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In particular, the normal brain growth and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulation relationship is critical to characterize because it is impacted in numerous conditions of early childhood in which brain growth and fluid accumulation are affected, such as infection, hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, and a broad range of congenital disorders. The authors of this study aim to describe normal brain volume growth, particularly in the setting of CSF accumulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors analyzed 1067 magnetic resonance imaging scans from 505 healthy pediatric subjects from birth to age 18 years to quantify component and regional brain volumes. The volume trajectories were compared between the sexes and hemispheres using smoothing spline ANOVA. Population growth curves were developed using generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brain volume peaked at 10\u201312 years of age. Males exhibited larger age-adjusted total brain volumes than females, and body size normalization procedures did not eliminate this difference. The ratio of brain to CSF volume, however, revealed a universal age-dependent relationship independent of sex or body size.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings enable the application of normative growth curves in managing a broad range of childhood diseases in which cognitive development, brain growth, and fluid accumulation are interrelated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.2.peds201006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T03:10:42Z","timestamp":1625800242000},"page":"458-468","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Normal childhood brain growth and a universal sex and anthropomorphic relationship to cerebrospinal fluid"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Mallory R.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neural Engineering"},{"name":"Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics,"},{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkateswararao","family":"Cherukuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neural Engineering"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph N.","family":"Paulson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Product Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paddy","family":"Ssentongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhaya V.","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin C.","family":"Warf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School; and"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Monga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Schiff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neural Engineering"},{"name":"Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics,"},{"name":"Neurosurgery, and"},{"name":"Physics;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"25","key":"b1","series-title":"J Med","first-page":"2456","article-title":"Endoscopic treatment versus shunting for infant hydrocephalus in Uganda. 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