n\n, \n\nJamal\n \nBT\n\n\n. \nA bioabsorbable collagen nerve cuff (NeuraGen) for repair of lingual and inferior alveolar nerve injuries: a case series\n. \nJ Oral Maxillofac Surg\n. \n2008\n;\n66\n(\n10\n):\n2058\n\u2013\n2062\n.\n10.1016\/j.joms.2008.06.01718848102"},{"issue":"5","key":"b15","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1053\/joms.2001.22671","article-title":"Use of Gore-Tex tubing as a conduit for inferior alveolar and lingual nerve repair: experience with 6 cases","volume":"59","author":"Pitta\n \nMC","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pitta\n \nMC\n\n, \n\nWolford\n \nLM\n\n, \n\nMehra\n \nP\n\n, \n\nHopkin\n \nJ\n\n\n. \nUse of Gore-Tex tubing as a conduit for inferior alveolar and lingual nerve repair: experience with 6 cases\n. \nJ Oral Maxillofac Surg\n. \n2001\n;\n59\n(\n5\n):\n493\n\u2013\n497\n.\n10.1053\/joms.2001.2267111326367"},{"issue":"10","key":"b16","series-title":"J Calif Dent Assoc","first-page":"747","article-title":"Top 60 medications used for orofacial pain treatment","volume":"36","author":"Clark\n \nG.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clark\n \nG.\n\n\n \nTop 60 medications used for orofacial pain treatment\n. \nJ Calif Dent Assoc\n. \n2008\n;\n36\n(\n10\n):\n747\n\u2013\n767\n.\n19044096"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD005293","article-title":"Interventions for iatrogenic inferior alveolar and lingual nerve injury","volume":"4","author":"Coulthard\n \nP","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coulthard\n \nP\n\n, \n\nKushnerev\n \nE\n\n, \n\nYates\n \nJM\n\n, \n\n\n \nInterventions for iatrogenic inferior alveolar and lingual nerve injury\n. \nCochrane Database Syst Rev\n. \n2014\n;(\n4\n):\nCD005293\n."},{"issue":"4","key":"b18","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.09.030","article-title":"Use of topical medication in orofacial neuropathic pain: a retrospective study","volume":"105","author":"Heir\n \nG","year":"2008","unstructured":"Heir\n \nG\n\n, \n\nKarolchek\n \nS\n\n, \n\nKalladka\n \nM\n\n, \n\n\n \nUse of topical medication in orofacial neuropathic pain: a retrospective study\n. \nOral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod\n. \n2008\n;\n105\n(\n4\n):\n466\n\u2013\n469\n.\n1832958310.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.09.030"},{"issue":"12","key":"b19","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2018.06.001","article-title":"Does low-level laser therapy affect recovery of lingual and inferior alveolar nerve injuries?","volume":"76","author":"Miloro\n \nM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miloro\n \nM\n\n, \n\nCriddle\n \nTR\n\n\n. \nDoes low-level laser therapy affect recovery of lingual and inferior alveolar nerve injuries?\n \nJ Oral Maxillofac Surg\n. \n2018\n;\n76\n(\n12\n):\n2669\n\u2013\n2675\n.\n3050939710.1016\/j.joms.2018.06.001"},{"issue":"5","key":"b20","series-title":"Pain Physician","first-page":"E537","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided trigeminal nerve block via the pterygopalatine fossa: an effective treatment for trigeminal neuralgia and atypical facial pain","volume":"16","author":"Nader\n \nA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nader\n \nA\n\n, \n\nKendall\n \nMC\n\n, \n\nDe Oliveria\n \nGS\n\n, \n\n\n \nUltrasound-guided trigeminal nerve block via the pterygopalatine fossa: an effective treatment for trigeminal neuralgia and atypical facial pain\n. \nPain Physician\n. \n2013\n;\n16\n(\n5\n):\nE537\n\u2013\nE545\n.\n24077204"},{"issue":"1","key":"b21","series-title":"Pain Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx088","article-title":"Fluoroscopic C-arm and CT-guided selective radiofrequency ablation for trigeminal and glossopharyngeal facial pain syndromes","volume":"19","author":"Telischak\n \nNA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Telischak\n \nNA\n\n, \n\nHeit\n \nJJ\n\n, \n\nCampos\n \nLW\n\n, \n\n\n \nFluoroscopic C-arm and CT-guided selective radiofrequency ablation for trigeminal and glossopharyngeal facial pain syndromes\n. \nPain Med\n. \n2018\n;\n19\n(\n1\n):\n130\n\u2013\n141\n.\n10.1093\/pm\/pnx08828472393"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.07.098","article-title":"Minimally invasive trigeminal ablation: novel transoral technique for targeted treatment of V3","volume":"118","author":"Ashman\n \nP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ashman\n \nP\n\n, \n\nWard\n \nM\n\n, \n\nUmanoff\n \nM\n\n, \n\nPaskhover\n \nB\n\n\n. \nMinimally invasive trigeminal ablation: novel transoral technique for targeted treatment of V3\n. \nWorld Neurosurg\n. \n2018\n;\n118\n:\n193\n\u2013\n196\n.\n10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.07.09830031955"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2019.09.002","article-title":"Minimally invasive trigeminal ablation in patients with refractory trigeminal neuralgia who are ineligible for intracranial intervention","volume":"70","author":"Tajali\n \nY","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tajali\n \nY\n\n, \n\nWard\n \nM\n\n, \n\nAbraham\n \nM\n\n, \n\n\n \nMinimally invasive trigeminal ablation in patients with refractory trigeminal neuralgia who are ineligible for intracranial intervention\n. \nJ Clin Neurosci\n. \n2019\n;\n70\n:\n42\n\u2013\n46\n.\n3153746110.1016\/j.jocn.2019.09.002"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/134\/4\/article-p1271.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/134\/4\/article-p1271.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/134\/4\/article-p1271.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:18:10Z","timestamp":1792804690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/134\/4\/article-p1271.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2020.2.jns193109","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}}}