{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T01:26:25Z","timestamp":1794014785608,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurate electrode placement is key to effective deep brain stimulation (DBS). The ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) of the thalamus is an established surgical target for the treatment of essential tremor (ET). Retrospective tractography-based analysis of electrode placement has associated successful outcomes with modulation of motor input to VIM, but no study has yet evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of prospective presurgical tractography-based targeting alone. Therefore, the authors sought to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of probabilistic tractography\u2013based VIM targeting in ET patients and to perform a systematic comparison of probabilistic and deterministic tractography.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourteen patients with ET underwent preoperative diffusion imaging. Probabilistic tractography was applied for preoperative targeting, and deterministic tractography was performed as a comparison between methods. Tractography was performed using the motor and sensory areas as initiation seeds, the ipsilateral thalamus as an inclusion mask, and the contralateral dentate nucleus as a termination mask. Tract-density maps consisted of voxels with 10% or less of the maximum intensity and were superimposed onto anatomical images for presurgical planning. Target planning was based on probabilistic tract-density images and indirect target coordinates. Patients underwent robotic image-guided, image-verified implantation of directional DBS systems. Postoperative tremor scores with and without DBS were recorded. The center of gravity and Dice similarity coefficients were calculated and compared between tracking methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective probabilistic targeting of VIM was successful in all 14 patients. All patients experienced significant tremor reduction. Formal postoperative tremor scores were available for 9 patients, who demonstrated a mean 68.0% tremor reduction. Large differences between tracking methods were observed across patients. Probabilistic tractography\u2013identified VIM fibers were more anterior, lateral, and superior than deterministic tractography\u2013identified fibers, whereas probabilistic tractography\u2013identified ventralis caudalis fibers were more posterior, lateral, and superior than deterministic tractography\u2013identified fibers. Deterministic methods were unable to clearly distinguish between motor and sensory fibers in the majority of patients, but probabilistic methods produced distinct separation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Probabilistic tractography\u2013based VIM targeting is safe and effective for the treatment of ET. Probabilistic tractography is more precise than deterministic tractography for the delineation of VIM and the ventralis caudalis nucleus of the thalamus. Deterministic algorithms tended to underestimate separation between motor and sensory fibers, which may have been due to its limitations with crossing fibers. Larger studies across multiple centers are necessary to further validate this method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.5.jns21552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T04:05:30Z","timestamp":1634875530000},"page":"1371-1380","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Use of probabilistic tractography to provide reliable distinction of the motor and sensory thalamus for prospective targeting during asleep deep brain stimulation"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Muller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"},{"name":"Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Alizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"},{"name":"Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caio M.","family":"Matias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Thalheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Romo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Martello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsao-Wei","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feroze B.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"},{"name":"Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000419345.94406.07","article-title":"The tremor network targeted by successful VIM deep brain stimulation in humans","volume":"79","author":"Meng FG","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meng FG, Zhang JG, Kao CC, Klein JC, Hilker R. The tremor network targeted by successful VIM deep brain stimulation in humans. Neurology. 2012;79(9):953.10.1212\/01.wnl.0000419345.94406.0722927683"},{"issue":"12","key":"b2","series-title":"Eur J Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13575","article-title":"Probabilistic vs. deterministic fiber tracking and the influence of different seed regions to delineate cerebellar-thalamic fibers in deep brain stimulation","volume":"45","author":"Schlaier JR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schlaier JR, Beer AL, Faltermeier R, Fellner C, Steib K,  Probabilistic vs. deterministic fiber tracking and the influence of different seed regions to delineate cerebellar-thalamic fibers in deep brain stimulation. Eur J Neurosci. 2017;45(12):1623\u20131633.2839164710.1111\/ejn.13575"},{"issue":"10","key":"b3","series-title":"Brain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz236","article-title":"Connectivity profile of thalamic deep brain stimulation to effectively treat essential tremor","volume":"142","author":"Al-Fatly B","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Fatly B, Ewert S, K\u00fcbler D, Kroneberg D, Horn A, K\u00fchn AA. Connectivity profile of thalamic deep brain stimulation to effectively treat essential tremor. Brain. 2019;142(10):3086\u20133098.10.1093\/brain\/awz23631377766"},{"issue":"4","key":"b4","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1159\/000507030","article-title":"Advanced imaging and direct targeting of the motor thalamus and dentato-rubro-thalamic tract for tremor: a systematic review","volume":"98","author":"Gravbrot N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gravbrot N, Saranathan M, Pouratian N, Kasoff WS. Advanced imaging and direct targeting of the motor thalamus and dentato-rubro-thalamic tract for tremor: a systematic review. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2020;98(4):220\u2013240.3240311210.1159\/000507030"},{"issue":"18","key":"b5","series-title":"Neuroimage Clin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.01.008","article-title":"Connectivity derived thalamic segmentation in deep brain stimulation for tremor","volume":"18","author":"Akram H","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akram H, Dayal V, Mahlknecht P, Georgiev D, Hyam J,  Connectivity derived thalamic segmentation in deep brain stimulation for tremor. Neuroimage Clin. 2018;18(18):130\u2013142.2938753010.1016\/j.nicl.2018.01.008"},{"issue":"299","key":"b6","series-title":"Neuroimage","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.09.055","article-title":"Toward in vivo histology: a comparison of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) with magnitude-, phase-, and R2*-imaging at ultra-high magnetic field strength","volume":"65","author":"Deistung A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Deistung A, Sch\u00e4fer A, Schweser F, Biedermann U, Turner R, Reichenbach JR. Toward in vivo histology: a comparison of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) with magnitude-, phase-, and R2*-imaging at ultra-high magnetic field strength. Neuroimage. 2013;65(299):314.10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.09.055"},{"issue":"2","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.4.JNS122324","article-title":"Accuracy of deep brain stimulation electrode placement using intraoperative computed tomography without microelectrode recording","volume":"119","author":"Burchiel KJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burchiel KJ, McCartney S, Lee A, Raslan AM. Accuracy of deep brain stimulation electrode placement using intraoperative computed tomography without microelectrode recording. J Neurosurg. 2013;119(2):301\u2013306.2372498610.3171\/2013.4.JNS122324"},{"issue":"2","key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.3.JNS162487","article-title":"Intraoperative test stimulation versus stereotactic accuracy as a surgical end point: a comparison of essential tremor outcomes after ventral intermediate nucleus deep brain stimulation","volume":"129","author":"Chen T","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen T, Mirzadeh Z, Chapple KM, Lambert M, Evidente VGH,  Intraoperative test stimulation versus stereotactic accuracy as a surgical end point: a comparison of essential tremor outcomes after ventral intermediate nucleus deep brain stimulation. J Neurosurg. 2018;129(2):290\u2013298.2902785310.3171\/2017.3.JNS162487"},{"issue":"7","key":"b9","series-title":"Nat Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1075","article-title":"Non-invasive mapping of connections between human thalamus and cortex using diffusion imaging","volume":"6","author":"Behrens TEJ","year":"2003","unstructured":"Behrens TEJ, Johansen-Berg H, Woolrich MW, Smith SM, Wheeler-Kingshott CA,  Non-invasive mapping of connections between human thalamus and cortex using diffusion imaging. Nat Neurosci. 2003;6(7):750\u2013757.1280845910.1038\/nn1075"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Front Neuroanat","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2016.00076","article-title":"Feasibility of diffusion tractography for the reconstruction of intra-thalamic and cerebello-thalamic targets for functional neurosurgery: a multi-vendor pilot study in four subjects","volume":"10","author":"Jakab A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jakab A, Werner B, Piccirelli M, Kov\u00e1cs K, Martin E,  Feasibility of diffusion tractography for the reconstruction of intra-thalamic and cerebello-thalamic targets for functional neurosurgery: a multi-vendor pilot study in four subjects. Front Neuroanat. 2016;1076.10.3389\/fnana.2016.0007627462207"},{"issue":"11","key":"b11","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3140","article-title":"Generation of individualized thalamus target maps by using statistical shape models and thalamocortical tractography","volume":"33","author":"Jakab A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jakab A, Blanc R, Ber\u00e9nyi EL, Sz\u00e9kely G. Generation of individualized thalamus target maps by using statistical shape models and thalamocortical tractography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2012;33(11):2110\u20132116.10.3174\/ajnr.A314022700756"},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Cereb Cortex","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh105","article-title":"Functional-anatomical validation and individual variation of diffusion tractography-based segmentation of the human thalamus","volume":"15","author":"Johansen-Berg H","year":"2005","unstructured":"Johansen-Berg H, Behrens TEJ, Sillery E, Ciccarelli O, Thompson AJ,  Functional-anatomical validation and individual variation of diffusion tractography-based segmentation of the human thalamus. Cereb Cortex. 2005;15(1):31\u201339.1523844710.1093\/cercor\/bhh105"},{"issue":"5","key":"b13","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.7.JNS11250","article-title":"Multi-institutional evaluation of deep brain stimulation targeting using probabilistic connectivity-based thalamic segmentation","volume":"115","author":"Pouratian N","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pouratian N, Zheng Z, Bari AA, Behnke E, Elias WJ, Desalles AAF. Multi-institutional evaluation of deep brain stimulation targeting using probabilistic connectivity-based thalamic segmentation. J Neurosurg. 2011;115(5):995\u20131004.2185411810.3171\/2011.7.JNS11250"},{"issue":"8","key":"b14","series-title":"Mov Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26633","article-title":"Tractography-based ventral intermediate nucleus targeting: novel methodology and intraoperative validation","volume":"31","author":"Sammartino F","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sammartino F, Krishna V, King NKK, Lozano AM, Schwartz ML,  Tractography-based ventral intermediate nucleus targeting: novel methodology and intraoperative validation. Mov Disord. 2016;31(8):1217\u20131225.10.1002\/mds.2663327214406"},{"issue":"3","key":"b15","series-title":"Arch Med Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S0188-4409(00)00081-3","article-title":"Vim thalamic stimulation for tremor","volume":"31","author":"Lozano AM","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lozano AM. Vim thalamic stimulation for tremor. Arch Med Res. 2000;31(3):266\u2013269.1103617710.1016\/S0188-4409(00)00081-3"},{"issue":"5","key":"b16","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.4.JNS1624","article-title":"Probabilistic versus deterministic tractography for delineation of the cortico-subthalamic hyperdirect pathway in patients with Parkinson disease selected for deep brain stimulation","volume":"126","author":"Petersen MV","year":"2017","unstructured":"Petersen MV, Lund TE, Sunde N, Frandsen J, Rosendal F,  Probabilistic versus deterministic tractography for delineation of the cortico-subthalamic hyperdirect pathway in patients with Parkinson disease selected for deep brain stimulation. J Neurosurg. 2017;126(5):1657\u20131668.2739226410.3171\/2016.4.JNS1624"},{"issue":"5","key":"b17","series-title":"Magn Reson Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10609","article-title":"Characterization and propagation of uncertainty in diffusion-weighted MR imaging","volume":"50","author":"Behrens TEJ","year":"2003","unstructured":"Behrens TEJ, Woolrich MW, Jenkinson M,  Characterization and propagation of uncertainty in diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2003;50(5):1077\u20131088.1458701910.1002\/mrm.10609"},{"issue":"11","key":"b18","series-title":"Hum Brain Mapp","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22099","article-title":"Investigating the prevalence of complex fiber configurations in white matter tissue with diffusion magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"34","author":"Jeurissen B","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jeurissen B, Leemans A, Tournier JD, Jones DK, Sijbers J. Investigating the prevalence of complex fiber configurations in white matter tissue with diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. Hum Brain Mapp.2013;34(11):2747\u20132766.10.1002\/hbm.2209922611035"},{"issue":"2","key":"b19","series-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2008.2004424","article-title":"Deterministic and probabilistic tractography based on complex fibre orientation distributions","volume":"28","author":"Descoteaux M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Descoteaux M, Deriche R, Kn\u00f6sche TR, Anwander A. Deterministic and probabilistic tractography based on complex fibre orientation distributions. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2009;28(2):269\u2013286.10.1109\/TMI.2008.200442419188114"},{"issue":"1","key":"b20","series-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.64","article-title":"Tremor Research Group Essential Tremor Rating Scale (TETRAS): Assessing impact of different item instructions and procedures","volume":"10","author":"Ondo WG","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ondo WG, Pascual B. Tremor Research Group Essential Tremor Rating Scale (TETRAS): Assessing impact of different item instructions and procedures. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y).2020;10(1):36.10.5334\/tohm.64"},{"issue":"5","key":"b21","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.7.JNS18541","article-title":"Clinically applicable delineation of the pallidal sensorimotor region in patients with advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: study of probabilistic and deterministic tractography","volume":"131","author":"Muller J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muller J, Alizadeh M, Mohamed FB, Riley J, Pearce JJ,  Clinically applicable delineation of the pallidal sensorimotor region in patients with advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease: study of probabilistic and deterministic tractography. J Neurosurg. 2019;131(5):1520\u20131531.10.3171\/2018.7.JNS18541"},{"issue":"3","key":"b22","series-title":"Med Image Anal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2010.07.009","article-title":"CranialVault and its CRAVE tools: a clinical computer assistance system for deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy","volume":"16","author":"D\u2019Haese PF","year":"2012","unstructured":"D\u2019Haese PF, Pallavaram S, Li R, Remple MS, Kao C,  CranialVault and its CRAVE tools: a clinical computer assistance system for deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy. Med Image Anal. 2012;16(3):744\u2013753.10.1016\/j.media.2010.07.00920732828"},{"issue":"2","key":"b23","series-title":"NeuroImage","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395","article-title":"Cortical surface-based analysis: I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction","volume":"9","author":"Dale AM","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dale AM, Fischl B, Sereno MI. Cortical surface-based analysis: I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction. NeuroImage. 1999;9(2):179\u2013194.993126810.1006\/nimg.1998.0395"},{"issue":"8","key":"b24","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0597","article-title":"New morphologic variants of the hand motor cortex as seen with MR imaging in a large study population","volume":"28","author":"Caulo M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Caulo M, Briganti C, Mattei PA, Perfetti B, Ferretti A,  New morphologic variants of the hand motor cortex as seen with MR imaging in a large study population. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28(8):1480\u20131485.10.3174\/ajnr.A0597"},{"issue":"3","key":"b25","series-title":"Neuroimage","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015","article-title":"User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: significantly improved efficiency and reliability","volume":"31","author":"Yushkevich PA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yushkevich PA, Piven J, Hazlett HC, Smith RG, Ho S,  User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: significantly improved efficiency and reliability. Neuroimage. 2006;31(3):1116\u20131128.1654596510.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015"},{"issue":"4","key":"b26","series-title":"Magn Reson Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22501","article-title":"Correcting eddy current and motion effects by affine whole-brain registrations: evaluation of three-dimensional distortions and comparison with slicewise correction","volume":"64","author":"Mohammadi S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mohammadi S, M\u00f6ller HE, Kugel H, M\u00fcller DK, Deppe M. Correcting eddy current and motion effects by affine whole-brain registrations: evaluation of three-dimensional distortions and comparison with slicewise correction. Magn Reson Med. 2010;64(4):1047\u20131056.10.1002\/mrm.2250120574966"},{"issue":"5","key":"b27","series-title":"Magn Reson Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10609","article-title":"Characterization and propagation of uncertainty in diffusion-weighted MR imaging","volume":"50","author":"Behrens TEJ","year":"2003","unstructured":"Behrens TEJ, Woolrich MW, Jenkinson M, Johansen-Berg H, Nunes RG,  Characterization and propagation of uncertainty in diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2003;50(5):1077\u20131088.1458701910.1002\/mrm.10609"},{"issue":"1","key":"b28","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29969","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029969","article-title":"Target identification for stereotactic thalamotomy using diffusion tractography","volume":"7","author":"Kincses ZT","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kincses ZT, Szab\u00f3 N, Val\u00e1lik I, Kopniczky Z, D\u00e9zsi L,  Target identification for stereotactic thalamotomy using diffusion tractography. PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e29969.10.1371\/journal.pone.002996922238685"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"In: Germano IM, ed. Neurosurgical Treatment of Movement Disorders","article-title":"Thalamotomy: indications, techniques, and results","author":"Osenbach R","year":"1998","unstructured":"Osenbach R, Richard K, Burchiel K. Thalamotomy: indications, techniques, and results. In: Germano IM, ed. Neurosurgical Treatment of Movement Disorders.AANS;1998."},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"b30","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyz310_207","article-title":"207 Direct targeting of the ventral intermediate nucleus using high-field proton density MR imaging: functional outcomes and comparison to \u201cindirect\u201d targeting","volume":"66","author":"Ponce FA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ponce FA, Lambert M. 207 Direct targeting of the ventral intermediate nucleus using high-field proton density MR imaging: functional outcomes and comparison to \u201cindirect\u201d targeting. Neurosurgery. 2019;66(Supplement 1):65.10.1093\/neuros\/nyz310_207"},{"issue":"6","key":"b31","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.6.JNS15526","article-title":"\u201cAsleep\u201d deep brain stimulation for essential tremor","volume":"124","author":"Chen T","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen T, Mirzadeh Z, Chapple K, Lambert M, Dhall R, Ponce FA. \u201cAsleep\u201d deep brain stimulation for essential tremor. J Neurosurg. 2016;124(6):1842\u20131849.2661317710.3171\/2015.6.JNS15526"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"NeuroImage","article-title":"A registration method for improving quantitative assessment in probabilistic diffusion tractography","volume":"2019:288-306.","author":"Waugh JL","unstructured":"Waugh JL, Kuster JK, Makhlouf ML,  A registration method for improving quantitative assessment in probabilistic diffusion tractography. NeuroImage. 2019:288-306."},{"issue":"2","key":"b33","series-title":"Acad Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S1076-6332(03)00671-8","article-title":"Statistical validation of image segmentation quality based on a spatial overlap index","volume":"11","author":"Zou KH","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zou KH, Warfield SK, Bharatha A, Tempany CM, Kaus MR,  Statistical validation of image segmentation quality based on a spatial overlap index. Acad Radiol. 2004;11(2):178\u2013189.10.1016\/S1076-6332(03)00671-814974593"},{"issue":"6","key":"b34","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e3181f74105","article-title":"An assessment of current brain targets for deep brain stimulation surgery with susceptibility-weighted imaging at 7 tesla","volume":"67","author":"Abosch A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abosch A, Yacoub E, Ugurbil K, Harel N. An assessment of current brain targets for deep brain stimulation surgery with susceptibility-weighted imaging at 7 tesla. Neurosurgery. 2010;67(6):1745\u20131756.2110720610.1227\/NEU.0b013e3181f74105"},{"issue":"1","key":"b35","series-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(89)90007-6","article-title":"A new parcellation of the human thalamus on the basis of histochemical staining","volume":"14","author":"Hirai T","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hirai T, Jones EG. A new parcellation of the human thalamus on the basis of histochemical staining. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1989;14(1):1\u201334.10.1016\/0165-0173(89)90007-62720229"},{"key":"b36","article-title":"The Thalamus","author":"Jones EG","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jones EG. The Thalamus. Springer;2012."},{"issue":"March","key":"b37","series-title":"Neuroimage Clin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102235","article-title":"PSA and VIM DBS efficiency in essential tremor depends on distance to the dentatorubrothalamic tract","volume":"26","author":"Dembek TA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dembek TA, Petry-Schmelzer JN, Reker P, Wirths J, Hamacher S,  PSA and VIM DBS efficiency in essential tremor depends on distance to the dentatorubrothalamic tract. Neuroimage Clin. 2020;26(March):102235.10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102235"},{"issue":"3","key":"b38","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.8.JNS201378","article-title":"DBS targeting for essential tremor using intersectional dentato-rubro-thalamic tractography and direct proton density visualization of the VIM: technical note on 2 cases","volume":"135","author":"Morrison MA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morrison MA, Lee AT, Martin AJ, Dietiker C, Brown EG, Wang DD. DBS targeting for essential tremor using intersectional dentato-rubro-thalamic tractography and direct proton density visualization of the VIM: technical note on 2 cases. J Neurosurg. 2021;135(3):806\u2013814.10.3171\/2020.8.JNS20137833450737"},{"issue":"1","key":"b39","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyy020","article-title":"Prospective tractography-based targeting for improved safety of focused ultrasound thalamotomy","volume":"84","author":"Krishna V","year":"2019","unstructured":"Krishna V, Sammartino F, Agrawal P, Changizi BK, Bourekas E,  Prospective tractography-based targeting for improved safety of focused ultrasound thalamotomy. Neurosurgery. 2019;84(1):160\u2013168.2957928710.1093\/neuros\/nyy020"},{"issue":"332","key":"b40","series-title":"Neuroimage","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.07.012","article-title":"Subthalamic deep brain stimulation sweet spots and hyperdirect cortical connectivity in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"158","author":"Akram H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akram H, Sotiropoulos SN, Jbabdi S, Georgiev D, Mahlknecht P,  Subthalamic deep brain stimulation sweet spots and hyperdirect cortical connectivity in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuroimage. 2017;158(332):345.10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.07.012"},{"issue":"1","key":"b41","series-title":"Neuroimage","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.09.018","article-title":"Probabilistic diffusion tractography with multiple fibre orientations: What can we gain?","volume":"34","author":"Behrens TEJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Behrens TEJ, Berg HJ, Jbabdi S, Rushworth MFS, Woolrich MW. Probabilistic diffusion tractography with multiple fibre orientations: What can we gain?. Neuroimage. 2007;34(1):144\u2013155.1707070510.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.09.018"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/136\/5\/article-p1371.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/136\/5\/article-p1371.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/136\/5\/article-p1371.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T01:08:05Z","timestamp":1794013685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/136\/5\/article-p1371.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2021.5.jns21552","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]}}}