{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T09:01:39Z","timestamp":1780736499290,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n Today, minimally invasive procedures have become mainstream surgical procedures. Percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal discectomy for lumbar disc herniation (LDH) requires profound knowledge of the laparoscopic lumbar anatomy. Immersive virtual reality (VR) provides three-dimensional patient-specific models to help in the process of preclinical surgical preparation. In this study, the authors investigated the efficacy of VR application in LDH for training orthopedic residents and postgraduates.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n VR images of the lumbar anatomy were created with immersive VR and mAnatomy software. The study was conducted among 60 residents and postgraduates. A questionnaire was developed to assess the effect of and satisfaction with this VR-based basic and clinical fused curriculum. The teaching effect was also evaluated through a postlecture test, and the results of the prelecture surgical examination were taken as baselines.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n All participants in the VR group agreed that VR-based education is practical, attractive, and easy to operate, compared to traditional teaching, and promotes better understanding of the anatomical structures involved in LDH. Learners in the VR group achieved higher scores on an anatomical and clinical fusion test than learners in the traditional group (84.67 \u00b1 14.56 vs 76.00 \u00b1 16.10, p < 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n An immersive VR-based basic and clinical fused curriculum can increase residents\u2019 and postgraduates\u2019 interest and support them in mastering the structural changes and complicated symptoms of LDH. However, a simplified operational process and more realistic haptics of the VR system are necessary for further surgical preparation and application.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.5.focus20756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T10:49:00Z","timestamp":1627814940000},"page":"E17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Efficacy of a virtual reality\u2013based basic and clinical fused curriculum for clinical education on the lumbar intervertebral disc"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Fangfang","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Teaching and Research Bureau of Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University;"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou;"},{"name":"Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixiang","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou;"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yizhe","family":"Tie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiewen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teaching and Research Bureau of Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University;"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"r1","series-title":"J Surg Educ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2016.02.009","article-title":"Effect of spatial cognitive ability on gain in robot-assisted surgical skills of urological surgeons","volume":"73","author":"Teishima J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Teishima J, Hattori M, Inoue S, Hieda K, Kobatake K, Shinmei S, Effect of spatial cognitive ability on gain in robot-assisted surgical skills of urological surgeons. 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