{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T09:05:54Z","timestamp":1779527154204,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Craniosynostosis (CS) is a congenital disease that arises due to premature ossification of single or multiple sutures, which results in skull deformities. The surgical management of single-suture CS continues to evolve and is driven by a robust body of clinical research; however, the molecular underpinnings of CS remain poorly understood. Despite long-standing hypotheses regarding the interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental factors, formal investigation of the epigenetic underpinnings of CS has been limited. In an effort to catalyze further investigation into the epigenetic basis of CS, the authors review the fundamentals of epigenetics, discuss recent studies that shed light on this emerging field, and offer hypotheses regarding the role of epigenetic mechanisms in the development of single-suture CS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.1.focus201008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T07:46:46Z","timestamp":1617263206000},"page":"E10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Single-suture craniosynostosis and the epigenome: current evidence and a review of epigenetic principles"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Othman","family":"Bin Alamer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian E.","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tej D.","family":"Azad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"b1","series-title":"Eur J Hum Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2010.235","article-title":"Craniosynostosis","volume":"19","author":"Johnson D","year":"2011","unstructured":"Johnson D, Wilkie AOM. Craniosynostosis. Eur J Hum Genet. 2011;19(4):369\u2013376.2124874510.1038\/ejhg.2010.235"},{"issue":"11-12","key":"b2","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810050456","article-title":"Mechanisms of premature closure of cranial sutures","volume":"15","author":"Alden TD","year":"1999","unstructured":"Alden TD, Lin KY, Jane JA. Mechanisms of premature closure of cranial sutures. Childs Nerv Syst. 1999;15(11-12):670\u2013675.10.1007\/s00381005045610603008"},{"issue":"5","key":"b3","series-title":"Am J Med Genet A","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.38159","article-title":"Genetic advances in craniosynostosis","volume":"173","author":"Lattanzi W","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lattanzi W, Barba M, Di Pietro L, Boyadjiev SA. Genetic advances in craniosynostosis. Am J Med Genet A. 2017;173(5):1406\u20131429.10.1002\/ajmg.a.3815928160402"},{"issue":"1","key":"b4","series-title":"Sci Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11494","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11801-0","article-title":"Identification of stiffness-induced signaling mechanisms in cells from patent and fused sutures associated with craniosynostosis","volume":"7","author":"Barreto S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barreto S, Gonz\u00e1lez-V\u00e1zquez A, R Cameron A, . Identification of stiffness-induced signaling mechanisms in cells from patent and fused sutures associated with craniosynostosis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):11494.10.1038\/s41598-017-11801-028904366"},{"issue":"46","key":"b5","series-title":"J Biol Chem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27604","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.672345","article-title":"Epigenetic control of skeletal development by the histone methyltransferase Ezh2","volume":"290","author":"Dudakovic A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dudakovic A, Camilleri ET, Xu F, . Epigenetic control of skeletal development by the histone methyltransferase Ezh2. J Biol Chem. 2015;290(46):27604\u201327617.2642479010.1074\/jbc.M115.672345"},{"issue":"4","key":"b6","series-title":"J Med Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2016-104215","article-title":"Diagnostic value of exome and whole genome sequencing in craniosynostosis","volume":"54","author":"Miller KA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miller KA, Twigg SRF, McGowan SJ, . Diagnostic value of exome and whole genome sequencing in craniosynostosis. J Med Genet. 2017;54(4):260\u2013268.10.1136\/jmedgenet-2016-10421527884935"},{"issue":"3","key":"b7","series-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2007.08.008","article-title":"Genetics of craniosynostosis","volume":"14","author":"Kimonis V","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kimonis V, Gold JA, Hoffman TL, . Genetics of craniosynostosis. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2007;14(3):150\u2013161.1798031210.1016\/j.spen.2007.08.008"},{"issue":"3","key":"b8","series-title":"Am J Hum Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.07.006","article-title":"A genetic-pathophysiological framework for craniosynostosis","volume":"97","author":"Twigg SRF","year":"2015","unstructured":"Twigg SRF, Wilkie AOM. A genetic-pathophysiological framework for craniosynostosis. Am J Hum Genet. 2015;97(3):359\u2013377.2634033210.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.07.006"},{"issue":"5","key":"b9","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2019.10.003","article-title":"Genetic bases of craniosynostoses: an update","volume":"65","author":"Armand T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Armand T, Schaefer E, Di Rocco F, . Genetic bases of craniosynostoses: an update. Neurochirurgie. 2019;65(5):196\u2013201.3160568310.1016\/j.neuchi.2019.10.003"},{"issue":"2","key":"b10","series-title":"Nat Rev Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3142","article-title":"Epigenetics and the environment: emerging patterns and implications","volume":"13","author":"Feil R","year":"2012","unstructured":"Feil R, Fraga MF. Epigenetics and the environment: emerging patterns and implications. Nat Rev Genet. 2012;13(2):97\u2013109.10.1038\/nrg314222215131"},{"issue":"1","key":"b11","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000006064","article-title":"The influence of epigenetic factors in four pairs of twins with non-syndromic craniosynostosis","volume":"31","author":"Farooq S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Farooq S, Morton J, Lloyd M, Krishna ST. The influence of epigenetic factors in four pairs of twins with non-syndromic craniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg. 2020;31(1):283\u2013285.10.1097\/SCS.000000000000606431764566"},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000003368","article-title":"Identical twins discordant for metopic craniosynostosis: evidence of epigenetic influences","volume":"28","author":"Magge SN","year":"2017","unstructured":"Magge SN, Snyder K, Sajja A, . Identical twins discordant for metopic craniosynostosis: evidence of epigenetic influences. J Craniofac Surg. 2017;28(1):14\u201316.10.1097\/SCS.000000000000336828060197"},{"issue":"4","key":"b13","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31824422a8","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic influences of twins on the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"129","author":"Lakin GE","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lakin GE, Sinkin JC, Chen R, . Genetic and epigenetic influences of twins on the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis: a meta-analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;129(4):945\u2013954.10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31824422a822456364"},{"issue":"11","key":"b14","series-title":"ACS Biomater Sci Eng","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6b00557","article-title":"Cell mechanics of craniosynostosis","volume":"3","author":"Al-Rekabi Z","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al-Rekabi Z, Cunningham ML, Sniadecki NJ. Cell mechanics of craniosynostosis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2017;3(11):2733\u20132743.10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6b0055731106260"},{"issue":"4","key":"b15","series-title":"Genet Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2013.134","article-title":"Familial incidence and associated symptoms in a population of individuals with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis","volume":"16","author":"Greenwood J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Greenwood J, Flodman P, Osann K, . Familial incidence and associated symptoms in a population of individuals with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. Genet Med. 2014;16(4):302\u2013310.10.1038\/gim.2013.134"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Monogr Hum Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1159\/000319987","article-title":"Craniosynostosis and chromosomal alterations","volume":"19","author":"Passos-Bueno MR","year":"2011","unstructured":"Passos-Bueno MR, Fanganiello RD, Jehee FS. Craniosynostosis and chromosomal alterations. Monogr Hum Genet. 2011;19:152\u2013164.10.1159\/000319987"},{"issue":"9","key":"b17","series-title":"Genet Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41436-020-0817-2","article-title":"SMAD6 variants in craniosynostosis: genotype and phenotype evaluation","volume":"22","author":"Calpena E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Calpena E, Cuellar A, Bala K, . SMAD6 variants in craniosynostosis: genotype and phenotype evaluation. Genet Med. 2020;22(9):1498\u20131506.10.1038\/s41436-020-0817-232499606"},{"issue":"4","key":"b18","series-title":"Mol Genet Genomic Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/mgg3.28","article-title":"Mutations in the interleukin receptor IL11RA cause autosomal recessive Crouzon-like craniosynostosis","volume":"1","author":"Keupp K","year":"2013","unstructured":"Keupp K, Li Y, Vargel I, . Mutations in the interleukin receptor IL11RA cause autosomal recessive Crouzon-like craniosynostosis. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2013;1(4):223\u2013237.2449861810.1002\/mgg3.28"},{"issue":"3","key":"b19","series-title":"Dev Dyn","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20417","article-title":"Zic4, a zinc-finger transcription factor, is expressed in the developing mouse nervous system","volume":"233","author":"Gaston-Massuet C","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gaston-Massuet C, Henderson DJ, Greene NDE, Copp AJ. Zic4, a zinc-finger transcription factor, is expressed in the developing mouse nervous system. Dev Dyn. 2005;233(3):1110\u20131115.1589536910.1002\/dvdy.20417"},{"issue":"9","key":"b20","series-title":"Genet Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2017.214","article-title":"A craniosynostosis massively parallel sequencing panel study in 309 Australian and New Zealand patients: findings and recommendations","volume":"20","author":"Lee E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee E, Le T, Zhu Y, . A craniosynostosis massively parallel sequencing panel study in 309 Australian and New Zealand patients: findings and recommendations. Genet Med. 2018;20(9):1061\u20131068.10.1038\/gim.2017.21429215649"},{"issue":"6648","key":"b21","series-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/38444","article-title":"Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 \u00c5 resolution","volume":"389","author":"Luger K","year":"1997","unstructured":"Luger K, M\u00e4der AW, Richmond RK, . Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 \u00c5 resolution. Nature. 1997;389(6648):251\u2013260.930583710.1038\/38444"},{"issue":"2","key":"b22","series-title":"Chromosoma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s00412-006-0052-x","article-title":"The contradictory definitions of heterochromatin: transcription and silencing","volume":"115","author":"Huisinga KL","year":"2006","unstructured":"Huisinga KL, Brower-Toland B, Elgin SCR. The contradictory definitions of heterochromatin: transcription and silencing. Chromosoma. 2006;115(2):110\u2013122.1650602210.1007\/s00412-006-0052-x"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsc.2017.10.002","article-title":"Epigenetics: a way to bridge the gap between biological fields","volume":"66","author":"Nicoglou A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nicoglou A, Merlin F. Epigenetics: a way to bridge the gap between biological fields. Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci. 2017;66:73\u201382.2903322810.1016\/j.shpsc.2017.10.002"},{"issue":"1","key":"b24","series-title":"Int J Epidemiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr184","article-title":"The epigenotype. 1942","volume":"41","author":"Waddington CH","year":"2012","unstructured":"Waddington CH. The epigenotype. 1942. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41(1):10\u201313.2218625810.1093\/ije\/dyr184"},{"issue":"8","key":"b25","series-title":"Nat Rev Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1655","article-title":"DNA methylation and human disease","volume":"6","author":"Robertson KD","year":"2005","unstructured":"Robertson KD. DNA methylation and human disease. Nat Rev Genet. 2005;6(8):597\u2013610.10.1038\/nrg165516136652"},{"issue":"7143","key":"b26","series-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05915","article-title":"The complex language of chromatin regulation during transcription","volume":"447","author":"Berger SL","year":"2007","unstructured":"Berger SL. The complex language of chromatin regulation during transcription. Nature. 2007;447(7143):407\u2013412.10.1038\/nature0591517522673"},{"issue":"4","key":"b27","series-title":"Nat Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2514","article-title":"Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a maintain DNA methylation and regulate synaptic function in adult forebrain neurons","volume":"13","author":"Feng J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Feng J, Zhou Y, Campbell SL, . Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a maintain DNA methylation and regulate synaptic function in adult forebrain neurons. Nat Neurosci. 2010;13(4):423\u2013430.10.1038\/nn.251420228804"},{"issue":"25","key":"b28","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1005143","article-title":"DNMT3A mutations in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"363","author":"Ley TJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ley TJ, Ding L, Walter MJ, . DNMT3A mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(25):2424\u20132433.2106737710.1056\/NEJMoa1005143"},{"issue":"1","key":"b29","series-title":"Cell","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.06.013","article-title":"Cancer epigenetics: from mechanism to therapy","volume":"150","author":"Dawson MA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dawson MA, Kouzarides T. Cancer epigenetics: from mechanism to therapy. Cell. 2012;150(1):12\u201327.10.1016\/j.cell.2012.06.01322770212"},{"issue":"1","key":"b30","series-title":"Biochemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00889a003","article-title":"The occurrence of \u03b5-N-methyl lysine in histones","volume":"3","author":"Murray K","year":"1964","unstructured":"Murray K. The occurrence of \u03b5-N-methyl lysine in histones. Biochemistry. 1964;3(1):10\u201315.10.1021\/bi00889a00314114491"},{"issue":"4","key":"b31","series-title":"Cell","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.05.009","article-title":"High-resolution profiling of histone methylations in the human genome","volume":"129","author":"Barski A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Barski A, Cuddapah S, Cui K, . High-resolution profiling of histone methylations in the human genome. Cell. 2007;129(4):823\u2013837.10.1016\/j.cell.2007.05.00917512414"},{"issue":"4","key":"b32","series-title":"Pathol Oncol Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-018-0433-5","article-title":"The histone acetylation modifications of breast cancer and their therapeutic implications","volume":"24","author":"Guo P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guo P, Chen W, Li H, . The histone acetylation modifications of breast cancer and their therapeutic implications. Pathol Oncol Res. 2018;24(4):807\u2013813.2994861710.1007\/s12253-018-0433-5"},{"issue":"5688","key":"b33","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1101372","article-title":"Small interfering RNA-induced transcriptional gene silencing in human cells","volume":"305","author":"Morris KV","year":"2004","unstructured":"Morris KV, Chan SWL, Jacobsen SE, Looney DJ. Small interfering RNA-induced transcriptional gene silencing in human cells. Science. 2004;305(5688):1289\u20131292.1529762410.1126\/science.1101372"},{"issue":"5543","key":"b34","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1066315","article-title":"Molecular biology. Glimpses of a tiny RNA world","volume":"294","author":"Ruvkun G","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ruvkun G. Molecular biology. Glimpses of a tiny RNA world. Science. 2001;294(5543):797\u2013799.1167965410.1126\/science.1066315"},{"issue":"5785","key":"b35","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1130164","article-title":"Characterization of the piRNA complex from rat testes","volume":"313","author":"Lau NC","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lau NC, Seto AG, Kim J, . Characterization of the piRNA complex from rat testes. Science. 2006;313(5785):363\u2013367.1677801910.1126\/science.1130164"},{"issue":"5","key":"b36","series-title":"Cell Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.03.009","article-title":"Epigenetics in human obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Ling C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ling C, R\u00f6nn T. Epigenetics in human obesity and type 2 diabetes. Cell Metab. 2019;29(5):1028\u20131044.3098273310.1016\/j.cmet.2019.03.009"},{"issue":"7","key":"b37","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X18773871","article-title":"MicroRNA-based therapeutics in central nervous system injuries","volume":"38","author":"Sun P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sun P, Liu DZ, Jickling GC, . MicroRNA-based therapeutics in central nervous system injuries. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2018;38(7):1125\u20131148.10.1177\/0271678X1877387129708005"},{"issue":"1","key":"b38","series-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2008.03.001","article-title":"Epigenetic biomarkers for human cancer: the time is now","volume":"68","author":"Mulero-Navarro S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mulero-Navarro S, Esteller M. Epigenetic biomarkers for human cancer: the time is now. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2008;68(1):1\u201311.1843058310.1016\/j.critrevonc.2008.03.001"},{"issue":"3","key":"b39","series-title":"Nat Rev Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2732","article-title":"Principles and challenges of genomewide DNA methylation analysis","volume":"11","author":"Laird PW","year":"2010","unstructured":"Laird PW. Principles and challenges of genomewide DNA methylation analysis. Nat Rev Genet. 2010;11(3):191\u2013203.10.1038\/nrg273220125086"},{"issue":"3","key":"b40","series-title":"Trends Biochem Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(99)01535-2","article-title":"Mapping chromosomal proteins in vivo by formaldehyde-crosslinked-chromatin immunoprecipitation","volume":"25","author":"Orlando V","year":"2000","unstructured":"Orlando V. Mapping chromosomal proteins in vivo by formaldehyde-crosslinked-chromatin immunoprecipitation. Trends Biochem Sci. 2000;25(3):99\u2013104.1069487510.1016\/S0968-0004(99)01535-2"},{"issue":"1-4","key":"b41","series-title":"Cytogenet Genome Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1159\/000071576","article-title":"Differential patterns of histone methylation and acetylation distinguish active and repressed alleles at X-linked genes","volume":"99","author":"Goto Y","year":"2002","unstructured":"Goto Y, Gomez M, Brockdorff N, Feil R. Differential patterns of histone methylation and acetylation distinguish active and repressed alleles at X-linked genes. Cytogenet Genome Res. 2002;99(1-4):66\u201374.10.1159\/00007157612900547"},{"issue":"6381","key":"b42","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao6891","article-title":"Rev-erb\u03b1 dynamically modulates chromatin looping to control circadian gene transcription","volume":"359","author":"Kim YH","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim YH, Marhon SA, Zhang Y, . Rev-erb\u03b1 dynamically modulates chromatin looping to control circadian gene transcription. Science. 2018;359(6381):1274\u20131277.10.1126\/science.aao689129439026"},{"issue":"12","key":"b43","series-title":"Nat Methods","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2688","article-title":"Transposition of native chromatin for fast and sensitive epigenomic profiling of open chromatin, DNA-binding proteins and nucleosome position","volume":"10","author":"Buenrostro JD","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buenrostro JD, Giresi PG, Zaba LC, . Transposition of native chromatin for fast and sensitive epigenomic profiling of open chromatin, DNA-binding proteins and nucleosome position. Nat Methods. 2013;10(12):1213\u20131218.2409726710.1038\/nmeth.2688"},{"issue":"9","key":"b44","series-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2010.104","article-title":"Epigenetics and cardiovascular disease","volume":"7","author":"Ordov\u00e1s JM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ordov\u00e1s JM, Smith CE. Epigenetics and cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010;7(9):510\u2013519.2060364710.1038\/nrcardio.2010.104"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Pediatr Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2019.01.018","article-title":"Recent advances in craniosynostosis","volume":"99","author":"Yilmaz E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yilmaz E, Mihci E, Nur B, . Recent advances in craniosynostosis. Pediatr Neurol. 2019;99:7\u201315.3142191410.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2019.01.018"},{"issue":"8","key":"b46","series-title":"Mol Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.84","article-title":"Age-related sperm DNA methylation changes are transmitted to offspring and associated with abnormal behavior and dysregulated gene expression","volume":"20","author":"Milekic MH","year":"2015","unstructured":"Milekic MH, Xin Y, O\u2019Donnell A, . Age-related sperm DNA methylation changes are transmitted to offspring and associated with abnormal behavior and dysregulated gene expression. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;20(8):995\u20131001.10.1038\/mp.2014.8425092244"},{"issue":"7","key":"b47","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0156361","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156361","article-title":"Maternal age at delivery is associated with an epigenetic signature in both newborns and adults","volume":"11","author":"Markunas CA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Markunas CA, Wilcox AJ, Xu Z, . Maternal age at delivery is associated with an epigenetic signature in both newborns and adults. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0156361.2738305910.1371\/journal.pone.0156361"},{"issue":"2","key":"b48","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e318241db3e","article-title":"Force-induced craniosynostosis via paracrine signaling in the murine sagittal suture","volume":"23","author":"Oppenheimer AJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oppenheimer AJ, Rhee ST, Goldstein SA, Buchman SR. Force-induced craniosynostosis via paracrine signaling in the murine sagittal suture. J Craniofac Surg. 2012;23(2):573\u2013577.10.1097\/SCS.0b013e318241db3e22446418"},{"issue":"153B(6)","key":"b49","series-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet","first-page":"1134","article-title":"Identical but not the same: the value of discordant monozygotic twins in genetic research","volume":"2010","author":"Zwijnenburg PJG","unstructured":"Zwijnenburg PJG, Meijers-Heijboer H, Boomsma DI. Identical but not the same: the value of discordant monozygotic twins in genetic research. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2010;153B(6):1134\u20131149."},{"issue":"30","key":"b50","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10604","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500398102","article-title":"Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins","volume":"102","author":"Fraga MF","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fraga MF, Ballestar E, Paz MF, . Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(30):10604\u201310609.10.1073\/pnas.050039810216009939"},{"issue":"10","key":"b51","series-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2013.04.030","article-title":"A secondary craniosynostosis associated with juvenile hyperthyroidism","volume":"66","author":"Higashino T","year":"2013","unstructured":"Higashino T, Hirabayashi S. A secondary craniosynostosis associated with juvenile hyperthyroidism. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2013;66(10):e284\u2013e286.10.1016\/j.bjps.2013.04.03023643775"},{"issue":"10","key":"b52","series-title":"Thyroid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0503","article-title":"Squamosal suture craniosynostosis due to hyperthyroidism caused by an activating thyrotropin receptor mutation (T632I)","volume":"25","author":"Chawla R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chawla R, Alden TD, Bizhanova A, . Squamosal suture craniosynostosis due to hyperthyroidism caused by an activating thyrotropin receptor mutation (T632I). Thyroid. 2015;25(10):1167\u20131172.2611485610.1089\/thy.2014.0503"},{"issue":"8","key":"b53","series-title":"BJOG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2009.02227.x","article-title":"Maternal age-specific risk of non-chromosomal anomalies","volume":"116","author":"Loane M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Loane M, Dolk H, Morris JK. Maternal age-specific risk of non-chromosomal anomalies. BJOG. 2009;116(8):1111\u20131119.10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2009.02227.x19485989"},{"issue":"12","key":"b54","series-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23049","article-title":"Association between maternal age and birth defects of unknown etiology: United States, 1997\u20132007","volume":"94","author":"Gill SK","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gill SK, Broussard C, Devine O, . Association between maternal age and birth defects of unknown etiology: United States, 1997\u20132007. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2012;94(12):1010\u20131018.10.1002\/bdra.2304922821755"},{"issue":"2","key":"b55","series-title":"Am J Hum Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2011.12.017","article-title":"Paternal age effect mutations and selfish spermatogonial selection: causes and consequences for human disease","volume":"90","author":"Goriely A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goriely A, Wilkie AOM. Paternal age effect mutations and selfish spermatogonial selection: causes and consequences for human disease. Am J Hum Genet. 2012;90(2):175\u2013200.2232535910.1016\/j.ajhg.2011.12.017"},{"issue":"7","key":"b56","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200006000-00017","article-title":"Growth restriction of cranial sutures in the fetal lamb causes deformational changes, not craniosynostosis","volume":"105","author":"Bradley JP","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bradley JP, Shahinian H, Levine JP, . Growth restriction of cranial sutures in the fetal lamb causes deformational changes, not craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105(7):2416\u20132423.10.1097\/00006534-200006000-00017"},{"issue":"2","key":"b57","series-title":"Am J Med Genet A","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.33246","article-title":"Fetal constraint as a potential risk factor for craniosynostosis","volume":"152A","author":"Sanchez-Lara PA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sanchez-Lara PA, Carmichael SL, Graham JM Jr, . Fetal constraint as a potential risk factor for craniosynostosis. Am J Med Genet A. 2010;152A(2):394\u2013400.10.1002\/ajmg.a.3324620101684"},{"issue":"6","key":"b58","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181bf806c","article-title":"Force-induced craniosynostosis in the murine sagittal suture","volume":"124","author":"Oppenheimer AJ","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oppenheimer AJ, Rhee ST, Goldstein SA, Buchman SR. Force-induced craniosynostosis in the murine sagittal suture. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;124(6):1840\u20131848.1995264010.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181bf806c"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"b59","series-title":"Mol Syndromol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1159\/000490480","article-title":"Structural genome variations related to craniosynostosis","volume":"10","author":"Poot M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Poot M. Structural genome variations related to craniosynostosis. Mol Syndromol. 2019;10(1-2):24\u201339.3097627710.1159\/000490480"},{"issue":"1","key":"b60","series-title":"Immunol Cell Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2011.100","article-title":"HDAC inhibitors in cancer biology: emerging mechanisms and clinical applications","volume":"90","author":"Khan O","year":"2012","unstructured":"Khan O, La Thangue NB. HDAC inhibitors in cancer biology: emerging mechanisms and clinical applications. Immunol Cell Biol. 2012;90(1):85\u201394.2212437110.1038\/icb.2011.100"},{"key":"b61","series-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1344.018","article-title":"The antiapoptotic actions of mood stabilizers: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potentials","volume":"1053","author":"Chuang DM","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chuang DM. The antiapoptotic actions of mood stabilizers: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1053:195\u2013204.10.1196\/annals.1344.01816179524"},{"issue":"5","key":"b62","series-title":"Mol Pharmacol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.108.054346","article-title":"Epigenetic modulation of mGlu2 receptors by histone deacetylase inhibitors in the treatment of inflammatory pain","volume":"75","author":"Chiechio S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chiechio S, Zammataro M, Morales ME, . Epigenetic modulation of mGlu2 receptors by histone deacetylase inhibitors in the treatment of inflammatory pain. Mol Pharmacol. 2009;75(5):1014\u20131020.1925524210.1124\/mol.108.054346"},{"issue":"1","key":"b63","series-title":"J Autoimmun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.03.007","article-title":"The genetics and epigenetics of autoimmune diseases","volume":"33","author":"Hewagama A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hewagama A, Richardson B. The genetics and epigenetics of autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun. 2009;33(1):3\u201311.1934914710.1016\/j.jaut.2009.03.007"},{"issue":"4","key":"b1","series-title":"Eur J Hum Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2010.235","article-title":"Craniosynostosis","volume":"19","author":"Johnson D","year":"2011","unstructured":"Johnson D, Wilkie AOM. Craniosynostosis. Eur J Hum Genet. 2011;19(4):369\u2013376.2124874510.1038\/ejhg.2010.235"},{"issue":"11-12","key":"b2","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810050456","article-title":"Mechanisms of premature closure of cranial sutures","volume":"15","author":"Alden TD","year":"1999","unstructured":"Alden TD, Lin KY, Jane JA. Mechanisms of premature closure of cranial sutures. Childs Nerv Syst. 1999;15(11-12):670\u2013675.10.1007\/s00381005045610603008"},{"issue":"5","key":"b3","series-title":"Am J Med Genet A","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.38159","article-title":"Genetic advances in craniosynostosis","volume":"173","author":"Lattanzi W","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lattanzi W, Barba M, Di Pietro L, Boyadjiev SA. Genetic advances in craniosynostosis. Am J Med Genet A. 2017;173(5):1406\u20131429.10.1002\/ajmg.a.3815928160402"},{"issue":"1","key":"b4","series-title":"Sci Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11494","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11801-0","article-title":"Identification of stiffness-induced signaling mechanisms in cells from patent and fused sutures associated with craniosynostosis","volume":"7","author":"Barreto S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barreto S, Gonz\u00e1lez-V\u00e1zquez A, R Cameron A, . Identification of stiffness-induced signaling mechanisms in cells from patent and fused sutures associated with craniosynostosis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):11494.10.1038\/s41598-017-11801-028904366"},{"issue":"46","key":"b5","series-title":"J Biol Chem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27604","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.672345","article-title":"Epigenetic control of skeletal development by the histone methyltransferase Ezh2","volume":"290","author":"Dudakovic A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dudakovic A, Camilleri ET, Xu F, . Epigenetic control of skeletal development by the histone methyltransferase Ezh2. J Biol Chem. 2015;290(46):27604\u201327617.2642479010.1074\/jbc.M115.672345"},{"issue":"4","key":"b6","series-title":"J Med Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2016-104215","article-title":"Diagnostic value of exome and whole genome sequencing in craniosynostosis","volume":"54","author":"Miller KA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miller KA, Twigg SRF, McGowan SJ, . Diagnostic value of exome and whole genome sequencing in craniosynostosis. J Med Genet. 2017;54(4):260\u2013268.10.1136\/jmedgenet-2016-10421527884935"},{"issue":"3","key":"b7","series-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2007.08.008","article-title":"Genetics of craniosynostosis","volume":"14","author":"Kimonis V","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kimonis V, Gold JA, Hoffman TL, . Genetics of craniosynostosis. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2007;14(3):150\u2013161.1798031210.1016\/j.spen.2007.08.008"},{"issue":"3","key":"b8","series-title":"Am J Hum Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.07.006","article-title":"A genetic-pathophysiological framework for craniosynostosis","volume":"97","author":"Twigg SRF","year":"2015","unstructured":"Twigg SRF, Wilkie AOM. A genetic-pathophysiological framework for craniosynostosis. Am J Hum Genet. 2015;97(3):359\u2013377.2634033210.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.07.006"},{"issue":"5","key":"b9","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2019.10.003","article-title":"Genetic bases of craniosynostoses: an update","volume":"65","author":"Armand T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Armand T, Schaefer E, Di Rocco F, . Genetic bases of craniosynostoses: an update. Neurochirurgie. 2019;65(5):196\u2013201.3160568310.1016\/j.neuchi.2019.10.003"},{"issue":"2","key":"b10","series-title":"Nat Rev Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3142","article-title":"Epigenetics and the environment: emerging patterns and implications","volume":"13","author":"Feil R","year":"2012","unstructured":"Feil R, Fraga MF. Epigenetics and the environment: emerging patterns and implications. Nat Rev Genet. 2012;13(2):97\u2013109.10.1038\/nrg314222215131"},{"issue":"1","key":"b11","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000006064","article-title":"The influence of epigenetic factors in four pairs of twins with non-syndromic craniosynostosis","volume":"31","author":"Farooq S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Farooq S, Morton J, Lloyd M, Krishna ST. The influence of epigenetic factors in four pairs of twins with non-syndromic craniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg. 2020;31(1):283\u2013285.10.1097\/SCS.000000000000606431764566"},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000003368","article-title":"Identical twins discordant for metopic craniosynostosis: evidence of epigenetic influences","volume":"28","author":"Magge SN","year":"2017","unstructured":"Magge SN, Snyder K, Sajja A, . Identical twins discordant for metopic craniosynostosis: evidence of epigenetic influences. J Craniofac Surg. 2017;28(1):14\u201316.10.1097\/SCS.000000000000336828060197"},{"issue":"4","key":"b13","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31824422a8","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic influences of twins on the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"129","author":"Lakin GE","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lakin GE, Sinkin JC, Chen R, . Genetic and epigenetic influences of twins on the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis: a meta-analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;129(4):945\u2013954.10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31824422a822456364"},{"issue":"11","key":"b14","series-title":"ACS Biomater Sci Eng","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6b00557","article-title":"Cell mechanics of craniosynostosis","volume":"3","author":"Al-Rekabi Z","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al-Rekabi Z, Cunningham ML, Sniadecki NJ. Cell mechanics of craniosynostosis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2017;3(11):2733\u20132743.10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6b0055731106260"},{"issue":"4","key":"b15","series-title":"Genet Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2013.134","article-title":"Familial incidence and associated symptoms in a population of individuals with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis","volume":"16","author":"Greenwood J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Greenwood J, Flodman P, Osann K, . Familial incidence and associated symptoms in a population of individuals with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. Genet Med. 2014;16(4):302\u2013310.10.1038\/gim.2013.134"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Monogr Hum Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1159\/000319987","article-title":"Craniosynostosis and chromosomal alterations","volume":"19","author":"Passos-Bueno MR","year":"2011","unstructured":"Passos-Bueno MR, Fanganiello RD, Jehee FS. Craniosynostosis and chromosomal alterations. Monogr Hum Genet. 2011;19:152\u2013164.10.1159\/000319987"},{"issue":"9","key":"b17","series-title":"Genet Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41436-020-0817-2","article-title":"SMAD6 variants in craniosynostosis: genotype and phenotype evaluation","volume":"22","author":"Calpena E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Calpena E, Cuellar A, Bala K, . SMAD6 variants in craniosynostosis: genotype and phenotype evaluation. Genet Med. 2020;22(9):1498\u20131506.10.1038\/s41436-020-0817-232499606"},{"issue":"4","key":"b18","series-title":"Mol Genet Genomic Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/mgg3.28","article-title":"Mutations in the interleukin receptor IL11RA cause autosomal recessive Crouzon-like craniosynostosis","volume":"1","author":"Keupp K","year":"2013","unstructured":"Keupp K, Li Y, Vargel I, . Mutations in the interleukin receptor IL11RA cause autosomal recessive Crouzon-like craniosynostosis. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2013;1(4):223\u2013237.2449861810.1002\/mgg3.28"},{"issue":"3","key":"b19","series-title":"Dev Dyn","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20417","article-title":"Zic4, a zinc-finger transcription factor, is expressed in the developing mouse nervous system","volume":"233","author":"Gaston-Massuet C","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gaston-Massuet C, Henderson DJ, Greene NDE, Copp AJ. Zic4, a zinc-finger transcription factor, is expressed in the developing mouse nervous system. Dev Dyn. 2005;233(3):1110\u20131115.1589536910.1002\/dvdy.20417"},{"issue":"9","key":"b20","series-title":"Genet Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2017.214","article-title":"A craniosynostosis massively parallel sequencing panel study in 309 Australian and New Zealand patients: findings and recommendations","volume":"20","author":"Lee E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee E, Le T, Zhu Y, . A craniosynostosis massively parallel sequencing panel study in 309 Australian and New Zealand patients: findings and recommendations. Genet Med. 2018;20(9):1061\u20131068.10.1038\/gim.2017.21429215649"},{"issue":"6648","key":"b21","series-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/38444","article-title":"Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 \u00c5 resolution","volume":"389","author":"Luger K","year":"1997","unstructured":"Luger K, M\u00e4der AW, Richmond RK, . Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 \u00c5 resolution. Nature. 1997;389(6648):251\u2013260.930583710.1038\/38444"},{"issue":"2","key":"b22","series-title":"Chromosoma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s00412-006-0052-x","article-title":"The contradictory definitions of heterochromatin: transcription and silencing","volume":"115","author":"Huisinga KL","year":"2006","unstructured":"Huisinga KL, Brower-Toland B, Elgin SCR. The contradictory definitions of heterochromatin: transcription and silencing. Chromosoma. 2006;115(2):110\u2013122.1650602210.1007\/s00412-006-0052-x"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsc.2017.10.002","article-title":"Epigenetics: a way to bridge the gap between biological fields","volume":"66","author":"Nicoglou A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nicoglou A, Merlin F. Epigenetics: a way to bridge the gap between biological fields. Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci. 2017;66:73\u201382.2903322810.1016\/j.shpsc.2017.10.002"},{"issue":"1","key":"b24","series-title":"Int J Epidemiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr184","article-title":"The epigenotype. 1942","volume":"41","author":"Waddington CH","year":"2012","unstructured":"Waddington CH. The epigenotype. 1942. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41(1):10\u201313.2218625810.1093\/ije\/dyr184"},{"issue":"8","key":"b25","series-title":"Nat Rev Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1655","article-title":"DNA methylation and human disease","volume":"6","author":"Robertson KD","year":"2005","unstructured":"Robertson KD. DNA methylation and human disease. Nat Rev Genet. 2005;6(8):597\u2013610.10.1038\/nrg165516136652"},{"issue":"7143","key":"b26","series-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05915","article-title":"The complex language of chromatin regulation during transcription","volume":"447","author":"Berger SL","year":"2007","unstructured":"Berger SL. The complex language of chromatin regulation during transcription. Nature. 2007;447(7143):407\u2013412.10.1038\/nature0591517522673"},{"issue":"4","key":"b27","series-title":"Nat Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2514","article-title":"Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a maintain DNA methylation and regulate synaptic function in adult forebrain neurons","volume":"13","author":"Feng J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Feng J, Zhou Y, Campbell SL, . Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a maintain DNA methylation and regulate synaptic function in adult forebrain neurons. Nat Neurosci. 2010;13(4):423\u2013430.10.1038\/nn.251420228804"},{"issue":"25","key":"b28","series-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1005143","article-title":"DNMT3A mutations in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"363","author":"Ley TJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ley TJ, Ding L, Walter MJ, . DNMT3A mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(25):2424\u20132433.2106737710.1056\/NEJMoa1005143"},{"issue":"1","key":"b29","series-title":"Cell","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.06.013","article-title":"Cancer epigenetics: from mechanism to therapy","volume":"150","author":"Dawson MA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dawson MA, Kouzarides T. Cancer epigenetics: from mechanism to therapy. Cell. 2012;150(1):12\u201327.10.1016\/j.cell.2012.06.01322770212"},{"issue":"1","key":"b30","series-title":"Biochemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00889a003","article-title":"The occurrence of \u03b5-N-methyl lysine in histones","volume":"3","author":"Murray K","year":"1964","unstructured":"Murray K. The occurrence of \u03b5-N-methyl lysine in histones. Biochemistry. 1964;3(1):10\u201315.10.1021\/bi00889a00314114491"},{"issue":"4","key":"b31","series-title":"Cell","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.05.009","article-title":"High-resolution profiling of histone methylations in the human genome","volume":"129","author":"Barski A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Barski A, Cuddapah S, Cui K, . High-resolution profiling of histone methylations in the human genome. Cell. 2007;129(4):823\u2013837.10.1016\/j.cell.2007.05.00917512414"},{"issue":"4","key":"b32","series-title":"Pathol Oncol Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-018-0433-5","article-title":"The histone acetylation modifications of breast cancer and their therapeutic implications","volume":"24","author":"Guo P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guo P, Chen W, Li H, . The histone acetylation modifications of breast cancer and their therapeutic implications. Pathol Oncol Res. 2018;24(4):807\u2013813.2994861710.1007\/s12253-018-0433-5"},{"issue":"5688","key":"b33","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1101372","article-title":"Small interfering RNA-induced transcriptional gene silencing in human cells","volume":"305","author":"Morris KV","year":"2004","unstructured":"Morris KV, Chan SWL, Jacobsen SE, Looney DJ. Small interfering RNA-induced transcriptional gene silencing in human cells. Science. 2004;305(5688):1289\u20131292.1529762410.1126\/science.1101372"},{"issue":"5543","key":"b34","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1066315","article-title":"Molecular biology. Glimpses of a tiny RNA world","volume":"294","author":"Ruvkun G","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ruvkun G. Molecular biology. Glimpses of a tiny RNA world. Science. 2001;294(5543):797\u2013799.1167965410.1126\/science.1066315"},{"issue":"5785","key":"b35","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1130164","article-title":"Characterization of the piRNA complex from rat testes","volume":"313","author":"Lau NC","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lau NC, Seto AG, Kim J, . Characterization of the piRNA complex from rat testes. Science. 2006;313(5785):363\u2013367.1677801910.1126\/science.1130164"},{"issue":"5","key":"b36","series-title":"Cell Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.03.009","article-title":"Epigenetics in human obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Ling C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ling C, R\u00f6nn T. Epigenetics in human obesity and type 2 diabetes. Cell Metab. 2019;29(5):1028\u20131044.3098273310.1016\/j.cmet.2019.03.009"},{"issue":"7","key":"b37","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X18773871","article-title":"MicroRNA-based therapeutics in central nervous system injuries","volume":"38","author":"Sun P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sun P, Liu DZ, Jickling GC, . MicroRNA-based therapeutics in central nervous system injuries. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2018;38(7):1125\u20131148.10.1177\/0271678X1877387129708005"},{"issue":"1","key":"b38","series-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2008.03.001","article-title":"Epigenetic biomarkers for human cancer: the time is now","volume":"68","author":"Mulero-Navarro S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mulero-Navarro S, Esteller M. Epigenetic biomarkers for human cancer: the time is now. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2008;68(1):1\u201311.1843058310.1016\/j.critrevonc.2008.03.001"},{"issue":"3","key":"b39","series-title":"Nat Rev Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2732","article-title":"Principles and challenges of genomewide DNA methylation analysis","volume":"11","author":"Laird PW","year":"2010","unstructured":"Laird PW. Principles and challenges of genomewide DNA methylation analysis. Nat Rev Genet. 2010;11(3):191\u2013203.10.1038\/nrg273220125086"},{"issue":"3","key":"b40","series-title":"Trends Biochem Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(99)01535-2","article-title":"Mapping chromosomal proteins in vivo by formaldehyde-crosslinked-chromatin immunoprecipitation","volume":"25","author":"Orlando V","year":"2000","unstructured":"Orlando V. Mapping chromosomal proteins in vivo by formaldehyde-crosslinked-chromatin immunoprecipitation. Trends Biochem Sci. 2000;25(3):99\u2013104.1069487510.1016\/S0968-0004(99)01535-2"},{"issue":"1-4","key":"b41","series-title":"Cytogenet Genome Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1159\/000071576","article-title":"Differential patterns of histone methylation and acetylation distinguish active and repressed alleles at X-linked genes","volume":"99","author":"Goto Y","year":"2002","unstructured":"Goto Y, Gomez M, Brockdorff N, Feil R. Differential patterns of histone methylation and acetylation distinguish active and repressed alleles at X-linked genes. Cytogenet Genome Res. 2002;99(1-4):66\u201374.10.1159\/00007157612900547"},{"issue":"6381","key":"b42","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao6891","article-title":"Rev-erb\u03b1 dynamically modulates chromatin looping to control circadian gene transcription","volume":"359","author":"Kim YH","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim YH, Marhon SA, Zhang Y, . Rev-erb\u03b1 dynamically modulates chromatin looping to control circadian gene transcription. Science. 2018;359(6381):1274\u20131277.10.1126\/science.aao689129439026"},{"issue":"12","key":"b43","series-title":"Nat Methods","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2688","article-title":"Transposition of native chromatin for fast and sensitive epigenomic profiling of open chromatin, DNA-binding proteins and nucleosome position","volume":"10","author":"Buenrostro JD","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buenrostro JD, Giresi PG, Zaba LC, . Transposition of native chromatin for fast and sensitive epigenomic profiling of open chromatin, DNA-binding proteins and nucleosome position. Nat Methods. 2013;10(12):1213\u20131218.2409726710.1038\/nmeth.2688"},{"issue":"9","key":"b44","series-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2010.104","article-title":"Epigenetics and cardiovascular disease","volume":"7","author":"Ordov\u00e1s JM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ordov\u00e1s JM, Smith CE. Epigenetics and cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010;7(9):510\u2013519.2060364710.1038\/nrcardio.2010.104"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Pediatr Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2019.01.018","article-title":"Recent advances in craniosynostosis","volume":"99","author":"Yilmaz E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yilmaz E, Mihci E, Nur B, . Recent advances in craniosynostosis. Pediatr Neurol. 2019;99:7\u201315.3142191410.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2019.01.018"},{"issue":"8","key":"b46","series-title":"Mol Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.84","article-title":"Age-related sperm DNA methylation changes are transmitted to offspring and associated with abnormal behavior and dysregulated gene expression","volume":"20","author":"Milekic MH","year":"2015","unstructured":"Milekic MH, Xin Y, O\u2019Donnell A, . Age-related sperm DNA methylation changes are transmitted to offspring and associated with abnormal behavior and dysregulated gene expression. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;20(8):995\u20131001.10.1038\/mp.2014.8425092244"},{"issue":"7","key":"b47","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0156361","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156361","article-title":"Maternal age at delivery is associated with an epigenetic signature in both newborns and adults","volume":"11","author":"Markunas CA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Markunas CA, Wilcox AJ, Xu Z, . Maternal age at delivery is associated with an epigenetic signature in both newborns and adults. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0156361.2738305910.1371\/journal.pone.0156361"},{"issue":"2","key":"b48","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e318241db3e","article-title":"Force-induced craniosynostosis via paracrine signaling in the murine sagittal suture","volume":"23","author":"Oppenheimer AJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oppenheimer AJ, Rhee ST, Goldstein SA, Buchman SR. Force-induced craniosynostosis via paracrine signaling in the murine sagittal suture. J Craniofac Surg. 2012;23(2):573\u2013577.10.1097\/SCS.0b013e318241db3e22446418"},{"issue":"153B(6)","key":"b49","series-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet","first-page":"1134","article-title":"Identical but not the same: the value of discordant monozygotic twins in genetic research","volume":"2010","author":"Zwijnenburg PJG","unstructured":"Zwijnenburg PJG, Meijers-Heijboer H, Boomsma DI. Identical but not the same: the value of discordant monozygotic twins in genetic research. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2010;153B(6):1134\u20131149."},{"issue":"30","key":"b50","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10604","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500398102","article-title":"Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins","volume":"102","author":"Fraga MF","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fraga MF, Ballestar E, Paz MF, . Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(30):10604\u201310609.10.1073\/pnas.050039810216009939"},{"issue":"10","key":"b51","series-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2013.04.030","article-title":"A secondary craniosynostosis associated with juvenile hyperthyroidism","volume":"66","author":"Higashino T","year":"2013","unstructured":"Higashino T, Hirabayashi S. A secondary craniosynostosis associated with juvenile hyperthyroidism. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2013;66(10):e284\u2013e286.10.1016\/j.bjps.2013.04.03023643775"},{"issue":"10","key":"b52","series-title":"Thyroid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0503","article-title":"Squamosal suture craniosynostosis due to hyperthyroidism caused by an activating thyrotropin receptor mutation (T632I)","volume":"25","author":"Chawla R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chawla R, Alden TD, Bizhanova A, . Squamosal suture craniosynostosis due to hyperthyroidism caused by an activating thyrotropin receptor mutation (T632I). Thyroid. 2015;25(10):1167\u20131172.2611485610.1089\/thy.2014.0503"},{"issue":"8","key":"b53","series-title":"BJOG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2009.02227.x","article-title":"Maternal age-specific risk of non-chromosomal anomalies","volume":"116","author":"Loane M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Loane M, Dolk H, Morris JK. Maternal age-specific risk of non-chromosomal anomalies. BJOG. 2009;116(8):1111\u20131119.10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2009.02227.x19485989"},{"issue":"12","key":"b54","series-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23049","article-title":"Association between maternal age and birth defects of unknown etiology: United States, 1997\u20132007","volume":"94","author":"Gill SK","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gill SK, Broussard C, Devine O, . Association between maternal age and birth defects of unknown etiology: United States, 1997\u20132007. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2012;94(12):1010\u20131018.10.1002\/bdra.2304922821755"},{"issue":"2","key":"b55","series-title":"Am J Hum Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2011.12.017","article-title":"Paternal age effect mutations and selfish spermatogonial selection: causes and consequences for human disease","volume":"90","author":"Goriely A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goriely A, Wilkie AOM. Paternal age effect mutations and selfish spermatogonial selection: causes and consequences for human disease. Am J Hum Genet. 2012;90(2):175\u2013200.2232535910.1016\/j.ajhg.2011.12.017"},{"issue":"7","key":"b56","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200006000-00017","article-title":"Growth restriction of cranial sutures in the fetal lamb causes deformational changes, not craniosynostosis","volume":"105","author":"Bradley JP","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bradley JP, Shahinian H, Levine JP, . Growth restriction of cranial sutures in the fetal lamb causes deformational changes, not craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105(7):2416\u20132423.10.1097\/00006534-200006000-00017"},{"issue":"2","key":"b57","series-title":"Am J Med Genet A","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.33246","article-title":"Fetal constraint as a potential risk factor for craniosynostosis","volume":"152A","author":"Sanchez-Lara PA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sanchez-Lara PA, Carmichael SL, Graham JM Jr, . Fetal constraint as a potential risk factor for craniosynostosis. Am J Med Genet A. 2010;152A(2):394\u2013400.10.1002\/ajmg.a.3324620101684"},{"issue":"6","key":"b58","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181bf806c","article-title":"Force-induced craniosynostosis in the murine sagittal suture","volume":"124","author":"Oppenheimer AJ","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oppenheimer AJ, Rhee ST, Goldstein SA, Buchman SR. Force-induced craniosynostosis in the murine sagittal suture. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;124(6):1840\u20131848.1995264010.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181bf806c"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"b59","series-title":"Mol Syndromol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1159\/000490480","article-title":"Structural genome variations related to craniosynostosis","volume":"10","author":"Poot M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Poot M. Structural genome variations related to craniosynostosis. Mol Syndromol. 2019;10(1-2):24\u201339.3097627710.1159\/000490480"},{"issue":"1","key":"b60","series-title":"Immunol Cell Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2011.100","article-title":"HDAC inhibitors in cancer biology: emerging mechanisms and clinical applications","volume":"90","author":"Khan O","year":"2012","unstructured":"Khan O, La Thangue NB. HDAC inhibitors in cancer biology: emerging mechanisms and clinical applications. Immunol Cell Biol. 2012;90(1):85\u201394.2212437110.1038\/icb.2011.100"},{"key":"b61","series-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1344.018","article-title":"The antiapoptotic actions of mood stabilizers: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potentials","volume":"1053","author":"Chuang DM","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chuang DM. The antiapoptotic actions of mood stabilizers: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1053:195\u2013204.10.1196\/annals.1344.01816179524"},{"issue":"5","key":"b62","series-title":"Mol Pharmacol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.108.054346","article-title":"Epigenetic modulation of mGlu2 receptors by histone deacetylase inhibitors in the treatment of inflammatory pain","volume":"75","author":"Chiechio S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chiechio S, Zammataro M, Morales ME, . Epigenetic modulation of mGlu2 receptors by histone deacetylase inhibitors in the treatment of inflammatory pain. Mol Pharmacol. 2009;75(5):1014\u20131020.1925524210.1124\/mol.108.054346"},{"issue":"1","key":"b63","series-title":"J Autoimmun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.03.007","article-title":"The genetics and epigenetics of autoimmune diseases","volume":"33","author":"Hewagama A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hewagama A, Richardson B. The genetics and epigenetics of autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun. 2009;33(1):3\u201311.1934914710.1016\/j.jaut.2009.03.007"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/50\/4\/article-pE10.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/50\/4\/article-pE10.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/50\/4\/article-pE10.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T08:20:54Z","timestamp":1779524454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/50\/4\/article-pE10.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2021.1.focus201008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}}}