{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:20:03Z","timestamp":1792790403697,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Current diagnostic modalities include CT and MRI. Over the last decade, novel technologies to facilitate stroke diagnosis, with the hope of shortening time to treatment and reducing rates of morbidity and mortality, have been developed. The authors conducted a systematic review to identify studies reporting on next-generation point-of-care stroke diagnostic technologies described within the last decade.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines to identify studies reporting noninvasive stroke diagnostics. The QUADAS-2 (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2) tool was utilized to assess risk of bias. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were utilized. Primary outcomes assessed included accuracy and timing compared with standard imaging, potential risks or complications, potential limitations, cost of the technology, size\/portability, and range\/size of detection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 2646 reviewed articles, 19 studies met the inclusion criteria and included the following modalities of noninvasive stoke detection: microwave technology (6 studies, 31.6%), electroencephalography (EEG; 4 studies, 21.1%), ultrasonography (3 studies, 15.8%), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS; 2 studies, 10.5%), portable MRI devices (2 studies, 10.5%), volumetric impedance phase-shift spectroscopy (VIPS; 1 study, 5.3%), and eddy current damping (1 study, 5.3%). Notable medical devices that accurately predicted stroke in this review were EEG-based diagnosis, with a maximum sensitivity of 91.7% for predicting a stroke, microwave-based diagnosis, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.88 for differentiating ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), ultrasound with an AUC of 0.92, VIPS with an AUC of 0.93, and portable MRI with a diagnostic accuracy similar to that of traditional MRI. NIRS offers significant potential for more superficially located hemorrhage but is limited in detecting deep-seated ICH (2.5-cm scanning depth).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As technology and computational resources have advanced, several novel point-of-care medical devices show promise in facilitating rapid stroke diagnosis, with the potential for improving time to treatment and informing prehospital stroke triage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.4.focus21122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T07:33:57Z","timestamp":1625124837000},"page":"E11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["A systematic review of next-generation point-of-care stroke diagnostic technologies"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Shane","family":"Shahrestani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"},{"name":"Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Wishart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Min J.","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben A.","family":"Strickland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Bakhsheshian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Mack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur W.","family":"Toga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of NeuroImaging (LONI), USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nerses","family":"Sanossian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chong","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Zada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"r1","series-title":"Circulation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e139","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000757","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142020 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"141","author":"Virani SS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ,  Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142020 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;141(9):e139\u2013e596.3199206110.1161\/CIR.0000000000000757"},{"issue":"5","key":"r2","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.626374","article-title":"Predictors of rapid brain imaging in acute stroke: analysis of the Get With the Guidelines-Stroke program","volume":"43","author":"Kelly AG","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kelly AG, Hellkamp AS, Olson D,  Predictors of rapid brain imaging in acute stroke: analysis of the Get With the Guidelines-Stroke program. Stroke. 2012;43(5):1279\u20131284.10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.62637422442169"},{"issue":"3","key":"r3","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e318284056a","article-title":"Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"44","author":"Jauch EC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP Jr,  Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2013;44(3):870\u2013947.2337020510.1161\/STR.0b013e318284056a"},{"key":"r4","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.03.003","article-title":"Delays in door-to-needle time for acute ischemic stroke in the emergency department: a comprehensive stroke center experience","volume":"376","author":"Mowla A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mowla A, Doyle J, Lail NS,  Delays in door-to-needle time for acute ischemic stroke in the emergency department: a comprehensive stroke center experience. J Neurol Sci. 2017;376:102\u2013105.10.1016\/j.jns.2017.03.00328431590"},{"issue":"1","key":"r5","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.015131","article-title":"Door-to-imaging time for acute stroke patients is adversely affected by emergency department crowding","volume":"48","author":"Reznek MA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reznek MA, Murray E, Youngren MN,  Door-to-imaging time for acute stroke patients is adversely affected by emergency department crowding. Stroke. 2017;48(1):49\u201354.10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.01513127856953"},{"issue":"10","key":"r6","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.006293","article-title":"Geographic access to acute stroke care in the United States","volume":"45","author":"Adeoye O","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adeoye O, Albright KC, Carr BG,  Geographic access to acute stroke care in the United States. Stroke. 2014;45(10):3019\u20133024.10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.00629325158773"},{"issue":"10","key":"r7","series-title":"Microw Opt Technol Lett","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.27073","article-title":"A new compact multiband antenna for stroke diagnosis system over 0.5\u20133 GHz","volume":"54","author":"Abtahi S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abtahi S, Yang J, Kidborg S. A new compact multiband antenna for stroke diagnosis system over 0.5\u20133 GHz. Microw Opt Technol Lett. 2012;54(10):2342\u20132346.10.1002\/mop.27073"},{"issue":"11","key":"r8","series-title":"J Neurointerv Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2017-013690","article-title":"The VITAL study and overall pooled analysis with the VIPS non-invasive stroke detection device","volume":"10","author":"Kellner CP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kellner CP, Sauvageau E, Snyder KV,  The VITAL study and overall pooled analysis with the VIPS non-invasive stroke detection device. J Neurointerv Surg. 2018;10(11):1079\u20131084.2951111410.1136\/neurintsurg-2017-013690"},{"issue":"5","key":"r9","series-title":"Brain Inj","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2017.1287956","article-title":"Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to detect traumatic intracranial haematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Brogan RJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brogan RJ, Kontojannis V, Garara B,  Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to detect traumatic intracranial haematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Inj. 2017;31(5):581\u2013588.2844067510.1080\/02699052.2017.1287956"},{"issue":"1","key":"r10","series-title":"Neurophysiol Clin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2019.12.004","article-title":"Stroke identification using a portable EEG device - a pilot study","volume":"50","author":"Gottlibe M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gottlibe M, Rosen O, Weller B,  Stroke identification using a portable EEG device - a pilot study. Neurophysiol Clin. 2020;50(1):21\u201325.10.1016\/j.neucli.2019.12.00432014371"},{"issue":"11","key":"r11","series-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2330554","article-title":"Microwave-based stroke diagnosis making global prehospital thrombolytic treatment possible","volume":"61","author":"Persson M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Persson M, Fhager A, Trefn\u00e1 HD,  Microwave-based stroke diagnosis making global prehospital thrombolytic treatment possible. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2014;61(11):2806\u20132817.2495167710.1109\/TBME.2014.2330554"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"r12","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"WP288","DOI":"10.1161\/str.51.suppl_1.WP288","article-title":"A portable and rapid stroke imaging and classification device","volume":"51","author":"Shahrestani S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shahrestani S, Chou TC, Tai YC. A portable and rapid stroke imaging and classification device. Stroke. 2020;51(Suppl1):WP288.10.1161\/str.51.suppl_1.WP288"},{"issue":"8","key":"r13","series-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.05.019","article-title":"Electroencephalography measures are useful for identifying large acute ischemic stroke in the emergency department","volume":"28","author":"Shreve L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shreve L, Kaur A, Vo C,  Electroencephalography measures are useful for identifying large acute ischemic stroke in the emergency department. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2019;28(8):2280\u20132286.3117495510.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.05.019"},{"issue":"4","key":"r14","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0152351","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152351","article-title":"Design and experimental evaluation of a non-invasive microwave head imaging system for intracranial haemorrhage detection","volume":"11","author":"Mobashsher AT","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mobashsher AT, Bialkowski KS, Abbosh AM, Crozier S. Design and experimental evaluation of a non-invasive microwave head imaging system for intracranial haemorrhage detection. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0152351.2707399410.1371\/journal.pone.0152351"},{"key":"r15","article-title":"De novo classification request for Infrascan, Inc.\u2019s Infrascanner Model 1000","author":"Food and Drug Administration","year":"2010","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. De novo classification request for Infrascan, Inc.\u2019s Infrascanner Model 1000. April 2010. Accessed May 7, 2021. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/reviews\/K080377.pdf"},{"issue":"5","key":"r16","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E5","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.8.FOCUS18325","article-title":"Machine learning applications for the differentiation of primary central nervous system lymphoma from glioblastoma on imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Nguyen AV","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nguyen AV, Blears EE, Ross E,  Machine learning applications for the differentiation of primary central nervous system lymphoma from glioblastoma on imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurg Focus. 2018;45(5):E5.3045345910.3171\/2018.8.FOCUS18325"},{"issue":"8","key":"r17","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009","article-title":"QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"155","author":"Whiting PF","year":"2011","unstructured":"Whiting PF, Rutjes AWS, Westwood ME,  QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(8):529\u2013536.2200704610.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"r18","series-title":"J Gen Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-012-2030-8","article-title":"Chapter 5: assessing risk of bias as a domain of quality in medical test studies","volume":"27","author":"Santaguida PL","year":"2012","unstructured":"Santaguida PL, Riley CM, Matchar DB. Chapter 5: assessing risk of bias as a domain of quality in medical test studies. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27(suppl 1):S33\u2013S38.10.1007\/s11606-012-2030-822648673"},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Assessing Methodological Quality","author":"Reitsma JB","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reitsma JB, Rutjes AWS, Whiting P,  Assessing Methodological Quality. The Cochrane Collaboration; 2009."},{"key":"r20","series-title":"IEEE Trans Antennas Propag","article-title":"Flexible meander-line antenna array for wearable electromagnetic head imaging","author":"Alqadami ASM","unstructured":"Alqadami ASM, Stancombe AE, Bialkowski KS, Abbosh A. Flexible meander-line antenna array for wearable electromagnetic head imaging. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. Published online November 18, 2020. doi: 10.1109\/TAP.2020.3037742"},{"issue":"5","key":"r21","series-title":"IET Microw Antennas Propag","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2017.0486","article-title":"Low-cost and compact RF switching system for wearable microwave head imaging with performance verification on artificial head phantom","volume":"12","author":"Bashri MSR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bashri MSR, Arslan T. Low-cost and compact RF switching system for wearable microwave head imaging with performance verification on artificial head phantom. IET Microw Antennas Propag. 2017;12(5):706\u2013711.10.1049\/iet-map.2017.0486"},{"issue":"4","key":"r22","series-title":"IEEE J Electromagn RF Microw Med Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1109\/JERM.2019.2921076","article-title":"Detection of simulated brain strokes using microwave tomography","volume":"3","author":"Coli VL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coli VL, Tournier P, Dolean V,  Detection of simulated brain strokes using microwave tomography. IEEE J Electromagn RF Microw Med Biol. 2019;3(4):254\u2013260.10.1109\/JERM.2019.2921076"},{"issue":"1","key":"r23","series-title":"Acad Emerg Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12561","article-title":"Identification of acute stroke using quantified brain electrical activity","volume":"22","author":"Michelson EA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Michelson EA, Hanley D, Chabot R, Prichep LS. Identification of acute stroke using quantified brain electrical activity. Acad Emerg Med. 2015;22(1):67\u201372.10.1111\/acem.1256125565489"},{"issue":"1","key":"r24","series-title":"Sci Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75379-w","article-title":"Predicting stroke severity with a 3-min recording from the Muse portable EEG system for rapid diagnosis of stroke","volume":"10","author":"Wilkinson CM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilkinson CM, Burrell JI, Kuziek JWP,  Predicting stroke severity with a 3-min recording from the Muse portable EEG system for rapid diagnosis of stroke. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):18465.3311618710.1038\/s41598-020-75379-w"},{"key":"r25","series-title":"NPJ Digit Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-0240-8","article-title":"Full-waveform inversion imaging of the human brain","volume":"3","author":"Guasch L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guasch L, Calder\u00f3n Agudo O, Tang MX,  Full-waveform inversion imaging of the human brain. NPJ Digit Med. 2020;3:28.3219536310.1038\/s41746-020-0240-8"},{"issue":"3","key":"r26","series-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1159\/000334667","article-title":"Transcranial ultrasound from diagnosis to early stroke treatment: part 2: prehospital neurosonography in patients with acute stroke: the Regensburg stroke mobile project","volume":"33","author":"Schlachetzki F","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schlachetzki F, Herzberg M, H\u00f6lscher T,  Transcranial ultrasound from diagnosis to early stroke treatment: part 2: prehospital neurosonography in patients with acute stroke: the Regensburg stroke mobile project. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;33(3):262\u2013271.10.1159\/00033466722261817"},{"issue":"5","key":"r27","series-title":"Transl Stroke Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-018-0667-2","article-title":"Velocity curvature index: a novel diagnostic biomarker for large vessel occlusion","volume":"10","author":"Thorpe SG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thorpe SG, Thibeault CM, Wilk SJ,  Velocity curvature index: a novel diagnostic biomarker for large vessel occlusion. Transl Stroke Res. 2019;10(5):475\u2013484.10.1007\/s12975-018-0667-230293170"},{"issue":"1","key":"r28","series-title":"JAMA Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.3263","article-title":"Assessment of brain injury using portable, low-field magnetic resonance imaging at the bedside of critically ill patients","volume":"78","author":"Sheth KN","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sheth KN, Mazurek MH, Yuen MM,  Assessment of brain injury using portable, low-field magnetic resonance imaging at the bedside of critically ill patients. JAMA Neurol. 2021;78(1):41\u201347.10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.3263"},{"issue":"3","key":"r29","series-title":"Nat Biomed Eng","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-020-00641-5","article-title":"A portable scanner for magnetic resonance imaging of the brain","volume":"5","author":"Cooley CZ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cooley CZ, McDaniel PC, Stockmann JP,  A portable scanner for magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Nat Biomed Eng. 2021;5(3):229\u2013239.10.1038\/s41551-020-00641-533230306"},{"issue":"8","key":"r30","series-title":"Med Eng Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-4533(02)00251-5","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of cerebral autoregulation from transcranial Doppler pulsatility: a computer simulation study","volume":"25","author":"Ursino M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ursino M, Giulioni M. Quantitative assessment of cerebral autoregulation from transcranial Doppler pulsatility: a computer simulation study. Med Eng Phys. 2003;25(8):655\u2013666.1290018110.1016\/S1350-4533(02)00251-5"},{"issue":"4","key":"r31","series-title":"Int J Mol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17040458","article-title":"Apolipoprotein A1-unique peptide as a diagnostic biomarker for acute ischemic stroke","volume":"17","author":"Zhao X","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao X, Yu Y, Xu W,  Apolipoprotein A1-unique peptide as a diagnostic biomarker for acute ischemic stroke. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(4):458.10.3390\/ijms1704045827043525"},{"issue":"3","key":"r32","series-title":"J Clin Lab Anal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23084","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23084","article-title":"Evaluation of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, serum amyloid A, and fibrinogen as diagnostic biomarkers for patients with acute cerebral infarction","volume":"34","author":"Tao L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tao L, ShiChuan W, DeTai Z, Lihua H. Evaluation of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, serum amyloid A, and fibrinogen as diagnostic biomarkers for patients with acute cerebral infarction. J Clin Lab Anal. 2020;34(3):e23084.3171329210.1002\/jcla.23084"},{"issue":"9","key":"r1","series-title":"Circulation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e139","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000757","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142020 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"141","author":"Virani SS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ,  Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142020 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;141(9):e139\u2013e596.3199206110.1161\/CIR.0000000000000757"},{"issue":"5","key":"r2","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.626374","article-title":"Predictors of rapid brain imaging in acute stroke: analysis of the Get With the Guidelines-Stroke program","volume":"43","author":"Kelly AG","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kelly AG, Hellkamp AS, Olson D,  Predictors of rapid brain imaging in acute stroke: analysis of the Get With the Guidelines-Stroke program. Stroke. 2012;43(5):1279\u20131284.10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.62637422442169"},{"issue":"3","key":"r3","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e318284056a","article-title":"Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"44","author":"Jauch EC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP Jr,  Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2013;44(3):870\u2013947.2337020510.1161\/STR.0b013e318284056a"},{"key":"r4","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.03.003","article-title":"Delays in door-to-needle time for acute ischemic stroke in the emergency department: a comprehensive stroke center experience","volume":"376","author":"Mowla A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mowla A, Doyle J, Lail NS,  Delays in door-to-needle time for acute ischemic stroke in the emergency department: a comprehensive stroke center experience. J Neurol Sci. 2017;376:102\u2013105.10.1016\/j.jns.2017.03.00328431590"},{"issue":"1","key":"r5","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.015131","article-title":"Door-to-imaging time for acute stroke patients is adversely affected by emergency department crowding","volume":"48","author":"Reznek MA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reznek MA, Murray E, Youngren MN,  Door-to-imaging time for acute stroke patients is adversely affected by emergency department crowding. Stroke. 2017;48(1):49\u201354.10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.01513127856953"},{"issue":"10","key":"r6","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.006293","article-title":"Geographic access to acute stroke care in the United States","volume":"45","author":"Adeoye O","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adeoye O, Albright KC, Carr BG,  Geographic access to acute stroke care in the United States. Stroke. 2014;45(10):3019\u20133024.10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.00629325158773"},{"issue":"10","key":"r7","series-title":"Microw Opt Technol Lett","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.27073","article-title":"A new compact multiband antenna for stroke diagnosis system over 0.5\u20133 GHz","volume":"54","author":"Abtahi S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abtahi S, Yang J, Kidborg S. A new compact multiband antenna for stroke diagnosis system over 0.5\u20133 GHz. Microw Opt Technol Lett. 2012;54(10):2342\u20132346.10.1002\/mop.27073"},{"issue":"11","key":"r8","series-title":"J Neurointerv Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2017-013690","article-title":"The VITAL study and overall pooled analysis with the VIPS non-invasive stroke detection device","volume":"10","author":"Kellner CP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kellner CP, Sauvageau E, Snyder KV,  The VITAL study and overall pooled analysis with the VIPS non-invasive stroke detection device. J Neurointerv Surg. 2018;10(11):1079\u20131084.2951111410.1136\/neurintsurg-2017-013690"},{"issue":"5","key":"r9","series-title":"Brain Inj","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2017.1287956","article-title":"Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to detect traumatic intracranial haematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Brogan RJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brogan RJ, Kontojannis V, Garara B,  Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to detect traumatic intracranial haematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Inj. 2017;31(5):581\u2013588.2844067510.1080\/02699052.2017.1287956"},{"issue":"1","key":"r10","series-title":"Neurophysiol Clin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2019.12.004","article-title":"Stroke identification using a portable EEG device - a pilot study","volume":"50","author":"Gottlibe M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gottlibe M, Rosen O, Weller B,  Stroke identification using a portable EEG device - a pilot study. Neurophysiol Clin. 2020;50(1):21\u201325.10.1016\/j.neucli.2019.12.00432014371"},{"issue":"11","key":"r11","series-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2330554","article-title":"Microwave-based stroke diagnosis making global prehospital thrombolytic treatment possible","volume":"61","author":"Persson M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Persson M, Fhager A, Trefn\u00e1 HD,  Microwave-based stroke diagnosis making global prehospital thrombolytic treatment possible. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2014;61(11):2806\u20132817.2495167710.1109\/TBME.2014.2330554"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"r12","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"WP288","DOI":"10.1161\/str.51.suppl_1.WP288","article-title":"A portable and rapid stroke imaging and classification device","volume":"51","author":"Shahrestani S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shahrestani S, Chou TC, Tai YC. A portable and rapid stroke imaging and classification device. Stroke. 2020;51(Suppl1):WP288.10.1161\/str.51.suppl_1.WP288"},{"issue":"8","key":"r13","series-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.05.019","article-title":"Electroencephalography measures are useful for identifying large acute ischemic stroke in the emergency department","volume":"28","author":"Shreve L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shreve L, Kaur A, Vo C,  Electroencephalography measures are useful for identifying large acute ischemic stroke in the emergency department. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2019;28(8):2280\u20132286.3117495510.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.05.019"},{"issue":"4","key":"r14","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0152351","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152351","article-title":"Design and experimental evaluation of a non-invasive microwave head imaging system for intracranial haemorrhage detection","volume":"11","author":"Mobashsher AT","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mobashsher AT, Bialkowski KS, Abbosh AM, Crozier S. Design and experimental evaluation of a non-invasive microwave head imaging system for intracranial haemorrhage detection. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0152351.2707399410.1371\/journal.pone.0152351"},{"key":"r15","article-title":"De novo classification request for Infrascan, Inc.\u2019s Infrascanner Model 1000","author":"Food and Drug Administration","year":"2010","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. De novo classification request for Infrascan, Inc.\u2019s Infrascanner Model 1000. April 2010. Accessed May 7, 2021. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/reviews\/K080377.pdf"},{"issue":"5","key":"r16","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E5","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.8.FOCUS18325","article-title":"Machine learning applications for the differentiation of primary central nervous system lymphoma from glioblastoma on imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Nguyen AV","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nguyen AV, Blears EE, Ross E,  Machine learning applications for the differentiation of primary central nervous system lymphoma from glioblastoma on imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurg Focus. 2018;45(5):E5.3045345910.3171\/2018.8.FOCUS18325"},{"issue":"8","key":"r17","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009","article-title":"QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"155","author":"Whiting PF","year":"2011","unstructured":"Whiting PF, Rutjes AWS, Westwood ME,  QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(8):529\u2013536.2200704610.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"r18","series-title":"J Gen Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-012-2030-8","article-title":"Chapter 5: assessing risk of bias as a domain of quality in medical test studies","volume":"27","author":"Santaguida PL","year":"2012","unstructured":"Santaguida PL, Riley CM, Matchar DB. Chapter 5: assessing risk of bias as a domain of quality in medical test studies. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27(suppl 1):S33\u2013S38.10.1007\/s11606-012-2030-822648673"},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Assessing Methodological Quality","author":"Reitsma JB","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reitsma JB, Rutjes AWS, Whiting P,  Assessing Methodological Quality. The Cochrane Collaboration; 2009."},{"key":"r20","series-title":"IEEE Trans Antennas Propag","article-title":"Flexible meander-line antenna array for wearable electromagnetic head imaging","author":"Alqadami ASM","unstructured":"Alqadami ASM, Stancombe AE, Bialkowski KS, Abbosh A. Flexible meander-line antenna array for wearable electromagnetic head imaging. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. Published online November 18, 2020. doi: 10.1109\/TAP.2020.3037742"},{"issue":"5","key":"r21","series-title":"IET Microw Antennas Propag","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2017.0486","article-title":"Low-cost and compact RF switching system for wearable microwave head imaging with performance verification on artificial head phantom","volume":"12","author":"Bashri MSR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bashri MSR, Arslan T. Low-cost and compact RF switching system for wearable microwave head imaging with performance verification on artificial head phantom. IET Microw Antennas Propag. 2017;12(5):706\u2013711.10.1049\/iet-map.2017.0486"},{"issue":"4","key":"r22","series-title":"IEEE J Electromagn RF Microw Med Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1109\/JERM.2019.2921076","article-title":"Detection of simulated brain strokes using microwave tomography","volume":"3","author":"Coli VL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coli VL, Tournier P, Dolean V,  Detection of simulated brain strokes using microwave tomography. IEEE J Electromagn RF Microw Med Biol. 2019;3(4):254\u2013260.10.1109\/JERM.2019.2921076"},{"issue":"1","key":"r23","series-title":"Acad Emerg Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12561","article-title":"Identification of acute stroke using quantified brain electrical activity","volume":"22","author":"Michelson EA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Michelson EA, Hanley D, Chabot R, Prichep LS. Identification of acute stroke using quantified brain electrical activity. Acad Emerg Med. 2015;22(1):67\u201372.10.1111\/acem.1256125565489"},{"issue":"1","key":"r24","series-title":"Sci Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75379-w","article-title":"Predicting stroke severity with a 3-min recording from the Muse portable EEG system for rapid diagnosis of stroke","volume":"10","author":"Wilkinson CM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilkinson CM, Burrell JI, Kuziek JWP,  Predicting stroke severity with a 3-min recording from the Muse portable EEG system for rapid diagnosis of stroke. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):18465.3311618710.1038\/s41598-020-75379-w"},{"key":"r25","series-title":"NPJ Digit Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-0240-8","article-title":"Full-waveform inversion imaging of the human brain","volume":"3","author":"Guasch L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guasch L, Calder\u00f3n Agudo O, Tang MX,  Full-waveform inversion imaging of the human brain. NPJ Digit Med. 2020;3:28.3219536310.1038\/s41746-020-0240-8"},{"issue":"3","key":"r26","series-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1159\/000334667","article-title":"Transcranial ultrasound from diagnosis to early stroke treatment: part 2: prehospital neurosonography in patients with acute stroke: the Regensburg stroke mobile project","volume":"33","author":"Schlachetzki F","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schlachetzki F, Herzberg M, H\u00f6lscher T,  Transcranial ultrasound from diagnosis to early stroke treatment: part 2: prehospital neurosonography in patients with acute stroke: the Regensburg stroke mobile project. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;33(3):262\u2013271.10.1159\/00033466722261817"},{"issue":"5","key":"r27","series-title":"Transl Stroke Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-018-0667-2","article-title":"Velocity curvature index: a novel diagnostic biomarker for large vessel occlusion","volume":"10","author":"Thorpe SG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thorpe SG, Thibeault CM, Wilk SJ,  Velocity curvature index: a novel diagnostic biomarker for large vessel occlusion. Transl Stroke Res. 2019;10(5):475\u2013484.10.1007\/s12975-018-0667-230293170"},{"issue":"1","key":"r28","series-title":"JAMA Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.3263","article-title":"Assessment of brain injury using portable, low-field magnetic resonance imaging at the bedside of critically ill patients","volume":"78","author":"Sheth KN","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sheth KN, Mazurek MH, Yuen MM,  Assessment of brain injury using portable, low-field magnetic resonance imaging at the bedside of critically ill patients. JAMA Neurol. 2021;78(1):41\u201347.10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.3263"},{"issue":"3","key":"r29","series-title":"Nat Biomed Eng","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-020-00641-5","article-title":"A portable scanner for magnetic resonance imaging of the brain","volume":"5","author":"Cooley CZ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cooley CZ, McDaniel PC, Stockmann JP,  A portable scanner for magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Nat Biomed Eng. 2021;5(3):229\u2013239.10.1038\/s41551-020-00641-533230306"},{"issue":"8","key":"r30","series-title":"Med Eng Phys","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-4533(02)00251-5","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of cerebral autoregulation from transcranial Doppler pulsatility: a computer simulation study","volume":"25","author":"Ursino M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ursino M, Giulioni M. Quantitative assessment of cerebral autoregulation from transcranial Doppler pulsatility: a computer simulation study. Med Eng Phys. 2003;25(8):655\u2013666.1290018110.1016\/S1350-4533(02)00251-5"},{"issue":"4","key":"r31","series-title":"Int J Mol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17040458","article-title":"Apolipoprotein A1-unique peptide as a diagnostic biomarker for acute ischemic stroke","volume":"17","author":"Zhao X","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao X, Yu Y, Xu W,  Apolipoprotein A1-unique peptide as a diagnostic biomarker for acute ischemic stroke. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(4):458.10.3390\/ijms1704045827043525"},{"issue":"3","key":"r32","series-title":"J Clin Lab Anal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23084","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23084","article-title":"Evaluation of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, serum amyloid A, and fibrinogen as diagnostic biomarkers for patients with acute cerebral infarction","volume":"34","author":"Tao L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tao L, ShiChuan W, DeTai Z, Lihua H. Evaluation of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, serum amyloid A, and fibrinogen as diagnostic biomarkers for patients with acute cerebral infarction. J Clin Lab Anal. 2020;34(3):e23084.3171329210.1002\/jcla.23084"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/51\/1\/article-pE11.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/51\/1\/article-pE11.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/51\/1\/article-pE11.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T08:25:46Z","timestamp":1780734346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/51\/1\/article-pE11.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2021.4.focus21122","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}}}