{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T05:30:35Z","timestamp":1785216635654,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Surgical techniques targeting behavioral disorders date back thousands of years. In this review, the authors discuss the history of neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders, starting with trephination in the Stone Age, progressing through the fraught practice of prefrontal lobotomy, and ending with modern neurosurgical techniques for treating psychiatric conditions, including ablative procedures, conventional deep brain stimulation, and closed-loop neurostimulation. Despite a tumultuous past, psychiatric neurosurgery is on the cusp of becoming a transformative therapy for patients with psychiatric dysfunction, with an ever-increasing evidence base suggesting reproducible and ethical therapeutic benefit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.11.focus22622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T08:53:39Z","timestamp":1675241619000},"page":"E8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders: reviewing the past and charting the future"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Luke","family":"Bauerle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia A.","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Larrew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne E.","family":"Kerns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Baron","family":"Short","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina;"},{"name":"Ralph Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan C.","family":"Rowland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina;"},{"name":"Ralph Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"b1","series-title":"Arch Trauma Res","first-page":"72","article-title":"Ancient legacy of cranial surgery","volume":"1","author":"Ghannaee Arani M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ghannaee Arani M, Fakharian E, Sarbandi F. 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