{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T02:26:38Z","timestamp":1794018398233,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In pediatric hydrocephalus, shunts tend to result in smaller postoperative ventricles compared with those following an endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV). The impact of the final treated ventricle size on neuropsychological and quality-of-life outcomes is currently undetermined. Therefore, the authors sought to ascertain whether treated ventricle size is associated with neurocognitive and academic outcomes postoperatively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective cohort study included children aged 5 years and older at the first diagnosis of hydrocephalus at 8 Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network sites from 2011 to 2015. The treated ventricle size, as measured by the frontal and occipital horn ratio (FOR), was compared with 25 neuropsychological tests 6 months postoperatively after adjusting for age, hydrocephalus etiology, and treatment type (ETV vs shunt). Pre- and posttreatment grade point average (GPA), quality-of-life measures (Hydrocephalus Outcome Questionnaire [HOQ]), and a truncated preoperative neuropsychological battery were also compared with the FOR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 60 children were included with a mean age of 10.8 years; 17% had \u2265 1 comorbidity. Etiologies for hydrocephalus were midbrain lesions (37%), aqueductal stenosis (22%), posterior fossa tumors (13%), and supratentorial tumors (12%). ETV (78%) was more commonly used than shunting (22%). Of the 25 neuropsychological tests, including full-scale IQ (q = 0.77), 23 tests showed no univariable association with postoperative ventricle size. Verbal learning delayed recall (p = 0.006, q = 0.118) and visual spatial judgment (p = 0.006, q = 0.118) were negatively associated with larger ventricles and remained significant after multivariate adjustment for age, etiology, and procedure type. However, neither delayed verbal learning (p = 0.40) nor visual spatial judgment (p = 0.22) was associated with ventricle size change with surgery. No associations were found between postoperative ventricle size and either GPA or the HOQ.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Minimal associations were found between the treated ventricle size and neuropsychological, academic, or quality-of-life outcomes for pediatric patients in this comprehensive, multicenter study that encompassed heterogeneous hydrocephalus etiologies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.8.peds21146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T02:14:48Z","timestamp":1637288088000},"page":"245-256","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Impact of ventricle size on neuropsychological outcomes in treated pediatric hydrocephalus: an HCRN prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jay","family":"Riva-Cambrin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhaya V.","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Burr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Curtis J.","family":"Rozzelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Jerry","family":"Oakes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Drake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica S.","family":"Alvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron W.","family":"Reeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Holubkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel R.","family":"Browd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Seattle Children\u2019s Hospital, Seattle, Washington;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Douglas","family":"Cochrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, BC Children\u2019s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David D.","family":"Limbrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, St. Louis Children\u2019s Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Naftel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chevis N.","family":"Shannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara D.","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandeep S.","family":"Tamber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, BC Children\u2019s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, BC Children\u2019s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Wellons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas G.","family":"Luerssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William E.","family":"Whitehead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R. W.","family":"Kestle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1259","article-title":"Determining the best cerebrospinal fluid shunt valve design: the pediatric valve design trial","volume":"43","author":"Drake JM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Drake JM, Kestle JT. Determining the best cerebrospinal fluid shunt valve design: the pediatric valve design trial. Neurosurgery. 1998;43(5):1259\u20131260."},{"issue":"2","key":"b2","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"119","article-title":"Changes in ventricular size after endoscopic third ventriculostomy","volume":"150","author":"Santamarta D","year":"2008","unstructured":"Santamarta D, Martin-Vallejo J, D\u00edaz-Alvarez A, Maillo A. Changes in ventricular size after endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2008;150(2):119\u2013127."},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"70","article-title":"Elastance correlates with outcome after endoscopic third ventriculostomy in adults with hydrocephalus caused by primary aqueductal stenosis","volume":"50","author":"Tisell M","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tisell M, Edsbagge M, Stephensen H, Czosnyka M, Wikkels\u00f8 C. Elastance correlates with outcome after endoscopic third ventriculostomy in adults with hydrocephalus caused by primary aqueductal stenosis. Neurosurgery. 2002;50(1):70\u201377."},{"issue":"25","key":"b4","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2456","article-title":"Endoscopic treatment versus shunting for infant hydrocephalus in Uganda","volume":"377","author":"Kulkarni AV","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kulkarni AV, Schiff SJ, Mbabazi-Kabachelor E, Mugamba J, Ssenyonga P, Donnelly R,  Endoscopic treatment versus shunting for infant hydrocephalus in Uganda. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(25):2456\u20132464."},{"issue":"5)(suppl","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"347","article-title":"Predicting slitlike ventricles in children on the basis of baseline characteristics at the time of shunt insertion","volume":"106","author":"Kan P","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kan P, Walker ML, Drake JM, Kestle JR. Predicting slitlike ventricles in children on the basis of baseline characteristics at the time of shunt insertion. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(5)(suppl):347\u2013349."},{"issue":"1","key":"b6","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"75","article-title":"Quality of life in obstructive hydrocephalus: endoscopic third ventriculostomy compared to cerebrospinal fluid shunt","volume":"26","author":"Kulkarni AV","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kulkarni AV, Hui S, Shams I, Donnelly R. Quality of life in obstructive hydrocephalus: endoscopic third ventriculostomy compared to cerebrospinal fluid shunt. Childs Nerv Syst. 2010;26(1):75\u201379."},{"issue":"8","key":"b7","series-title":"Arch Neurol","first-page":"818","article-title":"Cerebral white matter and cognition in hydrocephalic children","volume":"49","author":"Fletcher JM","year":"1992","unstructured":"Fletcher JM, Bohan TP, Brandt ME, Brookshire BL, Beaver SR, Francis DJ,  Cerebral white matter and cognition in hydrocephalic children. Arch Neurol. 1992;49(8):818\u2013824."},{"issue":"5","key":"b8","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"775","article-title":"Ventricular volume and neurocognitive outcome after endoscopic third ventriculostomy: is shunting a better option? A review","volume":"32","author":"Azab WA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Azab WA, Mijalcic RM, Nakhi SB, Mohammad MH. Ventricular volume and neurocognitive outcome after endoscopic third ventriculostomy: is shunting a better option? A review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2016;32(5):775\u2013780."},{"issue":"2","key":"b9","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"125","article-title":"Volumetric brain analysis in neurosurgery: Part 2. Brain and CSF volumes discriminate neurocognitive outcomes in hydrocephalus","volume":"15","author":"Mandell JG","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mandell JG, Kulkarni AV, Warf BC, Schiff SJ. Volumetric brain analysis in neurosurgery: Part 2. Brain and CSF volumes discriminate neurocognitive outcomes in hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2015;15(2):125\u2013132."},{"issue":"5","key":"b10","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"245","article-title":"Frontal and occipital horn ratio: a linear estimate of ventricular size for multiple imaging modalities in pediatric hydrocephalus","volume":"29","author":"O\u2019Hayon BB","year":"1998","unstructured":"O\u2019Hayon BB, Drake JM, Ossip MG, Tuli S, Clarke M. Frontal and occipital horn ratio: a linear estimate of ventricular size for multiple imaging modalities in pediatric hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1998;29(5):245\u2013249."},{"issue":"2","key":"b11","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"65","article-title":"Measurement of ventricular size: reliability of the frontal and occipital horn ratio compared to subjective assessment","volume":"31","author":"Kulkarni AV","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kulkarni AV, Drake JM, Armstrong DC, Dirks PB. Measurement of ventricular size: reliability of the frontal and occipital horn ratio compared to subjective assessment. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1999;31(2):65\u201370."},{"issue":"1 Pt 2","key":"b12","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"205","article-title":"Pediatric deaths attributable to complex chronic conditions: a population-based study of Washington State, 1980-1997","volume":"106","author":"Feudtner C","year":"2000","unstructured":"Feudtner C, Christakis DA, Connell FA. Pediatric deaths attributable to complex chronic conditions: a population-based study of Washington State, 1980-1997. Pediatrics. 2000;106(1 Pt 2):205\u2013209."},{"issue":"4","key":"b13","series-title":"Child Neuropsychol","first-page":"249","article-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) in a clinical sample","volume":"8","author":"Gioia GA","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gioia GA, Isquith PK, Retzlaff PD, Espy KA. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) in a clinical sample. Child Neuropsychol. 2002;8(4):249\u2013257."},{"issue":"2)(suppl","key":"b14","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"141","article-title":"Measuring the health status of children with hydrocephalus by using a new outcome measure","volume":"101","author":"Kulkarni AV","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kulkarni AV, Drake JM, Rabin D, Dirks PB, Humphreys RP, Rutka JT. Measuring the health status of children with hydrocephalus by using a new outcome measure. J Neurosurg. 2004;101(2)(suppl):141\u2013146."},{"issue":"2)(suppl","key":"b15","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"134","article-title":"An instrument to measure the health status in children with hydrocephalus: the Hydrocephalus Outcome Questionnaire","volume":"101","author":"Kulkarni AV","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kulkarni AV, Rabin D, Drake JM. An instrument to measure the health status in children with hydrocephalus: the Hydrocephalus Outcome Questionnaire. J Neurosurg. 2004;101(2)(suppl):134\u2013140."},{"issue":"1","key":"b16","series-title":"J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol","first-page":"289","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate\u2014a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini Y","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the false discovery rate\u2014a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol. 1995;57(1):289\u2013300."},{"issue":"6","key":"b17","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"564","article-title":"Neurocognitive outcome and ventricular volume in children with myelomeningocele treated for hydrocephalus in Uganda","volume":"4","author":"Warf B","year":"2009","unstructured":"Warf B, Ondoma S, Kulkarni A, Donnelly R, Ampeire M, Akona J,  Neurocognitive outcome and ventricular volume in children with myelomeningocele treated for hydrocephalus in Uganda. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2009;4(6):564\u2013570."},{"issue":"5","key":"b18","series-title":"Ann Ital Chir","first-page":"353","article-title":"Brain CT scan indexes in the normal pressure hydrocephalus: predictive value in the outcome of patients and correlation to the clinical symptoms","volume":"79","author":"Chatzidakis EM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chatzidakis EM, Barlas G, Condilis N, Bouramas D, Anagnostopoulos D, Volikas Z, Simopoulos K. Brain CT scan indexes in the normal pressure hydrocephalus: predictive value in the outcome of patients and correlation to the clinical symptoms. Ann Ital Chir. 2008;79(5):353\u2013362."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Neuroimage Clin","first-page":"102031","article-title":"MR diffusion changes in the perimeter of the lateral ventricles demonstrate periventricular injury in post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus of prematurity","volume":"24","author":"Isaacs AM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Isaacs AM, Smyser CD, Lean RE, Alexopoulos D, Han RH, Neil JJ,  MR diffusion changes in the perimeter of the lateral ventricles demonstrate periventricular injury in post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus of prematurity. Neuroimage Clin. 2019;24:102031."},{"issue":"3","key":"b20","series-title":"Pediatr Res","first-page":"365","article-title":"Altered neonatal white and gray matter microstructure is associated with neurodevelopmental impairments in very preterm infants with high-grade brain injury","volume":"86","author":"Lean RE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lean RE, Han RH, Smyser TA, Kenley JK, Shimony JS, Rogers CE,  Altered neonatal white and gray matter microstructure is associated with neurodevelopmental impairments in very preterm infants with high-grade brain injury. Pediatr Res. 2019;86(3):365\u2013374."},{"issue":"4","key":"b21","series-title":"Child Neuropsychol","first-page":"199","article-title":"Neuropsychological functioning in early hydrocephalus: review from a developmental perspective","volume":"7","author":"Erickson K","year":"2001","unstructured":"Erickson K, Baron IS, Fantie BD. Neuropsychological functioning in early hydrocephalus: review from a developmental perspective. Child Neuropsychol. 2001;7(4):199\u2013229."},{"issue":"4","key":"b22","series-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol","first-page":"607","article-title":"Neuropsychological functioning of hydrocephalic children","volume":"13","author":"Donders J","year":"1991","unstructured":"Donders J, Rourke BP, Canady AI. Neuropsychological functioning of hydrocephalic children. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1991;13(4):607\u2013613."},{"issue":"4","key":"b23","series-title":"J Pediatr Psychol","first-page":"445","article-title":"Reading in children and adolescents after early onset hydrocephalus and in normally developing age peers: phonological analysis, word recognition, word comprehension, and passage comprehension skill","volume":"17","author":"Barnes MA","year":"1992","unstructured":"Barnes MA, Dennis M. Reading in children and adolescents after early onset hydrocephalus and in normally developing age peers: phonological analysis, word recognition, word comprehension, and passage comprehension skill. J Pediatr Psychol. 1992;17(4):445\u2013465."},{"issue":"5","key":"b24","series-title":"J Pediatr Psychol","first-page":"639","article-title":"Oral discourse after early-onset hydrocephalus: linguistic ambiguity, figurative language, speech acts, and script-based inferences","volume":"18","author":"Dennis M","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dennis M, Barnes MA. Oral discourse after early-onset hydrocephalus: linguistic ambiguity, figurative language, speech acts, and script-based inferences. J Pediatr Psychol. 1993;18(5):639\u2013652."},{"issue":"1","key":"b25","series-title":"Brain Lang","first-page":"129","article-title":"The content of narrative discourse in children and adolescents after early-onset hydrocephalus and in normally developing age peers","volume":"46","author":"Dennis M","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dennis M, Jacennik B, Barnes MA. The content of narrative discourse in children and adolescents after early-onset hydrocephalus and in normally developing age peers. Brain Lang. 1994;46(1):129\u2013165."},{"issue":"1","key":"b26","series-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc","first-page":"72","article-title":"Mathematics skills in good readers with hydrocephalus","volume":"8","author":"Barnes MA","year":"2002","unstructured":"Barnes MA, Pengelly S, Dennis M, Wilkinson M, Rogers T, Faulkner H. Mathematics skills in good readers with hydrocephalus. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2002;8(1):72\u201382."},{"key":"b27","series-title":"In: Tager-Flusberg H, ed. Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Contribution to a New Perspective from the Cognitive Neurosciences","first-page":"505","article-title":"Congenital hydrocephalus as a model of neurodevelopmental disorder","author":"Dennis M","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dennis M, Barnes MA, Hetherington CR. Congenital hydrocephalus as a model of neurodevelopmental disorder. In: Tager-Flusberg H, ed. Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Contribution to a New Perspective from the Cognitive Neurosciences. MIT Press;1999:505\u2013532."},{"key":"b28","series-title":"In: Rourke BP, ed. Syndrome of Nonverbal Learning Disabilities: Neurodevelopmental Manifestations","first-page":"206","article-title":"Early hydrocephalus","author":"Fletcher JM","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fletcher JM, Brookshire B, Bohan TP, Brandt M, Davidson K. Early hydrocephalus. In: Rourke BP, ed. Syndrome of Nonverbal Learning Disabilities: Neurodevelopmental Manifestations.1st ed. Guilford Press;1995:206\u2013238."},{"issue":"2","key":"b29","series-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol","first-page":"245","article-title":"Cognitive and motor abilities in preschool hydrocephalics","volume":"13","author":"Thompson NM","year":"1991","unstructured":"Thompson NM, Fletcher JM, Chapieski L, Landry SH, Miner ME, Bixby J. Cognitive and motor abilities in preschool hydrocephalics. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1991;13(2):245\u2013258."},{"key":"b30","series-title":"In: Yeates KO, Ris MD, Taylor HG, eds. Pediatric Neuropsychology: Research, Theory, and Practice","first-page":"25","article-title":"Hydrocephalus","author":"Fletcher JM","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fletcher JM, Dennis M, Northrup H. Hydrocephalus. In: Yeates KO, Ris MD, Taylor HG, eds. Pediatric Neuropsychology: Research, Theory, and Practice.Guilford Press;2000:25\u201346."},{"issue":"4","key":"b31","series-title":"Article in Russian. Zh Vopr Neirokhir Im N N Burdenko","first-page":"17","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in chronic obstructive hydrocephalus before and after successful endoscopic third ventriculostomy","author":"Korshunov AE","year":"2008","unstructured":"Korshunov AE, Shakhnovich AR, Melikian AG, Arutiunov NV, Kudriavtsev I. Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in chronic obstructive hydrocephalus before and after successful endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Article in Russian. Zh Vopr Neirokhir Im N N Burdenko.  2008;(4):17\u201324."},{"issue":"12","key":"b32","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"2391","article-title":"International Infant Hydrocephalus Study (IIHS): 5-year health outcome results of a prospective, multicenter comparison of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) and shunt for infant hydrocephalus","volume":"34","author":"Kulkarni AV","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kulkarni AV, Sgouros S, Leitner Y, Constantini S. International Infant Hydrocephalus Study (IIHS): 5-year health outcome results of a prospective, multicenter comparison of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) and shunt for infant hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018;34(12):2391\u20132397."},{"issue":"4","key":"b33","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"467","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy versus ventriculoperitoneal shunt in pediatric patients: a decision analysis","volume":"25","author":"Drake JM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Drake JM, Kulkarni AV, Kestle J. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy versus ventriculoperitoneal shunt in pediatric patients: a decision analysis. Childs Nerv Syst. 2009;25(4):467\u2013472."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/29\/3\/article-p245.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/29\/3\/article-p245.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/29\/3\/article-p245.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T02:12:01Z","timestamp":1794017521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/29\/3\/article-p245.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2021.8.peds21146","relation":{},"ISSN":["1933-0707","1933-0715"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1933-0707","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0715","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]}}}