{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:20:46Z","timestamp":1790382046016,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n The Goel-Harms atlantoaxial screw fixation technique for the treatment of atlantoaxial instability and unstable odontoid fractures is reliable and reproducible for a variety of anatomies. The drawbacks of the technique are the potential for significant bleeding from the C2 nerve root venous plexus and the risks associated with posterior midline exposure and retraction, such as pain and wound complications. The authors developed a minimally invasive surgical (MIS) modification of the Goel-Harms technique using intra-articular grafting to facilitate placement of percutaneous lateral mass and pars screws with extended tabs for minimally invasive subfascial rod placement. The objective of this study was to present the authors\u2019 first series of 5 patients undergoing minimally invasive modification in comparison with 51 patients undergoing open atlantoaxial fusion.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n A retrospectiveanalysis of patient comorbid conditions, blood loss, length of surgery, and length of stay was performed on patients undergoing Goel-Harms instrumented fusion (GHIF) for unstable odontoid fractures performed between 2016 and 2021.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n Patients undergoing the minimally invasive procedure showed significantly less blood loss than those undergoing the open atlantoaxial fusion procedure, with a median blood loss of 30 ml compared with 150 ml using the open technique (p < 0.01). The patients showed no significant differences in length of stay (2 days for MIS vs 4 days for open atlantoaxial fusion, p = 0.25). There were no significant differences in length of surgery for MIS, but a possible trend toward increased operative duration (234 vs 151 minutes, p = 0.112).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n In this small pilot study, it was shown that MIS-GHIF can be performed with decreased blood loss in atlantoaxial instability and odontoid fractures. This technique may allow for greater and safer application of the procedure in the elderly and infirm.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.12.focus22635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T10:07:02Z","timestamp":1677665222000},"page":"E14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Minimally invasive modification of the Goel-Harms atlantoaxial fusion technique: a case series and illustrative guide"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Aaron","family":"Gelinne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Piazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deb A.","family":"Bhowmick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"Ann Emerg Med","first-page":"12","article-title":"Epidemiology of cervical spine injury victims","volume":"38","author":"Lowery DW","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lowery DW, Wald MM, Browne BJ, Tigges S, Hoffman JR, Mower WR. Epidemiology of cervical spine injury victims. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;38(1):12\u201316. 11423805"},{"issue":"8","key":"b2","series-title":"Clin Spine Surg","first-page":"313","article-title":"Odontoid fractures: a critical review of current management and future directions","volume":"32","author":"Carvalho AD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carvalho AD, Figueiredo J, Schroeder GD, Vaccaro AR, Rodrigues-Pinto R. Odontoid fractures: a critical review of current management and future directions. Clin Spine Surg. 2019;32(8):313\u2013323. 31464693"},{"issue":"4","key":"b3","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"419","article-title":"Management of odontoid fractures in the elderly: a review of the literature and an evidence-based treatment algorithm","volume":"82","author":"Iyer S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Iyer S, Hurlbert RJ, Albert TJ. Management of odontoid fractures in the elderly: a review of the literature and an evidence-based treatment algorithm. Neurosurgery. 2018;82(4):419\u2013430."},{"issue":"13","key":"b4","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976).","first-page":"951","article-title":"Functional outcome of elderly patients treated for odontoid fracture: a multicenter study","volume":"44","author":"De Bonis P","year":"2019","unstructured":"De Bonis P, Iaccarino C, Musio A, Functional outcome of elderly patients treated for odontoid fracture: a multicenter study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976).2019;44(13):951\u2013958. 31205176"},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"b5","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"S6","article-title":"A systematic review of the treatment of geriatric type II odontoid fractures","volume":"77","author":"Schroeder GD","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schroeder GD, Kepler CK, Kurd MF, A systematic review of the treatment of geriatric type II odontoid fractures. Neurosurgery. 2015;77(suppl 4):S6-S14. 26378359"},{"issue":"22","key":"b6","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976).","first-page":"2467","article-title":"Posterior C1-C2 fusion with polyaxial screw and rod fixation","volume":"26","author":"Harms J","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harms J, Melcher RP. Posterior C1-C2 fusion with polyaxial screw and rod fixation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976).2001;26(22):2467\u20132471. 11707712"},{"issue":"1 Supp1 1","key":"b7","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"S103","article-title":"Techniques of posterior C1-C2 stabilization","volume":"60","author":"Menendez JA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Menendez JA, Wright NM. Techniques of posterior C1-C2 stabilization. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(1 Supp1 1):S103\u2013S111. 17204870"},{"issue":"6","key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"961","article-title":"Radiological and anatomical evaluation of the atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation technique","volume":"86","author":"Madawi AA","year":"1997","unstructured":"Madawi AA, Casey ATH, Solanki GA, Tuite G, Veres R, Crockard HA. Radiological and anatomical evaluation of the atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation technique. J Neurosurg. 1997;86(6):961\u2013968. 9171174"},{"issue":"2","key":"b9","series-title":"Neurocirugia (Astur: Engl Ed)","first-page":"78","article-title":"Posterior percutaneous transarticular stand-alone screw instrumentation of C1-C2 with endoscopic assistance: a report of two cases","volume":"32","author":"Lvov I","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lvov I, Grin A, Godkov I, Kordonskiy A, Krylov V. Posterior percutaneous transarticular stand-alone screw instrumentation of C1-C2 with endoscopic assistance: a report of two cases. Neurocirugia (Astur: Engl Ed). 2021;32(2):78\u201383. 31718951"},{"issue":"5","key":"b10","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"1036","article-title":"C1-C2 posterior screw fixation in atlantoaxial fractures revisited: technical update based on 127 cases","volume":"29","author":"Buchmann N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buchmann N, Schweizer C, Kirschke JS, C1-C2 posterior screw fixation in atlantoaxial fractures revisited: technical update based on 127 cases. Eur Spine J. 2020;29(5):1036\u20131042. 31823086"},{"issue":"4","key":"b11","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E11","article-title":"Surgical treatment of Type II odontoid fractures: anterior odontoid screw fixation or posterior cervical instrumented fusion?","volume":"38","author":"Joaquim AF","year":"2015","unstructured":"Joaquim AF, Patel AA. Surgical treatment of Type II odontoid fractures: anterior odontoid screw fixation or posterior cervical instrumented fusion?. Neurosurg Focus. 2015;38(4):E11."},{"issue":"3","key":"b12","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"245","article-title":"Percutaneous posterior cervical fusion with the DTRAX Facet System for single-level radiculopathy: results in 60 patients","volume":"18","author":"McCormack BM","year":"2013","unstructured":"McCormack BM, Bundoc RC, Ver MR, Ignacio JM, Berven SH, Eyster EF. Percutaneous posterior cervical fusion with the DTRAX Facet System for single-level radiculopathy: results in 60 patients. J Neurosurg Spine. 2013;18(3):245\u2013254. 23330952"},{"issue":"5","key":"b13","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"322","article-title":"Safety and feasibility of DTRAX cervical cages in the atlantoaxial joint for C1\/2 stabilization","volume":"22","author":"Sommer F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sommer F, Kirnaz S, Goldberg JL, Safety and feasibility of DTRAX cervical cages in the atlantoaxial joint for C1\/2 stabilization. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2022;22(5):322\u2013327. 35315806"},{"issue":"2","key":"b14","series-title":"J Craniovertebr Junction Spine","first-page":"198","article-title":"Case report: Minimally invasive modification of the Goel-Harms atlantoaxial fusion utilizing percutaneous screws and intra-articular cage is feasible and results in decreased blood loss","volume":"13","author":"Gelinne A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gelinne A, Abumoussa A, Bhowmick D. Case report: Minimally invasive modification of the Goel-Harms atlantoaxial fusion utilizing percutaneous screws and intra-articular cage is feasible and results in decreased blood loss. J Craniovertebr Junction Spine. 2022;13(2):198\u2013200. 35837421"},{"issue":"11","key":"b15","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976).","first-page":"773","article-title":"Ten-year outcomes of minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in patients with single-level lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"47","author":"Kwon JW","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kwon JW, Park Y, Lee BH, Ten-year outcomes of minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in patients with single-level lumbar spondylolisthesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976).2022;47(11):773\u2013780. 35125463"},{"issue":"9","key":"b16","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976).","first-page":"E552","article-title":"Good clinical outcomes and fusion rate of facet fusion with a percutaneous pedicle screw system for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: minimally invasive evolution of posterolateral fusion","volume":"40","author":"Miyashita T","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miyashita T, Ataka H, Kato K, Tanno T. Good clinical outcomes and fusion rate of facet fusion with a percutaneous pedicle screw system for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: minimally invasive evolution of posterolateral fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976).2015;40(9):E552\u2013E557. 25705957"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"EClinicalMedicine","first-page":"101421","article-title":"Association of robot-assisted techniques with the accuracy rates of pedicle screw placement: a network pooling analysis","volume":"48","author":"Wei FL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei FL, Gao QY, Heng W, Association of robot-assisted techniques with the accuracy rates of pedicle screw placement: a network pooling analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;48:101421. 35706496"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"558","article-title":"Atlantoaxial fixation for odontoid fracture: analysis of 124 surgically treated cases","volume":"110","author":"Goel A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goel A, Jain S, Shah A, Atlantoaxial fixation for odontoid fracture: analysis of 124 surgically treated cases. World Neurosurg. 2018;110:558\u2013567. 29433180"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"b19","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"47","article-title":"Plate and screw fixation for atlanto-axial subluxation","volume":"129","author":"Goel A","year":"1994","unstructured":"Goel A, Laheri V. Plate and screw fixation for atlanto-axial subluxation. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1994;129(1-2):47\u201353. 7998495"},{"issue":"10","key":"b20","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1781","article-title":"Management of C2 fractures using Iso-C(3D) guidance: a single institution\u2019s experience","volume":"154","author":"Kantelhardt SR","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kantelhardt SR, Keric N, Giese A. Management of C2 fractures using Iso-C(3D) guidance: a single institution\u2019s experience. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2012;154(10):1781\u20131787. 22790839"},{"issue":"4","key":"b21","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"344","article-title":"Screw placement accuracy and outcomes following O-arm-navigated atlantoaxial fusion: a feasibility study","volume":"6","author":"Smith JD","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smith JD, Jack MM, Harn NR, Bertsch JR, Arnold PM. Screw placement accuracy and outcomes following O-arm-navigated atlantoaxial fusion: a feasibility study. Global Spine J. 2016;6(4):344\u2013349. 27190736"},{"issue":"7","key":"b22","series-title":"Clin Spine Surg","first-page":"279","article-title":"Minimally invasive cervical pedicle screw fixation (MICEPS) via a posterolateral approach","volume":"32","author":"Tokioka T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tokioka T, Oda Y. Minimally invasive cervical pedicle screw fixation (MICEPS) via a posterolateral approach. Clin Spine Surg. 2019;32(7):279\u2013284."},{"issue":"3","key":"b23","series-title":"J Craniovertebr Junction Spine","first-page":"302","article-title":"Novel use of percutaneous cervical pedicle inlet screws for supplemental posterior fixation after anterior cervical deformity correction","volume":"12","author":"Gelinne A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gelinne A, Abumoussa AL, Sloboda CA, Bhowmick DA. Novel use of percutaneous cervical pedicle inlet screws for supplemental posterior fixation after anterior cervical deformity correction. J Craniovertebr Junction Spine. 2021;12(3):302\u2013305. 34728998"},{"issue":"6","key":"b24","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"716.e1","article-title":"Percutaneous trans-facet screws for supplemental posterior cervical fixation","volume":"78","author":"Ahmad F","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ahmad F, Sherman JD, Wang MY. Percutaneous trans-facet screws for supplemental posterior cervical fixation. World Neurosurg. 2012;78(6):716.e1\u2013716.e4. 22381267"},{"issue":"2","key":"b25","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"251","article-title":"Surgical safety of cervical pedicle screw placement with computer navigation system","volume":"40","author":"Shimokawa N","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shimokawa N, Takami T. Surgical safety of cervical pedicle screw placement with computer navigation system. Neurosurg Rev. 2017;40(2):251\u2013258. 27245606"},{"issue":"6","key":"b26","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"689","article-title":"Facetal distraction as treatment for single- and multilevel cervical spondylotic radiculopathy and myelopathy: a preliminary report","volume":"14","author":"Goel A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goel A, Shah A. Facetal distraction as treatment for single- and multilevel cervical spondylotic radiculopathy and myelopathy: a preliminary report. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011;14(6):689\u2013696. 21417697"},{"issue":"1","key":"b27","series-title":"Technical note. J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"90","article-title":"Atlantoaxial joint jamming as a treatment for atlantoaxial dislocation: a preliminary report","volume":"7","author":"Goel A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Goel A. Atlantoaxial joint jamming as a treatment for atlantoaxial dislocation: a preliminary report. Technical note. J Neurosurg Spine. 2007;7(1):90\u201394. 17633495"},{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"Ann Emerg Med","first-page":"12","article-title":"Epidemiology of cervical spine injury victims","volume":"38","author":"Lowery DW","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lowery DW, Wald MM, Browne BJ, Tigges S, Hoffman JR, Mower WR. Epidemiology of cervical spine injury victims. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;38(1):12\u201316. 11423805"},{"issue":"8","key":"b2","series-title":"Clin Spine Surg","first-page":"313","article-title":"Odontoid fractures: a critical review of current management and future directions","volume":"32","author":"Carvalho AD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carvalho AD, Figueiredo J, Schroeder GD, Vaccaro AR, Rodrigues-Pinto R. Odontoid fractures: a critical review of current management and future directions. Clin Spine Surg. 2019;32(8):313\u2013323. 31464693"},{"issue":"4","key":"b3","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"419","article-title":"Management of odontoid fractures in the elderly: a review of the literature and an evidence-based treatment algorithm","volume":"82","author":"Iyer S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Iyer S, Hurlbert RJ, Albert TJ. Management of odontoid fractures in the elderly: a review of the literature and an evidence-based treatment algorithm. Neurosurgery. 2018;82(4):419\u2013430."},{"issue":"13","key":"b4","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976).","first-page":"951","article-title":"Functional outcome of elderly patients treated for odontoid fracture: a multicenter study","volume":"44","author":"De Bonis P","year":"2019","unstructured":"De Bonis P, Iaccarino C, Musio A, Functional outcome of elderly patients treated for odontoid fracture: a multicenter study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976).2019;44(13):951\u2013958. 31205176"},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"b5","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"S6","article-title":"A systematic review of the treatment of geriatric type II odontoid fractures","volume":"77","author":"Schroeder GD","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schroeder GD, Kepler CK, Kurd MF, A systematic review of the treatment of geriatric type II odontoid fractures. Neurosurgery. 2015;77(suppl 4):S6-S14. 26378359"},{"issue":"22","key":"b6","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976).","first-page":"2467","article-title":"Posterior C1-C2 fusion with polyaxial screw and rod fixation","volume":"26","author":"Harms J","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harms J, Melcher RP. Posterior C1-C2 fusion with polyaxial screw and rod fixation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976).2001;26(22):2467\u20132471. 11707712"},{"issue":"1 Supp1 1","key":"b7","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"S103","article-title":"Techniques of posterior C1-C2 stabilization","volume":"60","author":"Menendez JA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Menendez JA, Wright NM. Techniques of posterior C1-C2 stabilization. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(1 Supp1 1):S103\u2013S111. 17204870"},{"issue":"6","key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"961","article-title":"Radiological and anatomical evaluation of the atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation technique","volume":"86","author":"Madawi AA","year":"1997","unstructured":"Madawi AA, Casey ATH, Solanki GA, Tuite G, Veres R, Crockard HA. Radiological and anatomical evaluation of the atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation technique. J Neurosurg. 1997;86(6):961\u2013968. 9171174"},{"issue":"2","key":"b9","series-title":"Neurocirugia (Astur: Engl Ed)","first-page":"78","article-title":"Posterior percutaneous transarticular stand-alone screw instrumentation of C1-C2 with endoscopic assistance: a report of two cases","volume":"32","author":"Lvov I","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lvov I, Grin A, Godkov I, Kordonskiy A, Krylov V. Posterior percutaneous transarticular stand-alone screw instrumentation of C1-C2 with endoscopic assistance: a report of two cases. Neurocirugia (Astur: Engl Ed). 2021;32(2):78\u201383. 31718951"},{"issue":"5","key":"b10","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"1036","article-title":"C1-C2 posterior screw fixation in atlantoaxial fractures revisited: technical update based on 127 cases","volume":"29","author":"Buchmann N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buchmann N, Schweizer C, Kirschke JS, C1-C2 posterior screw fixation in atlantoaxial fractures revisited: technical update based on 127 cases. Eur Spine J. 2020;29(5):1036\u20131042. 31823086"},{"issue":"4","key":"b11","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E11","article-title":"Surgical treatment of Type II odontoid fractures: anterior odontoid screw fixation or posterior cervical instrumented fusion?","volume":"38","author":"Joaquim AF","year":"2015","unstructured":"Joaquim AF, Patel AA. Surgical treatment of Type II odontoid fractures: anterior odontoid screw fixation or posterior cervical instrumented fusion?. Neurosurg Focus. 2015;38(4):E11."},{"issue":"3","key":"b12","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"245","article-title":"Percutaneous posterior cervical fusion with the DTRAX Facet System for single-level radiculopathy: results in 60 patients","volume":"18","author":"McCormack BM","year":"2013","unstructured":"McCormack BM, Bundoc RC, Ver MR, Ignacio JM, Berven SH, Eyster EF. Percutaneous posterior cervical fusion with the DTRAX Facet System for single-level radiculopathy: results in 60 patients. J Neurosurg Spine. 2013;18(3):245\u2013254. 23330952"},{"issue":"5","key":"b13","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"322","article-title":"Safety and feasibility of DTRAX cervical cages in the atlantoaxial joint for C1\/2 stabilization","volume":"22","author":"Sommer F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sommer F, Kirnaz S, Goldberg JL, Safety and feasibility of DTRAX cervical cages in the atlantoaxial joint for C1\/2 stabilization. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2022;22(5):322\u2013327. 35315806"},{"issue":"2","key":"b14","series-title":"J Craniovertebr Junction Spine","first-page":"198","article-title":"Case report: Minimally invasive modification of the Goel-Harms atlantoaxial fusion utilizing percutaneous screws and intra-articular cage is feasible and results in decreased blood loss","volume":"13","author":"Gelinne A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gelinne A, Abumoussa A, Bhowmick D. Case report: Minimally invasive modification of the Goel-Harms atlantoaxial fusion utilizing percutaneous screws and intra-articular cage is feasible and results in decreased blood loss. J Craniovertebr Junction Spine. 2022;13(2):198\u2013200. 35837421"},{"issue":"11","key":"b15","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976).","first-page":"773","article-title":"Ten-year outcomes of minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in patients with single-level lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"47","author":"Kwon JW","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kwon JW, Park Y, Lee BH, Ten-year outcomes of minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in patients with single-level lumbar spondylolisthesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976).2022;47(11):773\u2013780. 35125463"},{"issue":"9","key":"b16","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976).","first-page":"E552","article-title":"Good clinical outcomes and fusion rate of facet fusion with a percutaneous pedicle screw system for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: minimally invasive evolution of posterolateral fusion","volume":"40","author":"Miyashita T","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miyashita T, Ataka H, Kato K, Tanno T. Good clinical outcomes and fusion rate of facet fusion with a percutaneous pedicle screw system for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: minimally invasive evolution of posterolateral fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976).2015;40(9):E552\u2013E557. 25705957"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"EClinicalMedicine","first-page":"101421","article-title":"Association of robot-assisted techniques with the accuracy rates of pedicle screw placement: a network pooling analysis","volume":"48","author":"Wei FL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei FL, Gao QY, Heng W, Association of robot-assisted techniques with the accuracy rates of pedicle screw placement: a network pooling analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;48:101421. 35706496"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"558","article-title":"Atlantoaxial fixation for odontoid fracture: analysis of 124 surgically treated cases","volume":"110","author":"Goel A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goel A, Jain S, Shah A, Atlantoaxial fixation for odontoid fracture: analysis of 124 surgically treated cases. World Neurosurg. 2018;110:558\u2013567. 29433180"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"b19","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"47","article-title":"Plate and screw fixation for atlanto-axial subluxation","volume":"129","author":"Goel A","year":"1994","unstructured":"Goel A, Laheri V. Plate and screw fixation for atlanto-axial subluxation. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1994;129(1-2):47\u201353. 7998495"},{"issue":"10","key":"b20","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1781","article-title":"Management of C2 fractures using Iso-C(3D) guidance: a single institution\u2019s experience","volume":"154","author":"Kantelhardt SR","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kantelhardt SR, Keric N, Giese A. Management of C2 fractures using Iso-C(3D) guidance: a single institution\u2019s experience. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2012;154(10):1781\u20131787. 22790839"},{"issue":"4","key":"b21","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"344","article-title":"Screw placement accuracy and outcomes following O-arm-navigated atlantoaxial fusion: a feasibility study","volume":"6","author":"Smith JD","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smith JD, Jack MM, Harn NR, Bertsch JR, Arnold PM. Screw placement accuracy and outcomes following O-arm-navigated atlantoaxial fusion: a feasibility study. Global Spine J. 2016;6(4):344\u2013349. 27190736"},{"issue":"7","key":"b22","series-title":"Clin Spine Surg","first-page":"279","article-title":"Minimally invasive cervical pedicle screw fixation (MICEPS) via a posterolateral approach","volume":"32","author":"Tokioka T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tokioka T, Oda Y. Minimally invasive cervical pedicle screw fixation (MICEPS) via a posterolateral approach. Clin Spine Surg. 2019;32(7):279\u2013284."},{"issue":"3","key":"b23","series-title":"J Craniovertebr Junction Spine","first-page":"302","article-title":"Novel use of percutaneous cervical pedicle inlet screws for supplemental posterior fixation after anterior cervical deformity correction","volume":"12","author":"Gelinne A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gelinne A, Abumoussa AL, Sloboda CA, Bhowmick DA. Novel use of percutaneous cervical pedicle inlet screws for supplemental posterior fixation after anterior cervical deformity correction. J Craniovertebr Junction Spine. 2021;12(3):302\u2013305. 34728998"},{"issue":"6","key":"b24","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"716.e1","article-title":"Percutaneous trans-facet screws for supplemental posterior cervical fixation","volume":"78","author":"Ahmad F","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ahmad F, Sherman JD, Wang MY. Percutaneous trans-facet screws for supplemental posterior cervical fixation. 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