{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T01:43:12Z","timestamp":1792201392785,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) are a significant cause of head injuries today, but efforts to manage and prevent these injuries extend as far back as the beginning of modern neurosurgery itself. Head trauma in MVCs occurred as far back as 1899, and the surgical literature of the time mentions several cases of children being struck by passing automobiles. By the 1930s, Dr. Claire L. Straith, a Detroit plastic surgeon, recommended changes to automobile design after seeing facial injuries and depressed skull fractures that resulted from automobile accidents. During World War II, Sir Hugh Cairns, a British neurosurgeon, demonstrated the efficacy of motorcycle helmets in preventing serious head injury. In the 1950s, Dr. Frank H. Mayfield, a Cincinnati neurosurgeon on the trauma committee of the American College of Surgeons, made several recommendations, such as adding padded dashboards and seatbelts, to make automobiles safer. Ford implemented the recommendations from Dr. Mayfield and others into a safety package for the 1956 models. Significant work has also been done to prevent head injury in motorsports. Efforts by surgeons, especially neurosurgeons, to prevent head injury in MVCs have saved countless lives, although it is a less frequently celebrated achievement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.7.jns20941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T02:45:43Z","timestamp":1606445143000},"page":"594-600","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The surgical history of head injury in motor vehicle collision"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Abhijith V.","family":"Matur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura B.","family":"Ngwenya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and"},{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"},{"name":"Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles J.","family":"Prestigiacomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and"},{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Los Angeles Times. January 9","article-title":"Car family feuds over who was in driver\u2019s seat","author":"Vogrin\n \nB","year":"1994","unstructured":"Vogrin\n \nB\n\n\n. \nCar family feuds over who was in driver\u2019s seat\n. \n\nLos Angeles Times. January 9\n, \n1994\n. \nAccessed August 10, 2020. https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-1994-01-09-mn-10077-story.html"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"The New York Times","author":"Fatally hurt by automobile","unstructured":"Fatally hurt by automobile\n\n\n \nThe New York Times\n. \nSeptember 14, 1899:1\n."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Transportation Energy Data Book","author":"Boundy\n \nRG","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boundy\n \nRG\n\n, \n\nDavis\n \nSC\n\n\n. \nTransportation Energy Data Book\n. \n38th ed.\n \nOak Ridge National Laboratory\n; \n2020\n."},{"issue":"6","key":"b4","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"796","article-title":"Prognosis and operative treatment of fracture of the base of the skull: based on an analysis of 190 cases","volume":"51","author":"Ransohoff\n \nJ. V","year":"1910","unstructured":"Ransohoff\n \nJ. V\n\n\n. \nPrognosis and operative treatment of fracture of the base of the skull: based on an analysis of 190 cases\n. \nAnn Surg\n. \n1910\n;\n51\n(\n6\n):\n796\n\u2013\n811\n."},{"issue":"3","key":"b5","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"175","article-title":"Ransohoff","volume":"29","author":"Rovit\n \nR","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rovit\n \nR\n\n. \n\nJoseph\n \nL\n\n\n. \nRansohoff\n. \nSurg Neurol\n. \n1988\n;\n29\n(\n3\n):\n175\n\u2013\n177\n."},{"issue":"1","key":"b6","series-title":"Calif State J Med","first-page":"12","article-title":"Report of cases of head injury","volume":"6","author":"Hamlin\n \nOD","year":"1908","unstructured":"Hamlin\n \nOD\n\n\n. \nReport of cases of head injury\n. \nCalif State J Med\n. \n1908\n;\n6\n(\n1\n):\n12\n\u2013\n16\n."},{"issue":"1","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base","first-page":"27","article-title":"Harvey Cushing\u2019s early operative treatment of skull base fractures","volume":"75","author":"Pendleton\n \nC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pendleton\n \nC\n\n, \n\nRaza\n \nSM\n\n, \n\nGallia\n \nGL\n\n, \n\nQuinones-Hinojosa\n \nA\n\n\n. \nHarvey Cushing\u2019s early operative treatment of skull base fractures\n. \nJ Neurol Surg B Skull Base\n. \n2014\n;\n75\n(\n1\n):\n27\n\u2013\n34\n."},{"issue":"4","key":"b8","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"404","article-title":"Fracture of the skull with special reference to its neurological manifestations","volume":"70","author":"Wilensky\n \nAO","year":"1919","unstructured":"Wilensky\n \nAO\n\n\n. \nFracture of the skull with special reference to its neurological manifestations\n. \nAnn Surg\n. \n1919\n;\n70\n(\n4\n):\n404\n\u2013\n429\n."},{"issue":"2","key":"b9","series-title":"Clin Pediatr Emerg Med","first-page":"94","article-title":"Prehospital evaluation and management of traumatic brain injury in children","volume":"7","author":"Atabaki\n \nSM","year":"2006","unstructured":"Atabaki\n \nSM\n\n\n. \nPrehospital evaluation and management of traumatic brain injury in children\n. \nClin Pediatr Emerg Med\n. \n2006\n;\n7\n(\n2\n):\n94\n\u2013\n104\n."},{"issue":"3","key":"b10","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"355","article-title":"Head injuries in children","volume":"87","author":"Beekman\n \nF.","year":"1928","unstructured":"Beekman\n \nF.\n\n\n \nHead injuries in children\n. \nAnn Surg\n. \n1928\n;\n87\n(\n3\n):\n355\n\u2013\n363\n."},{"issue":"2","key":"b11","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"182","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of fractures of the skull as developed in the Cincinnati General Hospital","volume":"83","author":"Carter\n \nBN","year":"1926","unstructured":"Carter\n \nBN\n\n\n. \nDiagnosis and treatment of fractures of the skull as developed in the Cincinnati General Hospital\n. \nAnn Surg\n. \n1926\n;\n83\n(\n2\n):\n182\n\u2013\n195\n."},{"issue":"5","key":"b12","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"662","article-title":"The treatment of brain trauma","volume":"105","author":"Newell\n \nED","year":"1937","unstructured":"Newell\n \nED\n\n, \n\nHigginbotham\n \nJM\n\n\n. \nThe treatment of brain trauma\n. \nAnn Surg\n. \n1937\n;\n105\n(\n5\n):\n662\n\u2013\n672\n."},{"issue":"12","key":"b13","series-title":"J Am Med Assoc","first-page":"940","article-title":"Automobile injuries: clinical lecture at Atlantic City session","volume":"109","author":"Straith\n \nCL","year":"1937","unstructured":"Straith\n \nCL\n\n\n. \nAutomobile injuries: clinical lecture at Atlantic City session\n. \nJ Am Med Assoc\n. \n1937\n;\n109\n(\n12\n):\n940\n\u2013\n945\n."},{"issue":"2","key":"b14","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Transplant Bull","first-page":"200","article-title":"memoriam: Claire L. Straith; 1891-1958","volume":"23","author":"Patton\n \nHS.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Patton\n \nHS.\n\n\n In memoriam: Claire L. Straith; 1891-1958\n. \nPlast Reconstr Surg Transplant Bull\n. \n1959\n;\n23\n(\n2\n):\n200\n\u2013\n201\n."},{"key":"b15","article-title":"Automobile crash pad. US patent 2,560,009","author":"Straith\n \nCL","year":"July 10, 1951","unstructured":"Straith\n \nCL\n\n, \n\ninventor\n\n\n. \nAutomobile crash pad. US patent 2,560,009\n. \nJuly 10, 1951\n."},{"issue":"5","key":"b16","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1301","article-title":"Sir Hugh Cairns and World War II British advances in head injury management, diffuse brain injury, and concussion: an Oxford tale","volume":"125","author":"Stone\n \nJL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stone\n \nJL\n\n, \n\nPatel\n \nV\n\n, \n\nBailes\n \nJE\n\n\n. \nSir Hugh Cairns and World War II British advances in head injury management, diffuse brain injury, and concussion: an Oxford tale\n. \nJ Neurosurg\n. \n2016\n;\n125\n(\n5\n):\n1301\n\u2013\n1314\n."},{"issue":"4470","key":"b17","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"322","article-title":"Crash helmets","volume":"2","author":"Cairns\n \nH","year":"1946","unstructured":"Cairns\n \nH\n\n\n. \nCrash helmets\n. \nBMJ\n. \n1946\n;\n2\n(\n4470\n):\n322\n\u2013\n323\n."},{"issue":"4297","key":"b18","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"591","article-title":"Head injuries in motor-cyclists: with special reference to crash helmets","volume":"1","author":"Cairns\n \nH","year":"1943","unstructured":"Cairns\n \nH\n\n, \n\nHolbourn\n \nH\n\n\n. \nHead injuries in motor-cyclists: with special reference to crash helmets\n. \nBMJ\n. \n1943\n;\n1\n(\n4297\n):\n591\n\u2013\n598\n."},{"issue":"10","key":"b19","series-title":"J Am Med Assoc","first-page":"981","article-title":"Prevention, the only cure for head injuries resulting from automobile accidents","volume":"159","author":"Shelden\n \nCH","year":"1955","unstructured":"Shelden\n \nCH\n\n\n. \nPrevention, the only cure for head injuries resulting from automobile accidents\n. \nJ Am Med Assoc\n. \n1955\n;\n159\n(\n10\n):\n981\n\u2013\n986\n."},{"issue":"4","key":"b20","series-title":"J Am Med Assoc","first-page":"245","article-title":"Surgical aspects of driver licensure","volume":"163","author":"Mayfield\n \nFH","year":"1957","unstructured":"Mayfield\n \nFH\n\n\n. \nSurgical aspects of driver licensure\n. \nJ Am Med Assoc\n. \n1957\n;\n163\n(\n4\n):\n245\n\u2013\n246\n."},{"issue":"4","key":"b21","series-title":"Am J Surg","first-page":"577","article-title":"The patient, the attendants and the externals in traffic hazards","volume":"98","author":"Ross\n \nWD","year":"1959","unstructured":"Ross\n \nWD\n\n, \n\nMayfield\n \nFH\n\n\n. \nThe patient, the attendants and the externals in traffic hazards\n. \nAm J Surg\n. \n1959\n;\n98\n(\n4\n):\n577\n\u2013\n582\n."},{"issue":"1","key":"b22","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neurosurgeon of the year: Frank Henderson Mayfield","volume":"17","author":"Tew\n \nMJ\n \nJr","year":"1982","unstructured":"Tew\n \nMJ\n \nJr\n\n\n. \nNeurosurgeon of the year: Frank Henderson Mayfield\n. \nSurg Neurol\n. \n1982\n;\n17\n(\n1\n):\n1\n\u2013\n3\n."},{"key":"b23","article-title":"Mayfield biographical files","author":"Frank\n \nH","unstructured":"Frank\n \nH\n\n\n. \nMayfield biographical files\n. \nLocated at: Henry R. Winkler Center for the History of the Health Professions\n."},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Ford Lifeguard Design","author":"Ford Motor Company","year":"1955","unstructured":"Ford Motor Company\n\n\n. \nFord Lifeguard Design\n. \nBrochure\n. \n1955\n."},{"issue":"2","key":"b25","series-title":"Am J Public Health","first-page":"257","article-title":"Ralph Nader: public health advocate and political agitator","volume":"101","author":"Parry\n \nM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Parry\n \nM\n\n\n. \nRalph Nader: public health advocate and political agitator\n. \nAm J Public Health\n. \n2011\n;\n101\n(\n2\n):\n257\n."},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Unsafe at Any Speed","author":"Nader\n \nR","year":"1965","unstructured":"Nader\n \nR\n\n\n. \nUnsafe at Any Speed\n. \nGrossman\n; \n1965\n."},{"issue":"2","key":"b27","series-title":"Traffic Inj Prev","first-page":"113","article-title":"Preventing passenger vehicle occupant injuries by vehicle design\u2014a historical perspective from IIHS","volume":"10","author":"O\u2019Neill\n \nB","year":"2009","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill\n \nB\n\n\n. \nPreventing passenger vehicle occupant injuries by vehicle design\u2014a historical perspective from IIHS\n. \nTraffic Inj Prev\n. \n2009\n;\n10\n(\n2\n):\n113\n\u2013\n126\n."},{"key":"b28","article-title":"Pub L No. 89-563","author":"National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966","unstructured":"National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966\n\n\n. \nPub L No. 89-563\n. \nAccessed August 6, 2020 https:\/\/uscode.house.gov\/statutes\/pl\/89\/563.pdf"},{"key":"b29","article-title":"Traffic Safety Facts 2017: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data","author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)\n\n\n. \nTraffic Safety Facts 2017: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data\n. \nAccessed August 6, 2020. https:\/\/crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Api\/Public\/ViewPublication\/812806"},{"issue":"3","key":"b30","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"416","article-title":"Comprehensive review of the ThinkFirst Injury Prevention programs: a 30-year success story for organized neurosurgery","volume":"81","author":"Youngers\n \nEH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Youngers\n \nEH\n\n, \n\nZundel\n \nK\n\n, \n\nGerhardstein\n \nD\n\n, \n\n\n \nComprehensive review of the ThinkFirst Injury Prevention programs: a 30-year success story for organized neurosurgery\n. \nNeurosurgery\n. \n2017\n;\n81\n(\n3\n):\n416\n\u2013\n421\n."},{"issue":"3","key":"b31","series-title":"Inj Prev","first-page":"257","article-title":"Evaluation of the THINK FIRST for KIDS injury prevention curriculum for primary students","volume":"8","author":"Greene\n \nA","year":"2002","unstructured":"Greene\n \nA\n\n, \n\nBarnett\n \nP\n\n, \n\nCrossen\n \nJ\n\n, \n\n\n \nEvaluation of the THINK FIRST for KIDS injury prevention curriculum for primary students\n. \nInj Prev\n. \n2002\n;\n8\n(\n3\n):\n257\n\u2013\n258\n."},{"issue":"9855","key":"b32","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1734","article-title":"Eric Sidney Watkins","volume":"380","author":"Watts\n \nG","year":"2012","unstructured":"Watts\n \nG\n\n\n. \nEric Sidney Watkins\n. \nLancet\n. \n2012\n;\n380\n(\n9855\n):\n1734\n."},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Life at the Limit: Triumph and Tragedy in Formula One","author":"Watkins\n \nS","year":"1996","unstructured":"Watkins\n \nS\n\n\n. \nLife at the Limit: Triumph and Tragedy in Formula One\n. \n1st ed\n. \nMotorbooks International\n; \n1996\n."},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Clin Neurosurg","first-page":"145","article-title":"The physiology and pathology of Formula One Grand Prix motor racing","volume":"53","author":"Watkins\n \nES","year":"2006","unstructured":"Watkins\n \nES\n\n\n. \nThe physiology and pathology of Formula One Grand Prix motor racing\n. \nClin Neurosurg\n. \n2006\n;\n53\n:\n145\n\u2013\n152\n."},{"issue":"6","key":"b35","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"756","article-title":"A revolution in preventing fatal craniovertebral junction injuries: lessons learned from the Head and Neck Support device in professional auto racing","volume":"25","author":"Kaul\n \nA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kaul\n \nA\n\n, \n\nAbbas\n \nA\n\n, \n\nSmith\n \nG\n\n, \n\n\n \nA revolution in preventing fatal craniovertebral junction injuries: lessons learned from the Head and Neck Support device in professional auto racing\n. \nJ Neurosurg Spine\n. \n2016\n;\n25\n(\n6\n):\n756\n\u2013\n761\n."},{"issue":"1","key":"b36","series-title":"PLoS One","article-title":"Epidemiological trends of traumatic brain injury identified in the emergency department in a publicly-insured population, 2002-2010","volume":"11","author":"Fu\n \nTS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fu\n \nTS\n\n, \n\nJing\n \nR\n\n, \n\nFu\n \nWW\n\n, \n\nCusimano\n \nMD\n\n\n. \nEpidemiological trends of traumatic brain injury identified in the emergency department in a publicly-insured population, 2002-2010\n. \nPLoS One\n. \n2016\n;\n11\n(\n1\n):\ne0145469\n."},{"key":"b37","series-title":"SAE Technical Paper 942466","article-title":"Biomechanical evaluation and driver experience with the head and neck support","author":"Hubbard\n \nRP","unstructured":"Hubbard\n \nRP\n\n, \n\nBegeman\n \nPC\n\n, \n\nDowning\n \nJR\n\n\n. \nBiomechanical evaluation and driver experience with the head and neck support\n. \nSAE Technical Paper 942466\n. \nAccessed August 6, 2020. https:\/\/www.sae.org\/publications\/technical-papers\/content\/942466\/"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"US patent","article-title":"inventor. Neck protection device with occupant of a high performance vehicle","author":"Hubbard\n \nRP","unstructured":"Hubbard\n \nRP\n\n\n, \ninventor. Neck protection device with occupant of a high performance vehicle\n. \nUS patent\n \n4,638,510. January 2, 1987\n."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/135\/2\/article-p594.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/135\/2\/article-p594.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/135\/2\/article-p594.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T01:30:11Z","timestamp":1792200611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/135\/2\/article-p594.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2020.7.jns20941","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}}}