{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T22:19:00Z","timestamp":1772489940446,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the functional outcome in spinal cavernous malformation (SCM) patients with single or multiple intramedullary hemorrhagic events.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>SCM patients who were conservatively treated between 2003 and 2021 and had complete clinical baseline characteristics, an MRI data set, at least one SCM-related intramedullary hemorrhage (IMH), and at least one follow-up examination were included in this study. Functional status was assessed using the modified McCormick Scale score at diagnosis, before and after each bleeding event, and at the last follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 45 patients were analyzed. Univariate analysis identified multiple bleeding events as the only statistically significant predictor for an unfavorable functional outcome at the last follow-up (OR 15.28, 95% CI 3.22\u201372.47; p &lt; 0.001). Patients significantly deteriorated after the first hemorrhage (29.0%, p = 0.006) and even more so after the second hemorrhage (84.6%, p = 0.002). Multiple bleeding events were significantly associated with functional deterioration at the last follow-up (76.9%, p = 0.003). The time between the last IMH and the last follow-up did not influence this outcome.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>IMH due to SCM is linked to functional worsening. Such outcomes tend to improve after each hemorrhage, but the probability of full recovery declines with each bleeding event.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.10.spine22940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T08:16:19Z","timestamp":1670573779000},"page":"405-411","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Functional impact of multiple bleeding events in patients with conservatively treated spinal cavernous malformations"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Laur\u00e8l","family":"Rauschenbach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, University Hospital Essen;"},{"name":"Center for Translational Neuroscience and Behavioral Science (C-TNBS), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro N.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, University Hospital Essen;"},{"name":"Center for Translational Neuroscience and Behavioral Science (C-TNBS), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanah H.","family":"Gull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, University Hospital Essen;"},{"name":"Center for Translational Neuroscience and Behavioral Science (C-TNBS), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Rie\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, University Hospital Essen;"},{"name":"Center for Translational Neuroscience and Behavioral Science (C-TNBS), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cornelius","family":"Deuschl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B\u00f6rge","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marvin","family":"Darkwah Oppong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, University Hospital Essen;"},{"name":"Center for Translational Neuroscience and Behavioral Science (C-TNBS), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Gembruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, University Hospital Essen;"},{"name":"Center for Translational Neuroscience and Behavioral Science (C-TNBS), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neriman","family":"\u00d6zkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, University Hospital Essen;"},{"name":"Center for Translational Neuroscience and Behavioral Science (C-TNBS), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramazan","family":"Jabbarli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, University Hospital Essen;"},{"name":"Center for Translational Neuroscience and Behavioral Science (C-TNBS), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karsten H.","family":"Wrede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, University Hospital Essen;"},{"name":"Center for Translational Neuroscience and Behavioral Science (C-TNBS), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Sure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, University Hospital Essen;"},{"name":"Center for Translational Neuroscience and Behavioral Science (C-TNBS), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Dammann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, University Hospital Essen;"},{"name":"Center for Translational Neuroscience and Behavioral Science (C-TNBS), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"269","article-title":"A retrospective and consecutive analysis of the epidemiology and management of spinal cavernomas over the last 20 years in a single center","volume":"39","author":"Ardeshiri A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ardeshiri A, \u00d6zkan N, Chen B,  A retrospective and consecutive analysis of the epidemiology and management of spinal cavernomas over the last 20 years in a single center. 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