{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:58:56Z","timestamp":1785844736345,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors sought to analyze the current literature to determine dimensional trends across the lumbar levels of Kambin\u2019s triangle, clarify the role of imaging techniques for preoperative planning, and understand the effect of inclusion of the superior articular process (SAP). This compiled knowledge of the triangle is needed to perform successful procedures, reduce nerve root injuries, and help guide surgeons in training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors performed a search of multiple databases using combinations of keywords: Kambin\u2019s triangle, size, measurement, safe triangle, and bony triangle. Articles were included if their main findings included measurement of Kambin\u2019s triangle. The PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, Cochrane, Embase, and Medline databases were systematically searched for English-language articles with no time frame restrictions through July 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eight studies comprising 132 patients or cadavers were included in the study. The mean \u00b1 SD age was 66.69 \u00b1 9.6 years, and 53% of patients were male. Overall, the size of Kambin\u2019s triangle increased in area moving down vertebral levels, with L5\u2013S1 being the largest (133.59 \u00b1 4.36 mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). This trend followed a linear regression model when SAP was kept (p = 0.008) and removed (p = 0.003). There was also a considerable increase in the size of Kambin\u2019s triangle if the SAP was removed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, the authors have provided the first reported systematic review of the literature of Kambin\u2019s triangle, its measurements at each lumbar level, and key areas of debate related to the definition of the working safe zone. These findings indicate that CT is heavily utilized for imaging of the safe zone, the area of Kambin\u2019s triangle tends to increase caudally, and variation exists between patients. Future studies should focus on using advanced imaging techniques for preoperative planning and establishing guidelines for surgeons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.10.focus22606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T08:58:57Z","timestamp":1672563537000},"page":"E6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["How dimensions can guide surgical planning and training: a systematic review of Kambin\u2019s triangle"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Romaric","family":"Waguia Kouam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lillington;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Troy Q.","family":"Tabarestani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University School of Medicine, Durham;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A. 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