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However, it remains unclear how DBS electrode position and stimulation parameters modulate the specific area and related networks. The authors aimed to evaluate the relationships between the anatomical location of stimulation fields and clinical responses, including therapeutic and side effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors collected data from 8 patients with Tourette syndrome who were treated with DBS. The authors selected the active contact following threshold tests of acute side effects and gradually increased the stimulation intensity within the therapeutic window such that acute and chronic side effects could be avoided at each programming session. The patients were carefully interviewed, and stimulation-induced side effects were recorded. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. The DBS lead location was evaluated in the normalized brain space by using a 3D atlas. The volume of tissue activated was determined, and the associated normative connective analyses were performed to link the stimulation field with the therapeutic and side effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean follow-up period was 10.9 \u00b1 3.9 months. All clinical scales showed significant improvement. Whereas the volume of tissue activated associated with therapeutic effects covers the centromedian and ventrolateral nuclei and showed an association with motor networks, those associated with paresthesia and dizziness were associated with stimulation of the ventralis caudalis and red nucleus, respectively. Depressed mood was associated with the spread of stimulation current to the mediodorsal nucleus and showed an association with limbic networks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study addresses the importance of accurate implantation of DBS electrodes for obtaining standardized clinical outcomes and suggests that meticulous programming with careful monitoring of clinical symptoms may improve outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.2.jns204026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T03:58:49Z","timestamp":1628222329000},"page":"231-241","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Neuroanatomical considerations for optimizing thalamic deep brain stimulation in Tourette syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Takashi","family":"Morishita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Kyoto;"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Iida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saki","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinsuke","family":"Fujioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saori C.","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Kyoto;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tooru","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"9154","key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)05964-9","article-title":"Stereotactic treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome by high frequency stimulation of thalamus","volume":"353","author":"Vandewalle V","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vandewalle V, van der Linden C, Groenewegen HJ, Caemaert J. 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