{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T09:05:57Z","timestamp":1779527157748,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and greatly decreases a patient\u2019s quality of life. Vertebral metastases often lead to epidural spinal cord compression (ESCC) requiring surgical therapy. It has previously been shown that in patients with metastatic ESCC (MESCC), a surgical intervention leads to an improved outcome. Although the treatment paradigms in spinal metastases have changed and separation surgery followed by stereotactic radiosurgery is considered the best strategy, there are still cases in which 360\u00b0 decompression with stabilization is indicated. In these patients, a proper bone fusion should be the treatment goal to guarantee good clinical results in extended survival times through progressions in oncological therapies. The aim of this study was to examine the safety and feasibility of posterior vertebral column resection (pVCR) in everyday clinical practice, achievement of bone fusion, and midterm outcome in patients with MESCC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All patients treated with pVCR due to MESCC between 2013 and 2020 were enrolled in this observational single-center study. Demographics, outcome parameters, numeric rating scale (NRS) score, Frankel grade, and Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score were evaluated. Radiological images routinely acquired during follow-up were reviewed and screened for the presence of bone fusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty-six patients were treated by eight surgeons. The mean follow-up period was 549 \u00b1 739 days. At baseline, the average age was 64.4 \u00b1 10.9 years. Reported NRS scores (preoperative 6.2 \u00b1 1.7 vs postoperative 3.4 \u00b1 1.6) and segmental kyphosis as measured on sagittal CT images (preoperative 13.5\u00b0 \u00b1 8.6\u00b0 vs postoperative 3.8\u00b0 \u00b1 5.4\u00b0) decreased significantly (p &lt; 0.001). In only 2 patients (3%), the Frankel grade worsened postoperatively, whereas in 12 patients (18.2%) an improvement was documented. The KPS score remained constant during the observation period (preoperative 73.2% \u00b1 18.2% vs 78.3% \u00b1 18% at last follow-up). Bone fusion was observed in 26 patients (86.7%) receiving CT more than 100 days after the index surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>pVCR is a reliable surgical technique in daily clinical practice, which proves to be beneficial in terms of short- as well as midterm outcome, as judged by the KPS and NRS. The overall improvement in the Frankel grade shows patient safety. A bone fusion was observed regularly in oncological patients undergoing pVCR. The authors therefore conclude that pVCR is a safe, fast, and efficient strategy to achieve stability and pain relief by achievement of bone fusion in cancer patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.2.focus201087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T07:57:56Z","timestamp":1619855876000},"page":"E8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Posterior vertebral column resection as a safe procedure leading to solid bone fusion in metastatic epidural spinal cord compression"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Lennart","family":"Viezens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Dreimann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven Oliver","family":"Eicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Heuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon-Gordian","family":"Koepke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malte","family":"Mohme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Kr\u00e4tzig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Stangenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"r1","series-title":"Ann Transl Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2020.03.55","article-title":"Incidence of patients with bone metastases at diagnosis of solid tumors in adults: a large population-based study","volume":"8","author":"Huang JF","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang JF, Shen J, Li X, . Incidence of patients with bone metastases at diagnosis of solid tumors in adults: a large population-based study. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(7):482.3239552610.21037\/atm.2020.03.55"},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Breast Cancer Metastasis and Drug Resistance: Challenges and Progress","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-20301-6_7","article-title":"Bone metastasis of breast cancer","author":"Tahara RK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tahara RK, Brewer TM, Theriault RL, Ueno NT. Bone metastasis of breast cancer. In: Ahmad A, ed. Breast Cancer Metastasis and Drug Resistance: Challenges and Progress. Springer International Publishing; 2019: 105\u2013129.10.1007\/978-3-030-20301-6_7"},{"issue":"10","key":"r3","series-title":"Int J Mol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20102587","article-title":"Prostate cancer and bone metastases: the underlying mechanisms","volume":"20","author":"Wong SK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wong SK, Mohamad NV, Giaze TR, . Prostate cancer and bone metastases: the underlying mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(10):2587.10.3390\/ijms20102587"},{"issue":"6","key":"r4","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3113","article-title":"Spinal loading patterns from biomechanical modeling explain the high incidence of vertebral fractures in the thoracolumbar region","volume":"32","author":"Bruno AG","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bruno AG, Burkhart K, Allaire B, . Spinal loading patterns from biomechanical modeling explain the high incidence of vertebral fractures in the thoracolumbar region. J Bone Miner Res. 2017;32(6):1282\u20131290.2824413510.1002\/jbmr.3113"},{"issue":"8","key":"r5","series-title":"Nat Rev Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc867","article-title":"Metastasis to bone: causes, consequences and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"2","author":"Mundy GR","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mundy GR. Metastasis to bone: causes, consequences and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002;2(8):584\u2013593.1215435110.1038\/nrc867"},{"issue":"7","key":"r6","series-title":"Mol Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.12731","article-title":"What will radiation oncology look like in 2050? A look at a changing professional landscape in Europe and beyond","volume":"14","author":"Baumann M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baumann M, Ebert N, Kurth I, . What will radiation oncology look like in 2050? A look at a changing professional landscape in Europe and beyond. Mol Oncol. 2020;14(7):1577\u20131585.10.1002\/1878-0261.12731"},{"issue":"3","key":"r7","series-title":"Mol Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.12428","article-title":"Cancer survivorship: an integral part of Europe\u2019s research agenda","volume":"13","author":"Lagergren P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lagergren P, Schandl A, Aaronson NK, . Cancer survivorship: an integral part of Europe\u2019s research agenda. Mol Oncol. 2019;13(3):624\u2013635.10.1002\/1878-0261.1242830552794"},{"issue":"1","key":"r8","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.3.SPINE09202","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of metastatic spine disease. A review","volume":"13","author":"Sciubba DM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sciubba DM, Petteys RJ, Dekutoski MB, . Diagnosis and management of metastatic spine disease. A review. J Neurosurg Spine. 2010;13(1):94\u2013108.10.3171\/2010.3.SPINE0920220594024"},{"issue":"3","key":"r9","series-title":"Cancer Treat Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1053\/ctrv.2000.0210","article-title":"Metastatic bone disease: clinical features, pathophysiology and treatment strategies","volume":"27","author":"Coleman RE","year":"2001","unstructured":"Coleman RE. Metastatic bone disease: clinical features, pathophysiology and treatment strategies. Cancer Treat Rev. 2001;27(3):165\u2013176.1141796710.1053\/ctrv.2000.0210"},{"issue":"1","key":"r10","series-title":"Ann Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-193101000-00036","article-title":"Metastases to the skeleton, brain and spinal cord from cancer of the breast and the effect of radiotherapy","volume":"93","author":"Lenz M","year":"1931","unstructured":"Lenz M, Freid JR. Metastases to the skeleton, brain and spinal cord from cancer of the breast and the effect of radiotherapy. Ann Surg. 1931;93(1):278\u2013293.10.1097\/00000658-193101000-00036"},{"issue":"4-6","key":"r11","series-title":"Acta Radiol Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3109\/02841868609136410","article-title":"Bone metastasis. Prognosis, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"25","author":"Lote K","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lote K, Wall\u00f8e A, Bjersand A. Bone metastasis. Prognosis, diagnosis and treatment. Acta Radiol Oncol. 1986;25(4-6):227\u2013232.10.3109\/028418686091364102435109"},{"issue":"5","key":"r12","series-title":"Int Orthop","first-page":"309","article-title":"The incidence of vertebral body metastases","volume":"19","author":"Ortiz G\u00f3mez JA","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ortiz G\u00f3mez JA. The incidence of vertebral body metastases. Int Orthop. 1995;19(5):309\u2013311."},{"key":"r13","article-title":"Bone Metastasis: Monitoring and Treatment","author":"Stoll BA","year":"1983","unstructured":"Stoll BA, Parbhoo S. Bone Metastasis: Monitoring and Treatment. Raven Press; 1983."},{"issue":"1","key":"r14","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199001000-00001","article-title":"Spinal metastases: the obvious, the occult, and the impostors","volume":"15","author":"Wong DA","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wong DA, Fornasier VL, MacNab I. Spinal metastases: the obvious, the occult, and the impostors. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1990;15(1):1\u20134.10.1097\/00007632-199001000-00001"},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Fortbildung Osteologie 1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/3-7985-1602-2_4","article-title":"Behandlung von Metastasen der Wirbels\u00e4ule","volume":"1","author":"St Delank K","year":"2006","unstructured":"St Delank K, Eysel P. Behandlung von Metastasen der Wirbels\u00e4ule. In: Peters KM, K\u00f6nig DP, eds. Fortbildung Osteologie 1. Vol 1. Steinkopff-Verlag; 2006: 27\u201333.10.1007\/3-7985-1602-2_4"},{"issue":"1","key":"r16","series-title":"Surgery (Oxf)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpsur.2014.10.005","article-title":"Metastatic tumours of bone","volume":"33","author":"Freeman AK","year":"2015","unstructured":"Freeman AK, Sumathi VP, Jeys L. Metastatic tumours of bone. Surgery (Oxf). 2015;33(1):34\u201339.10.1016\/j.mpsur.2014.10.005"},{"issue":"6","key":"r17","series-title":"Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1053\/clon.2002.0098","article-title":"Don\u2019t wait for a sensory level\u2014listen to the symptoms: a prospective audit of the delays in diagnosis of malignant cord compression","volume":"14","author":"Levack P","year":"2002","unstructured":"Levack P, Graham J, Collie D, . Don\u2019t wait for a sensory level\u2014listen to the symptoms: a prospective audit of the delays in diagnosis of malignant cord compression. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2002;14(6):472\u2013480.10.1053\/clon.2002.0098"},{"issue":"4-5","key":"r18","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2010.06.037","article-title":"Spine instrumentation failure after spine tumor resection and radiation: comparing conventional radiotherapy with stereotactic radiosurgery outcomes","volume":"74","author":"Harel R","year":"2010","unstructured":"Harel R, Chao S, Krishnaney A, . Spine instrumentation failure after spine tumor resection and radiation: comparing conventional radiotherapy with stereotactic radiosurgery outcomes. World Neurosurg. 2010;74(4-5):517\u2013522.10.1016\/j.wneu.2010.06.03721492605"},{"issue":"9486","key":"r19","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66954-1","article-title":"Direct decompressive surgical resection in the treatment of spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer: a randomised trial","volume":"366","author":"Patchell RA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF, . Direct decompressive surgical resection in the treatment of spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2005;366(9486):643\u2013648.1611230010.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66954-1"},{"issue":"6","key":"r20","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2001.11.6.3","article-title":"Management of metastatic tumors of the spine: strategies and operative indications","volume":"11","author":"Steinmetz MP","year":"2001","unstructured":"Steinmetz MP, Mekhail A, Benzel EC. Management of metastatic tumors of the spine: strategies and operative indications. Neurosurg Focus. 2001;11(6):e2.1646399410.3171\/foc.2001.11.6.3"},{"issue":"1","key":"r21","series-title":"Ann Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410030107","article-title":"Epidural spinal cord compression from metastatic tumor: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"3","author":"Gilbert RW","year":"1978","unstructured":"Gilbert RW, Kim JH, Posner JB. Epidural spinal cord compression from metastatic tumor: diagnosis and treatment. Ann Neurol. 1978;3(1):40\u201351.65565310.1002\/ana.410030107"},{"issue":"11","key":"r22","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-1867-6","article-title":"Surgery improves pain, function and quality of life in patients with spinal metastases: a prospective study on 118 patients","volume":"20","author":"Quan GMY","year":"2011","unstructured":"Quan GMY, Vital JM, Aurouer N, . Surgery improves pain, function and quality of life in patients with spinal metastases: a prospective study on 118 patients. Eur Spine J. 2011;20(11):1970\u20131978.10.1007\/s00586-011-1867-621706361"},{"issue":"3","key":"r23","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.3.SPINE08621","article-title":"Thoracic vertebrectomy and spinal reconstruction via anterior, posterior, or combined approaches: clinical outcomes in 91 consecutive patients with metastatic spinal tumors","volume":"11","author":"Xu R","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xu R, Garc\u00e9s-Ambrossi GL, McGirt MJ, . Thoracic vertebrectomy and spinal reconstruction via anterior, posterior, or combined approaches: clinical outcomes in 91 consecutive patients with metastatic spinal tumors. J Neurosurg Spine. 2009;11(3):272\u2013284.1976950810.3171\/2009.3.SPINE08621"},{"issue":"17","key":"r24","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200009010-00016","article-title":"Single-stage posterolateral transpedicle approach for spondylectomy, epidural decompression, and circumferential fusion of spinal metastases","volume":"25","author":"Bilsky MH","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bilsky MH, Boland P, Lis E, . Single-stage posterolateral transpedicle approach for spondylectomy, epidural decompression, and circumferential fusion of spinal metastases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(17):2240\u20132250.10.1097\/00007632-200009010-00016"},{"issue":"1","key":"r25","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4805-9","article-title":"Reducing kyphotic deformity by posterior vertebral column resection with 360\u00b0 osteosynthesis in metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC)","volume":"26","author":"Dreimann M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dreimann M, Hoffmann M, Viezens L, . Reducing kyphotic deformity by posterior vertebral column resection with 360\u00b0 osteosynthesis in metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC). Eur Spine J. 2017;26(1):113\u2013131.2773042210.1007\/s00586-016-4805-9"},{"issue":"6","key":"r26","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2150-1","article-title":"360-degree osteosynthesis via a posterolateral transpedicular approach in high-risk patients","volume":"21","author":"Eicker SO","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eicker SO, Cornelius JF, Steiger HJ, H\u00e4nggi D. 360-degree osteosynthesis via a posterolateral transpedicular approach in high-risk patients. Eur Spine J. 2012;21(6):1207\u20131213.10.1007\/s00586-012-2150-1"},{"issue":"14","key":"r27","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E820","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003450","article-title":"Transpedicular vertebrectomy with circumferential spinal cord decompression and reconstruction for thoracic spine metastasis: a consecutive case series","volume":"45","author":"Rustagi T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rustagi T, Mashaly H, Ganguly R, . Transpedicular vertebrectomy with circumferential spinal cord decompression and reconstruction for thoracic spine metastasis: a consecutive case series. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2020;45(14):E820\u2013E828.10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003450"},{"key":"r28","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.11.172","article-title":"Outcomes of posterior thoracic corpectomies for metastatic spine tumors: an analysis of 90 patients","volume":"123","author":"Zhou RP","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou RP, Mummaneni PV, Chen KY, . Outcomes of posterior thoracic corpectomies for metastatic spine tumors: an analysis of 90 patients. World Neurosurg. 2019;123:e371\u2013e378.3050058610.1016\/j.wneu.2018.11.172"},{"issue":"6","key":"r29","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx567","article-title":"State of the art treatment of spinal metastatic disease","volume":"82","author":"Barzilai O","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barzilai O, Fisher CG, Bilsky MH. State of the art treatment of spinal metastatic disease. Neurosurgery. 2018;82(6):757\u2013769.10.1093\/neuros\/nyx56729481645"},{"issue":"6","key":"r30","series-title":"Oncologist","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2012-0293","article-title":"The NOMS framework: approach to the treatment of spinal metastatic tumors","volume":"18","author":"Laufer I","year":"2013","unstructured":"Laufer I, Rubin DG, Lis E, . The NOMS framework: approach to the treatment of spinal metastatic tumors. Oncologist. 2013;18(6):744\u2013751.10.1634\/theoncologist.2012-0293"},{"issue":"3","key":"r31","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"287","article-title":"Single-stage posterolateral transpedicular approach for resection of epidural metastatic spine tumors involving the vertebral body with circumferential reconstruction: results in 140 patients. Invited submission from the Joint Section Meeting on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves, March 2004","volume":"1","author":"Wang JC","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang JC, Boland P, Mitra N, . Single-stage posterolateral transpedicular approach for resection of epidural metastatic spine tumors involving the vertebral body with circumferential reconstruction: results in 140 patients. Invited submission from the Joint Section Meeting on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves, March 2004. J Neurosurg Spine. 2004;1(3):287\u2013298.15478367"},{"issue":"5","key":"r32","series-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/14737140.2018.1453359","article-title":"Surgical management of spinal metastases","volume":"18","author":"Galgano M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Galgano M, Fridley J, Oyelese A, . Surgical management of spinal metastases. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2018;18(5):463\u2013472.10.1080\/14737140.2018.145335929560739"},{"issue":"6","key":"r33","series-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2016.59.6.597","article-title":"The effect of perioperative radiation therapy on spinal bone fusion following spine tumor surgery","volume":"59","author":"Kim TK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim TK, Cho W, Youn SM, Chang UK. The effect of perioperative radiation therapy on spinal bone fusion following spine tumor surgery. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2016;59(6):597\u2013603.2784757310.3340\/jkns.2016.59.6.597"},{"key":"r34","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.10.047","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of posterior thoracic cage interbody fusion (PTCIF) to treat trauma and degenerative disease of the thoracic and thoracolumbar junctional spine","volume":"60","author":"Kim M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim M, Oh SK, Choi I, . Clinical outcomes of posterior thoracic cage interbody fusion (PTCIF) to treat trauma and degenerative disease of the thoracic and thoracolumbar junctional spine. J Clin Neurosci. 2019;60:117\u2013123.10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.10.04730352761"},{"issue":"3","key":"r35","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200102010-00016","article-title":"Surgical strategy for spinal metastases","volume":"26","author":"Tomita K","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tomita K, Kawahara N, Kobayashi T, . Surgical strategy for spinal metastases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001;26(3):298\u2013306.10.1097\/00007632-200102010-00016"},{"issue":"19","key":"r36","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000180401.06919.a5","article-title":"A revised scoring system for preoperative evaluation of metastatic spine tumor prognosis","volume":"30","author":"Tokuhashi Y","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tokuhashi Y, Matsuzaki H, Oda H, . A revised scoring system for preoperative evaluation of metastatic spine tumor prognosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005;30(19):2186\u20132191.10.1097\/01.brs.0000180401.06919.a5"},{"issue":"22","key":"r37","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1221","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181e16ae2","article-title":"A novel classification system for spinal instability in neoplastic disease: an evidence-based approach and expert consensus from the Spine Oncology Study Group","volume":"35","author":"Fisher CG","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fisher CG, DiPaola CP, Ryken TC, . A novel classification system for spinal instability in neoplastic disease: an evidence-based approach and expert consensus from the Spine Oncology Study Group. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010;35(22):E1221\u2013E1229.10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181e16ae2"},{"issue":"3","key":"r38","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.3.SPINE09459","article-title":"Reliability analysis of the epidural spinal cord compression scale","volume":"13","author":"Bilsky MH","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bilsky MH, Laufer I, Fourney DR, . Reliability analysis of the epidural spinal cord compression scale. J Neurosurg Spine. 2010;13(3):324\u2013328.2080972410.3171\/2010.3.SPINE09459"},{"issue":"8","key":"r39","series-title":"Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2015.03.040","article-title":"The surgical management of metastatic spinal tumors based on an Epidural Spinal Cord Compression (ESCC) scale","volume":"15","author":"Quraishi NA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Quraishi NA, Arealis G, Salem KMI, . The surgical management of metastatic spinal tumors based on an Epidural Spinal Cord Compression (ESCC) scale. Spine J. 2015;15(8):1738\u20131743.10.1016\/j.spinee.2015.03.040"},{"issue":"3","key":"r40","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"179","article-title":"The value of postural reduction in the initial management of closed injuries of the spine with paraplegia and tetraplegia. I","volume":"7","author":"Frankel HL","year":"1969","unstructured":"Frankel HL, Hancock DO, Hyslop G, . The value of postural reduction in the initial management of closed injuries of the spine with paraplegia and tetraplegia. I. Paraplegia. 1969;7(3):179\u2013192.5360915"},{"key":"r41","article-title":"STROBE guidelines","author":"University of Bern","unstructured":"University of Bern. STROBE guidelines. Accessed March 12, 2021. https:\/\/www.strobe-statement.org\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"r42","series-title":"World J Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v5.i3.262","article-title":"Scoring system for prediction of metastatic spine tumor prognosis","volume":"5","author":"Tokuhashi Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tokuhashi Y, Uei H, Oshima M, Ajiro Y. Scoring system for prediction of metastatic spine tumor prognosis. World J Orthop. 2014;5(3):262\u2013271.10.5312\/wjo.v5.i3.26225035829"},{"issue":"2","key":"r43","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-019-06179-8","article-title":"Thoracolumbar corpectomy\/spondylectomy for spinal metastasis: a pooled analysis comparing the outcome of seven different surgical approaches","volume":"29","author":"Spiessberger A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spiessberger A, Arvind V, Gruter B, Cho SK. Thoracolumbar corpectomy\/spondylectomy for spinal metastasis: a pooled analysis comparing the outcome of seven different surgical approaches. Eur Spine J. 2020;29(2):248\u2013256.3164190710.1007\/s00586-019-06179-8"},{"key":"r44","series-title":"J Surg Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2018.03.022","article-title":"Prolonged operative duration is associated with complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"229","author":"Cheng H","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cheng H, Clymer JW, Po-Han Chen B, . Prolonged operative duration is associated with complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Surg Res. 2018;229:134\u2013144.10.1016\/j.jss.2018.03.02229936980"},{"issue":"1","key":"r45","series-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-13-72","article-title":"Appraisal of the Karnofsky Performance Status and proposal of a simple algorithmic system for its evaluation","volume":"13","author":"P\u00e9us D","year":"2013","unstructured":"P\u00e9us D, Newcomb N, Hofer S. Appraisal of the Karnofsky Performance Status and proposal of a simple algorithmic system for its evaluation. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2013;13(1):72.2387032710.1186\/1472-6947-13-72"},{"issue":"8","key":"r46","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.92B8.22296","article-title":"The surgical management of metastatic epidural compression of the spinal cord","volume":"92","author":"Quraishi NA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Quraishi NA, Gokaslan ZL, Boriani S. The surgical management of metastatic epidural compression of the spinal cord. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92(8):1054\u20131060.2067574610.1302\/0301-620X.92B8.22296"},{"key":"r47","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.10.074","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of single-stage versus 2-stage spinal fusion via posterior instrumentation and anterior thoracoscopy: a retrospective matched-pair cohort study with 247 consecutive patients","volume":"109","author":"Viezens L","year":"2018","unstructured":"Viezens L, Reer P, Strahl A, . Safety and efficacy of single-stage versus 2-stage spinal fusion via posterior instrumentation and anterior thoracoscopy: a retrospective matched-pair cohort study with 247 consecutive patients. World Neurosurg. 2018;109:e739\u2013e747.2907925810.1016\/j.wneu.2017.10.074"},{"issue":"1","key":"r48","series-title":"J Orthop Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-005-0964-y","article-title":"Total en bloc spondylectomy for spinal tumors: improvement of the technique and its associated basic background","volume":"11","author":"Tomita K","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tomita K, Kawahara N, Murakami H, Demura S. Total en bloc spondylectomy for spinal tumors: improvement of the technique and its associated basic background. J Orthop Sci. 2006;11(1):3\u201312.10.1007\/s00776-005-0964-y16437342"},{"issue":"19","key":"r49","series-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e853","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-19-00244","article-title":"Necessity of bony fusion after surgical treatment of metastatic spine tumors","volume":"28","author":"Alamanda VK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alamanda VK, Robinson MM, Thompson JC, . Necessity of bony fusion after surgical treatment of metastatic spine tumors. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2020;28(19):e853\u2013e859.3190467710.5435\/JAAOS-D-19-00244"},{"issue":"1","key":"r50","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198501000-00003","article-title":"A profile of metastatic carcinoma of the spine","volume":"10","author":"Schaberg J","year":"1985","unstructured":"Schaberg J, Gainor BJ. A profile of metastatic carcinoma of the spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1985;10(1):19\u201320.10.1097\/00007632-198501000-00003"},{"key":"r51","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.04.091","article-title":"Radiolucent carbon fiber-reinforced pedicle screws for treatment of spinal tumors: advantages for radiation planning and follow-up imaging","volume":"105","author":"Ringel F","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ringel F, Ryang YM, Kirschke JS, . Radiolucent carbon fiber-reinforced pedicle screws for treatment of spinal tumors: advantages for radiation planning and follow-up imaging. World Neurosurg. 2017;105:294\u2013301.10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.04.09128478252"},{"issue":"7","key":"r1","series-title":"Ann Transl Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2020.03.55","article-title":"Incidence of patients with bone metastases at diagnosis of solid tumors in adults: a large population-based study","volume":"8","author":"Huang JF","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang JF, Shen J, Li X, . Incidence of patients with bone metastases at diagnosis of solid tumors in adults: a large population-based study. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(7):482.3239552610.21037\/atm.2020.03.55"},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Breast Cancer Metastasis and Drug Resistance: Challenges and Progress","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-20301-6_7","article-title":"Bone metastasis of breast cancer","author":"Tahara RK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tahara RK, Brewer TM, Theriault RL, Ueno NT. Bone metastasis of breast cancer. In: Ahmad A, ed. Breast Cancer Metastasis and Drug Resistance: Challenges and Progress. Springer International Publishing; 2019: 105\u2013129.10.1007\/978-3-030-20301-6_7"},{"issue":"10","key":"r3","series-title":"Int J Mol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20102587","article-title":"Prostate cancer and bone metastases: the underlying mechanisms","volume":"20","author":"Wong SK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wong SK, Mohamad NV, Giaze TR, . Prostate cancer and bone metastases: the underlying mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(10):2587.10.3390\/ijms20102587"},{"issue":"6","key":"r4","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3113","article-title":"Spinal loading patterns from biomechanical modeling explain the high incidence of vertebral fractures in the thoracolumbar region","volume":"32","author":"Bruno AG","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bruno AG, Burkhart K, Allaire B, . Spinal loading patterns from biomechanical modeling explain the high incidence of vertebral fractures in the thoracolumbar region. J Bone Miner Res. 2017;32(6):1282\u20131290.2824413510.1002\/jbmr.3113"},{"issue":"8","key":"r5","series-title":"Nat Rev Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc867","article-title":"Metastasis to bone: causes, consequences and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"2","author":"Mundy GR","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mundy GR. Metastasis to bone: causes, consequences and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002;2(8):584\u2013593.1215435110.1038\/nrc867"},{"issue":"7","key":"r6","series-title":"Mol Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.12731","article-title":"What will radiation oncology look like in 2050? A look at a changing professional landscape in Europe and beyond","volume":"14","author":"Baumann M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baumann M, Ebert N, Kurth I, . What will radiation oncology look like in 2050? A look at a changing professional landscape in Europe and beyond. Mol Oncol. 2020;14(7):1577\u20131585.10.1002\/1878-0261.12731"},{"issue":"3","key":"r7","series-title":"Mol Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.12428","article-title":"Cancer survivorship: an integral part of Europe\u2019s research agenda","volume":"13","author":"Lagergren P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lagergren P, Schandl A, Aaronson NK, . Cancer survivorship: an integral part of Europe\u2019s research agenda. Mol Oncol. 2019;13(3):624\u2013635.10.1002\/1878-0261.1242830552794"},{"issue":"1","key":"r8","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.3.SPINE09202","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of metastatic spine disease. A review","volume":"13","author":"Sciubba DM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sciubba DM, Petteys RJ, Dekutoski MB, . Diagnosis and management of metastatic spine disease. A review. J Neurosurg Spine. 2010;13(1):94\u2013108.10.3171\/2010.3.SPINE0920220594024"},{"issue":"3","key":"r9","series-title":"Cancer Treat Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1053\/ctrv.2000.0210","article-title":"Metastatic bone disease: clinical features, pathophysiology and treatment strategies","volume":"27","author":"Coleman RE","year":"2001","unstructured":"Coleman RE. Metastatic bone disease: clinical features, pathophysiology and treatment strategies. Cancer Treat Rev. 2001;27(3):165\u2013176.1141796710.1053\/ctrv.2000.0210"},{"issue":"1","key":"r10","series-title":"Ann Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-193101000-00036","article-title":"Metastases to the skeleton, brain and spinal cord from cancer of the breast and the effect of radiotherapy","volume":"93","author":"Lenz M","year":"1931","unstructured":"Lenz M, Freid JR. Metastases to the skeleton, brain and spinal cord from cancer of the breast and the effect of radiotherapy. Ann Surg. 1931;93(1):278\u2013293.10.1097\/00000658-193101000-00036"},{"issue":"4-6","key":"r11","series-title":"Acta Radiol Oncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3109\/02841868609136410","article-title":"Bone metastasis. Prognosis, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"25","author":"Lote K","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lote K, Wall\u00f8e A, Bjersand A. Bone metastasis. Prognosis, diagnosis and treatment. Acta Radiol Oncol. 1986;25(4-6):227\u2013232.10.3109\/028418686091364102435109"},{"issue":"5","key":"r12","series-title":"Int Orthop","first-page":"309","article-title":"The incidence of vertebral body metastases","volume":"19","author":"Ortiz G\u00f3mez JA","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ortiz G\u00f3mez JA. The incidence of vertebral body metastases. Int Orthop. 1995;19(5):309\u2013311."},{"key":"r13","article-title":"Bone Metastasis: Monitoring and Treatment","author":"Stoll BA","year":"1983","unstructured":"Stoll BA, Parbhoo S. Bone Metastasis: Monitoring and Treatment. Raven Press; 1983."},{"issue":"1","key":"r14","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199001000-00001","article-title":"Spinal metastases: the obvious, the occult, and the impostors","volume":"15","author":"Wong DA","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wong DA, Fornasier VL, MacNab I. Spinal metastases: the obvious, the occult, and the impostors. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1990;15(1):1\u20134.10.1097\/00007632-199001000-00001"},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Fortbildung Osteologie 1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/3-7985-1602-2_4","article-title":"Behandlung von Metastasen der Wirbels\u00e4ule","volume":"1","author":"St Delank K","year":"2006","unstructured":"St Delank K, Eysel P. Behandlung von Metastasen der Wirbels\u00e4ule. In: Peters KM, K\u00f6nig DP, eds. Fortbildung Osteologie 1. Vol 1. Steinkopff-Verlag; 2006: 27\u201333.10.1007\/3-7985-1602-2_4"},{"issue":"1","key":"r16","series-title":"Surgery (Oxf)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpsur.2014.10.005","article-title":"Metastatic tumours of bone","volume":"33","author":"Freeman AK","year":"2015","unstructured":"Freeman AK, Sumathi VP, Jeys L. Metastatic tumours of bone. Surgery (Oxf). 2015;33(1):34\u201339.10.1016\/j.mpsur.2014.10.005"},{"issue":"6","key":"r17","series-title":"Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1053\/clon.2002.0098","article-title":"Don\u2019t wait for a sensory level\u2014listen to the symptoms: a prospective audit of the delays in diagnosis of malignant cord compression","volume":"14","author":"Levack P","year":"2002","unstructured":"Levack P, Graham J, Collie D, . Don\u2019t wait for a sensory level\u2014listen to the symptoms: a prospective audit of the delays in diagnosis of malignant cord compression. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2002;14(6):472\u2013480.10.1053\/clon.2002.0098"},{"issue":"4-5","key":"r18","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2010.06.037","article-title":"Spine instrumentation failure after spine tumor resection and radiation: comparing conventional radiotherapy with stereotactic radiosurgery outcomes","volume":"74","author":"Harel R","year":"2010","unstructured":"Harel R, Chao S, Krishnaney A, . Spine instrumentation failure after spine tumor resection and radiation: comparing conventional radiotherapy with stereotactic radiosurgery outcomes. World Neurosurg. 2010;74(4-5):517\u2013522.10.1016\/j.wneu.2010.06.03721492605"},{"issue":"9486","key":"r19","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66954-1","article-title":"Direct decompressive surgical resection in the treatment of spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer: a randomised trial","volume":"366","author":"Patchell RA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF, . Direct decompressive surgical resection in the treatment of spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2005;366(9486):643\u2013648.1611230010.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66954-1"},{"issue":"6","key":"r20","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2001.11.6.3","article-title":"Management of metastatic tumors of the spine: strategies and operative indications","volume":"11","author":"Steinmetz MP","year":"2001","unstructured":"Steinmetz MP, Mekhail A, Benzel EC. Management of metastatic tumors of the spine: strategies and operative indications. Neurosurg Focus. 2001;11(6):e2.1646399410.3171\/foc.2001.11.6.3"},{"issue":"1","key":"r21","series-title":"Ann Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410030107","article-title":"Epidural spinal cord compression from metastatic tumor: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"3","author":"Gilbert RW","year":"1978","unstructured":"Gilbert RW, Kim JH, Posner JB. Epidural spinal cord compression from metastatic tumor: diagnosis and treatment. Ann Neurol. 1978;3(1):40\u201351.65565310.1002\/ana.410030107"},{"issue":"11","key":"r22","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-1867-6","article-title":"Surgery improves pain, function and quality of life in patients with spinal metastases: a prospective study on 118 patients","volume":"20","author":"Quan GMY","year":"2011","unstructured":"Quan GMY, Vital JM, Aurouer N, . Surgery improves pain, function and quality of life in patients with spinal metastases: a prospective study on 118 patients. Eur Spine J. 2011;20(11):1970\u20131978.10.1007\/s00586-011-1867-621706361"},{"issue":"3","key":"r23","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.3.SPINE08621","article-title":"Thoracic vertebrectomy and spinal reconstruction via anterior, posterior, or combined approaches: clinical outcomes in 91 consecutive patients with metastatic spinal tumors","volume":"11","author":"Xu R","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xu R, Garc\u00e9s-Ambrossi GL, McGirt MJ, . Thoracic vertebrectomy and spinal reconstruction via anterior, posterior, or combined approaches: clinical outcomes in 91 consecutive patients with metastatic spinal tumors. J Neurosurg Spine. 2009;11(3):272\u2013284.1976950810.3171\/2009.3.SPINE08621"},{"issue":"17","key":"r24","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200009010-00016","article-title":"Single-stage posterolateral transpedicle approach for spondylectomy, epidural decompression, and circumferential fusion of spinal metastases","volume":"25","author":"Bilsky MH","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bilsky MH, Boland P, Lis E, . Single-stage posterolateral transpedicle approach for spondylectomy, epidural decompression, and circumferential fusion of spinal metastases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(17):2240\u20132250.10.1097\/00007632-200009010-00016"},{"issue":"1","key":"r25","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4805-9","article-title":"Reducing kyphotic deformity by posterior vertebral column resection with 360\u00b0 osteosynthesis in metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC)","volume":"26","author":"Dreimann M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dreimann M, Hoffmann M, Viezens L, . Reducing kyphotic deformity by posterior vertebral column resection with 360\u00b0 osteosynthesis in metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC). Eur Spine J. 2017;26(1):113\u2013131.2773042210.1007\/s00586-016-4805-9"},{"issue":"6","key":"r26","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2150-1","article-title":"360-degree osteosynthesis via a posterolateral transpedicular approach in high-risk patients","volume":"21","author":"Eicker SO","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eicker SO, Cornelius JF, Steiger HJ, H\u00e4nggi D. 360-degree osteosynthesis via a posterolateral transpedicular approach in high-risk patients. Eur Spine J. 2012;21(6):1207\u20131213.10.1007\/s00586-012-2150-1"},{"issue":"14","key":"r27","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E820","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003450","article-title":"Transpedicular vertebrectomy with circumferential spinal cord decompression and reconstruction for thoracic spine metastasis: a consecutive case series","volume":"45","author":"Rustagi T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rustagi T, Mashaly H, Ganguly R, . Transpedicular vertebrectomy with circumferential spinal cord decompression and reconstruction for thoracic spine metastasis: a consecutive case series. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2020;45(14):E820\u2013E828.10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003450"},{"key":"r28","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.11.172","article-title":"Outcomes of posterior thoracic corpectomies for metastatic spine tumors: an analysis of 90 patients","volume":"123","author":"Zhou RP","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou RP, Mummaneni PV, Chen KY, . Outcomes of posterior thoracic corpectomies for metastatic spine tumors: an analysis of 90 patients. World Neurosurg. 2019;123:e371\u2013e378.3050058610.1016\/j.wneu.2018.11.172"},{"issue":"6","key":"r29","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx567","article-title":"State of the art treatment of spinal metastatic disease","volume":"82","author":"Barzilai O","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barzilai O, Fisher CG, Bilsky MH. State of the art treatment of spinal metastatic disease. Neurosurgery. 2018;82(6):757\u2013769.10.1093\/neuros\/nyx56729481645"},{"issue":"6","key":"r30","series-title":"Oncologist","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2012-0293","article-title":"The NOMS framework: approach to the treatment of spinal metastatic tumors","volume":"18","author":"Laufer I","year":"2013","unstructured":"Laufer I, Rubin DG, Lis E, . The NOMS framework: approach to the treatment of spinal metastatic tumors. Oncologist. 2013;18(6):744\u2013751.10.1634\/theoncologist.2012-0293"},{"issue":"3","key":"r31","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"287","article-title":"Single-stage posterolateral transpedicular approach for resection of epidural metastatic spine tumors involving the vertebral body with circumferential reconstruction: results in 140 patients. Invited submission from the Joint Section Meeting on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves, March 2004","volume":"1","author":"Wang JC","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang JC, Boland P, Mitra N, . Single-stage posterolateral transpedicular approach for resection of epidural metastatic spine tumors involving the vertebral body with circumferential reconstruction: results in 140 patients. Invited submission from the Joint Section Meeting on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves, March 2004. J Neurosurg Spine. 2004;1(3):287\u2013298.15478367"},{"issue":"5","key":"r32","series-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/14737140.2018.1453359","article-title":"Surgical management of spinal metastases","volume":"18","author":"Galgano M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Galgano M, Fridley J, Oyelese A, . Surgical management of spinal metastases. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2018;18(5):463\u2013472.10.1080\/14737140.2018.145335929560739"},{"issue":"6","key":"r33","series-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2016.59.6.597","article-title":"The effect of perioperative radiation therapy on spinal bone fusion following spine tumor surgery","volume":"59","author":"Kim TK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim TK, Cho W, Youn SM, Chang UK. The effect of perioperative radiation therapy on spinal bone fusion following spine tumor surgery. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2016;59(6):597\u2013603.2784757310.3340\/jkns.2016.59.6.597"},{"key":"r34","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.10.047","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of posterior thoracic cage interbody fusion (PTCIF) to treat trauma and degenerative disease of the thoracic and thoracolumbar junctional spine","volume":"60","author":"Kim M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim M, Oh SK, Choi I, . Clinical outcomes of posterior thoracic cage interbody fusion (PTCIF) to treat trauma and degenerative disease of the thoracic and thoracolumbar junctional spine. J Clin Neurosci. 2019;60:117\u2013123.10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.10.04730352761"},{"issue":"3","key":"r35","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200102010-00016","article-title":"Surgical strategy for spinal metastases","volume":"26","author":"Tomita K","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tomita K, Kawahara N, Kobayashi T, . Surgical strategy for spinal metastases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001;26(3):298\u2013306.10.1097\/00007632-200102010-00016"},{"issue":"19","key":"r36","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000180401.06919.a5","article-title":"A revised scoring system for preoperative evaluation of metastatic spine tumor prognosis","volume":"30","author":"Tokuhashi Y","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tokuhashi Y, Matsuzaki H, Oda H, . A revised scoring system for preoperative evaluation of metastatic spine tumor prognosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005;30(19):2186\u20132191.10.1097\/01.brs.0000180401.06919.a5"},{"issue":"22","key":"r37","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1221","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181e16ae2","article-title":"A novel classification system for spinal instability in neoplastic disease: an evidence-based approach and expert consensus from the Spine Oncology Study Group","volume":"35","author":"Fisher CG","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fisher CG, DiPaola CP, Ryken TC, . A novel classification system for spinal instability in neoplastic disease: an evidence-based approach and expert consensus from the Spine Oncology Study Group. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010;35(22):E1221\u2013E1229.10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181e16ae2"},{"issue":"3","key":"r38","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.3.SPINE09459","article-title":"Reliability analysis of the epidural spinal cord compression scale","volume":"13","author":"Bilsky MH","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bilsky MH, Laufer I, Fourney DR, . Reliability analysis of the epidural spinal cord compression scale. J Neurosurg Spine. 2010;13(3):324\u2013328.2080972410.3171\/2010.3.SPINE09459"},{"issue":"8","key":"r39","series-title":"Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2015.03.040","article-title":"The surgical management of metastatic spinal tumors based on an Epidural Spinal Cord Compression (ESCC) scale","volume":"15","author":"Quraishi NA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Quraishi NA, Arealis G, Salem KMI, . The surgical management of metastatic spinal tumors based on an Epidural Spinal Cord Compression (ESCC) scale. Spine J. 2015;15(8):1738\u20131743.10.1016\/j.spinee.2015.03.040"},{"issue":"3","key":"r40","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"179","article-title":"The value of postural reduction in the initial management of closed injuries of the spine with paraplegia and tetraplegia. I","volume":"7","author":"Frankel HL","year":"1969","unstructured":"Frankel HL, Hancock DO, Hyslop G, . The value of postural reduction in the initial management of closed injuries of the spine with paraplegia and tetraplegia. I. Paraplegia. 1969;7(3):179\u2013192.5360915"},{"key":"r41","article-title":"STROBE guidelines","author":"University of Bern","unstructured":"University of Bern. STROBE guidelines. Accessed March 12, 2021. https:\/\/www.strobe-statement.org\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"r42","series-title":"World J Orthop","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v5.i3.262","article-title":"Scoring system for prediction of metastatic spine tumor prognosis","volume":"5","author":"Tokuhashi Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tokuhashi Y, Uei H, Oshima M, Ajiro Y. Scoring system for prediction of metastatic spine tumor prognosis. World J Orthop. 2014;5(3):262\u2013271.10.5312\/wjo.v5.i3.26225035829"},{"issue":"2","key":"r43","series-title":"Eur Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-019-06179-8","article-title":"Thoracolumbar corpectomy\/spondylectomy for spinal metastasis: a pooled analysis comparing the outcome of seven different surgical approaches","volume":"29","author":"Spiessberger A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spiessberger A, Arvind V, Gruter B, Cho SK. Thoracolumbar corpectomy\/spondylectomy for spinal metastasis: a pooled analysis comparing the outcome of seven different surgical approaches. Eur Spine J. 2020;29(2):248\u2013256.3164190710.1007\/s00586-019-06179-8"},{"key":"r44","series-title":"J Surg Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2018.03.022","article-title":"Prolonged operative duration is associated with complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"229","author":"Cheng H","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cheng H, Clymer JW, Po-Han Chen B, . Prolonged operative duration is associated with complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Surg Res. 2018;229:134\u2013144.10.1016\/j.jss.2018.03.02229936980"},{"issue":"1","key":"r45","series-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-13-72","article-title":"Appraisal of the Karnofsky Performance Status and proposal of a simple algorithmic system for its evaluation","volume":"13","author":"P\u00e9us D","year":"2013","unstructured":"P\u00e9us D, Newcomb N, Hofer S. Appraisal of the Karnofsky Performance Status and proposal of a simple algorithmic system for its evaluation. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2013;13(1):72.2387032710.1186\/1472-6947-13-72"},{"issue":"8","key":"r46","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.92B8.22296","article-title":"The surgical management of metastatic epidural compression of the spinal cord","volume":"92","author":"Quraishi NA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Quraishi NA, Gokaslan ZL, Boriani S. The surgical management of metastatic epidural compression of the spinal cord. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92(8):1054\u20131060.2067574610.1302\/0301-620X.92B8.22296"},{"key":"r47","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.10.074","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of single-stage versus 2-stage spinal fusion via posterior instrumentation and anterior thoracoscopy: a retrospective matched-pair cohort study with 247 consecutive patients","volume":"109","author":"Viezens L","year":"2018","unstructured":"Viezens L, Reer P, Strahl A, . Safety and efficacy of single-stage versus 2-stage spinal fusion via posterior instrumentation and anterior thoracoscopy: a retrospective matched-pair cohort study with 247 consecutive patients. World Neurosurg. 2018;109:e739\u2013e747.2907925810.1016\/j.wneu.2017.10.074"},{"issue":"1","key":"r48","series-title":"J Orthop Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-005-0964-y","article-title":"Total en bloc spondylectomy for spinal tumors: improvement of the technique and its associated basic background","volume":"11","author":"Tomita K","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tomita K, Kawahara N, Murakami H, Demura S. Total en bloc spondylectomy for spinal tumors: improvement of the technique and its associated basic background. J Orthop Sci. 2006;11(1):3\u201312.10.1007\/s00776-005-0964-y16437342"},{"issue":"19","key":"r49","series-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e853","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-19-00244","article-title":"Necessity of bony fusion after surgical treatment of metastatic spine tumors","volume":"28","author":"Alamanda VK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alamanda VK, Robinson MM, Thompson JC, . Necessity of bony fusion after surgical treatment of metastatic spine tumors. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2020;28(19):e853\u2013e859.3190467710.5435\/JAAOS-D-19-00244"},{"issue":"1","key":"r50","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198501000-00003","article-title":"A profile of metastatic carcinoma of the spine","volume":"10","author":"Schaberg J","year":"1985","unstructured":"Schaberg J, Gainor BJ. A profile of metastatic carcinoma of the spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1985;10(1):19\u201320.10.1097\/00007632-198501000-00003"},{"key":"r51","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.04.091","article-title":"Radiolucent carbon fiber-reinforced pedicle screws for treatment of spinal tumors: advantages for radiation planning and follow-up imaging","volume":"105","author":"Ringel F","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ringel F, Ryang YM, Kirschke JS, . Radiolucent carbon fiber-reinforced pedicle screws for treatment of spinal tumors: advantages for radiation planning and follow-up imaging. World Neurosurg. 2017;105:294\u2013301.10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.04.09128478252"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/50\/5\/article-pE8.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/50\/5\/article-pE8.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/50\/5\/article-pE8.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T08:21:54Z","timestamp":1779524514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/50\/5\/article-pE8.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2021.2.focus201087","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}}}