{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T10:13:41Z","timestamp":1756462421268,"version":"3.30.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Hydrocephalus is the most common brain disorder in children and is more common in low- and middle-income countries. Research output on hydrocephalus remains sparse and of lower quality in low- and middle-income countries compared with high-income countries. Most studies addressing hydrocephalus epidemiology are retrospective registry studies entailing their inherent limitations and biases. This study aimed to investigate child-related, parental, and socioeconomic risk factors of congenital hydrocephalus (CH) in a lower-middle-income country.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>An investigator-administered questionnaire was used to query parents of patients with CH and controls who visited the authors\u2019 institution from 2017 until 2021. Patients with secondary hydrocephalus and children older than 2 years of age at diagnosis were excluded. Uni- and multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify the factors affecting CH development.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Seven hundred forty-one respondents (312 cases and 429 controls) were included in this study. The authors showed that maternal diseases during pregnancy (OR 3.12, 95% CI 1.96\u20135.03), a lack of periconceptional folic acid intake (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.32\u20132.81), being a housewife (OR 2.66, 95% CI 1.51\u20134.87), paternal illiteracy (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.02\u20132.69), parental consanguinity (OR 3.67, 95% CI 2.40\u20135.69), a history of other CNS conditions in the family (OR 2.93, 95% CI 1.24\u20137.34), conceiving a child via assisted fertilization techniques (OR 3.93, 95% CI 1.57\u201310.52), and the presence of other congenital anomalies (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.38\u20134.87) were associated with an independent higher odds of a child having CH. Conversely, maternal hypertension (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.09\u20130.48), older maternal age at delivery (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.89\u20130.97), and having more abortions (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.67\u20130.95) were negatively correlated with CH.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Multiple parental, socioeconomic, and child-related factors were associated with higher odds for developing CH. These results can be utilized to guide parental counseling and management, and direct social education and prevention programs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.12.peds22321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T13:58:19Z","timestamp":1676037499000},"page":"397-405","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Risk factors of congenital hydrocephalus: a case-control study in a lower-middle-income country (Egypt)"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Taher M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reem","family":"Elwy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bassante","family":"Abdelrazik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A. R.","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, New York;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Buffalo General Medical Center, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed F.","family":"Alsawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"},{"name":"Faculty of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Egypt; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shurouk","family":"Zaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amany A.","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Katri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mostafa","family":"Elhamaky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haitham","family":"Kandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Marei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Al","family":"Menabbawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M. F.","family":"Ghoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Hafez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Abdelbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reham Khaled","family":"Moharam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayman","family":"Hany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Hasanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sascha","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Fleck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Baldauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry W. S.","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ehab El","family":"Refaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Zohdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"b1","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"130","author":"Dewan MC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dewan MC, Rattani A, Mekary R,  Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2019;130(4):1065\u20131079."},{"issue":"10020","key":"b2","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"788","article-title":"Hydrocephalus in children","volume":"387","author":"Kahle KT","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kahle KT, Kulkarni AV, Limbrick DD Jr, Warf BC. Hydrocephalus in children. Lancet. 2016;387(10020):788\u2013799.26256071"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Neurotoxicology","first-page":"33","article-title":"A systematic review of the risks factors associated with the onset and natural progression of hydrocephalus","volume":"61","author":"Walsh S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Walsh S, Donnan J, Morrissey A,  A systematic review of the risks factors associated with the onset and natural progression of hydrocephalus. Neurotoxicology. 2017;61:33\u201345.27000516"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Pediatric Health Med Ther","first-page":"175","article-title":"Congenital hydrocephalus and associated risk factors: an institution-based case-control study, Dessie Town, North East Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Abebe MS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abebe MS, Seyoum G, Emamu B, Teshome D. Congenital hydrocephalus and associated risk factors: an institution-based case-control study, Dessie Town, North East Ethiopia. Pediatric Health Med Ther. 2022;13:175\u2013182.35592592"},{"issue":"2","key":"b5","series-title":"Pediatr Neurol","first-page":"67","article-title":"Prevalence of congenital hydrocephalus in California, 1991-2000","volume":"45","author":"Jeng S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jeng S, Gupta N, Wrensch M, Zhao S, Wu YW. Prevalence of congenital hydrocephalus in California, 1991-2000. Pediatr Neurol. 2011;45(2):67\u201371.21763944"},{"issue":"1","key":"b6","series-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth","first-page":"406","article-title":"Changes in prevalence and perinatal outcomes of congenital hydrocephalus among Chinese newborns: a retrospective analysis based on the hospital-based birth defects surveillance system","volume":"17","author":"Yi L","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yi L, Wan C, Deng C,  Changes in prevalence and perinatal outcomes of congenital hydrocephalus among Chinese newborns: a retrospective analysis based on the hospital-based birth defects surveillance system. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17(1):406.29202729"},{"issue":"3","key":"b7","series-title":"Article in Chinese. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi","first-page":"180","article-title":"Prevalence analysis on congenital hydrocephalus in Chinese perinatal from 1996 to 2004","volume":"40","author":"Dai L","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dai L, Zhou GX, Miao L, Zhu J, Wang YP, Liang J. Prevalence analysis on congenital hydrocephalus in Chinese perinatal from 1996 to 2004. Article in Chinese. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2006;40(3):180\u2013183.16836884"},{"issue":"3","key":"b8","series-title":"Metab Brain Dis","first-page":"837","article-title":"Prevalence and trend of isolated and complicated congenital hydrocephalus and preventive effect of folic acid in northern China, 2005-2015","volume":"33","author":"Liu J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu J, Jin L, Li Z,  Prevalence and trend of isolated and complicated congenital hydrocephalus and preventive effect of folic acid in northern China, 2005-2015. Metab Brain Dis. 2018;33(3):837\u2013842.29388147"},{"issue":"8","key":"b9","series-title":"Eur J Epidemiol","first-page":"551","article-title":"When the entire population is the sample: strengths and limitations in register-based epidemiology","volume":"29","author":"Thygesen LC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thygesen LC, Ersb\u00f8ll AK. When the entire population is the sample: strengths and limitations in register-based epidemiology. Eur J Epidemiol. 2014;29(8):551\u2013558.24407880"},{"issue":"2","key":"b10","series-title":"Nephron Clin Pract","first-page":"c94","article-title":"Selection bias and information bias in clinical research","volume":"115","author":"Tripepi G","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tripepi G, Jager KJ, Dekker FW, Zoccali C. Selection bias and information bias in clinical research. Nephron Clin Pract. 2010;115(2):c94\u2013c99.20407272"},{"issue":"3","key":"b11","series-title":"Pediatr Neurol","first-page":"320","article-title":"Maternal and infant factors associated with infancy-onset hydrocephalus in Washington State","volume":"52","author":"Tully HM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tully HM, Capote RT, Saltzman BS. Maternal and infant factors associated with infancy-onset hydrocephalus in Washington State. Pediatr Neurol. 2015;52(3):320\u2013325.25542767"},{"issue":"75","key":"b12","series-title":"J Evolution Med Dent Sci","first-page":"5393","article-title":"Congenital hydrocephalus\u2014an epidemiological study of maternal characteristics in a tertiary care center","volume":"6","author":"Kadian YS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kadian YS, Verma A, Kajal P, Duhan N. Congenital hydrocephalus\u2014an epidemiological study of maternal characteristics in a tertiary care center. J Evolution Med Dent Sci. 2017;6(75):5393\u20135396."},{"issue":"2","key":"b13","series-title":"Egypt J Community Med","first-page":"49","article-title":"Epidemiological study of congenital hydrocephalus in Sohag Governorate","volume":"33","author":"Ali MM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ali MM, Abdelaal MA. Epidemiological study of congenital hydrocephalus in Sohag Governorate. Egypt J Community Med. 2015;33(2):49\u201361."},{"issue":"4","key":"b14","series-title":"J Clin Epidemiol","first-page":"344","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"61","author":"von Elm E","year":"2008","unstructured":"von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(4):344\u2013349.18313558"},{"issue":"2 suppl","key":"b15","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"113","article-title":"Time trends and demographics of deaths from congenital hydrocephalus in children in the United States: National Center for Health Statistics data, 1979 to 1998","volume":"103","author":"Chi JH","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chi JH, Fullerton HJ, Gupta N. Time trends and demographics of deaths from congenital hydrocephalus in children in the United States: National Center for Health Statistics data, 1979 to 1998. J Neurosurg. 2005;103(2 suppl):113\u2013118.16370275"},{"issue":"10","key":"b16","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0204926","article-title":"Age-specific global epidemiology of hydrocephalus: systematic review, metanalysis and global birth surveillance","volume":"13","author":"Isaacs AM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Isaacs AM, Riva-Cambrin J, Yavin D,  Age-specific global epidemiology of hydrocephalus: systematic review, metanalysis and global birth surveillance. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0204926.30273390"},{"unstructured":"Cairo, Egypt Population. Population Stat. Accessed January 4, 2023.https:\/\/populationstat.com\/egypt\/cairo","article-title":"Cairo, Egypt Population","series-title":"Population Stat","key":"b17"},{"issue":"6","key":"b18","series-title":"Eur J Epidemiol","first-page":"797","article-title":"An epidemiologic study of environmental and genetic factors in congenital hydrocephalus","volume":"8","author":"Stoll C","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stoll C, Alembik Y, Dott B, Roth MP. An epidemiologic study of environmental and genetic factors in congenital hydrocephalus. Eur J Epidemiol. 1992;8(6):797\u2013803.1294384"},{"issue":"8","key":"b19","series-title":"Eur J Med Genet","first-page":"359","article-title":"Infantile hydrocephalus: a review of epidemiology, classification and causes","volume":"57","author":"Tully HM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tully HM, Dobyns WB. Infantile hydrocephalus: a review of epidemiology, classification and causes. Eur J Med Genet. 2014;57(8):359\u2013368.24932902"},{"issue":"2","key":"b20","series-title":"Egypt J Med Hum Genet","first-page":"157","article-title":"Consanguineous matings among Egyptian population","volume":"12","author":"Shawky RM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shawky RM, El-Awady MY, Elsayed SM, Hamadan GE. Consanguineous matings among Egyptian population. Egypt J Med Hum Genet. 2011;12(2):157\u2013163."},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"b21","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"2409","article-title":"Familial aggregation of congenital hydrocephalus in a nationwide cohort","volume":"135","author":"Munch TN","year":"2012","unstructured":"Munch TN, Rostgaard K, Rasmussen MLH, Wohlfahrt J, Juhler M, Melbye M. Familial aggregation of congenital hydrocephalus in a nationwide cohort. Brain. 2012;135(Pt 8):2409\u20132415."},{"issue":"3","key":"b22","series-title":"Teratology","first-page":"213","article-title":"Defects of the central nervous system in Finland. II. Birth order, outcome of previous pregnancies and family history","volume":"17","author":"Granroth G","year":"1978","unstructured":"Granroth G, Haapakoski J, Hakama M. Defects of the central nervous system in Finland. II. Birth order, outcome of previous pregnancies and family history. Teratology. 1978;17(3):213\u2013222.566962"},{"issue":"2","key":"b23","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"213","article-title":"Risk factors of congenital hydrocephalus: a 10 year retrospective study","volume":"80","author":"Van Landingham M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Van Landingham M, Nguyen TV, Roberts A, Parent AD, Zhang J. Risk factors of congenital hydrocephalus: a 10 year retrospective study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80(2):213\u2013217.18653551"},{"issue":"10","key":"b24","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"448","article-title":"Nationwide survey of the etiology and associated conditions of prenatally and postnatally diagnosed congenital hydrocephalus in Japan","volume":"47","author":"Moritake K","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moritake K, Nagai H, Miyazaki T, Nagasako N, Yamasaki M, Tamakoshi A. Nationwide survey of the etiology and associated conditions of prenatally and postnatally diagnosed congenital hydrocephalus in Japan. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2007;47(10):448\u2013452.17965561"},{"issue":"5","key":"b25","series-title":"Eur J Pediatr","first-page":"355","article-title":"Congenital hydrocephalus: nosology and guidelines for clinical approach and genetic counselling","volume":"157","author":"Schrander-Stumpel C","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schrander-Stumpel C, Fryns JP. Congenital hydrocephalus: nosology and guidelines for clinical approach and genetic counselling. Eur J Pediatr. 1998;157(5):355\u2013362.9625330"},{"issue":"10","key":"b26","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1595","article-title":"Infantile posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus","volume":"27","author":"Tsitouras V","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tsitouras V, Sgouros S. Infantile posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst. 2011;27(10):1595\u20131608.21928026"},{"issue":"3","key":"b27","series-title":"Ann Afr Med","first-page":"126","article-title":"Epidemiology of congenital anomalies of the central nervous system in children in Enugu, Nigeria: a retrospective study","volume":"15","author":"Eke CB","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eke CB, Uche EO, Chinawa JM, Obi IE, Obu HA, Ibekwe RC. Epidemiology of congenital anomalies of the central nervous system in children in Enugu, Nigeria: a retrospective study. Ann Afr Med. 2016;15(3):126\u2013132.27549417"},{"issue":"13","key":"b28","series-title":"Public Health Nutr","first-page":"4238","article-title":"Folic acid supplementation and risk for congenital hydrocephalus in China","volume":"24","author":"Liu J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu J, Li Z, Ye R, Ren A, Liu J. Folic acid supplementation and risk for congenital hydrocephalus in China. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24(13):4238\u20134244.33494847"},{"issue":"14","key":"b29","series-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med","first-page":"2264","article-title":"Periconceptional risk factors of spina bifida among Egyptian population: a case-control study","volume":"29","author":"Maged A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maged A, Elsherbini M, Ramadan W,  Periconceptional risk factors of spina bifida among Egyptian population: a case-control study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;29(14):2264\u20132267.26384095"},{"issue":"14","key":"b30","series-title":"Birth Defects Res","first-page":"1139","article-title":"A 2017 global update on folic acid-preventable spina bifida and anencephaly","volume":"110","author":"Kancherla V","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kancherla V, Wagh K, Johnson Q, Oakley GPA Jr. A 2017 global update on folic acid-preventable spina bifida and anencephaly. Birth Defects Res. 2018;110(14):1139\u20131147.30070772"},{"issue":"9","key":"b31","series-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol","first-page":"572","article-title":"Maternal age and non-chromosomal birth defects, Atlanta\u20141968-2000: teenager or thirty-something, who is at risk?","volume":"70","author":"Reefhuis J","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reefhuis J, Honein MA. Maternal age and non-chromosomal birth defects, Atlanta\u20141968-2000: teenager or thirty-something, who is at risk? Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2004;70(9):572\u2013579.15368555"},{"issue":"7","key":"b32","series-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol","first-page":"621","article-title":"Maternal thyroid disease, thyroid medication use, and selected birth defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study","volume":"85","author":"Browne ML","year":"2009","unstructured":"Browne ML, Rasmussen SA, Hoyt AT,  Maternal thyroid disease, thyroid medication use, and selected birth defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2009;85(7):621\u2013628."},{"issue":"9190","key":"b33","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1579","article-title":"Deliveries and children born after in-vitro fertilisation in Sweden 1982-95: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"354","author":"Bergh T","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bergh T, Ericson A, Hillensj\u00f6 T, Nygren KG, Wennerholm UB. Deliveries and children born after in-vitro fertilisation in Sweden 1982-95: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 1999;354(9190):1579\u20131585.10560671"},{"issue":"4","key":"b34","series-title":"Hum Reprod","first-page":"944","article-title":"Incidence of congenital malformations in children born after ICSI","volume":"15","author":"Wennerholm UB","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wennerholm UB, Bergh C, Hamberger L,  Incidence of congenital malformations in children born after ICSI. Hum Reprod. 2000;15(4):944\u2013948.10739847"},{"issue":"1 suppl","key":"b35","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"233","article-title":"Assisted reproduction is not associated with increased risk of congenital head and neck defects","volume":"151","author":"Neumann C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Neumann C, Thompson DA, Sidman JD. Assisted reproduction is not associated with increased risk of congenital head and neck defects. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;151(1 suppl):233\u2013234."},{"issue":"9","key":"b36","series-title":"J Assoc Physicians India","first-page":"38","article-title":"Association of maternal risk factors to congenital anomalies among infants: a community based study in rural areas of Haryana, India","volume":"67","author":"Malik M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Malik M, Khanna P, Verma R. Association of maternal risk factors to congenital anomalies among infants: a community based study in rural areas of Haryana, India. J Assoc Physicians India. 2019;67(9):38\u201341.31561687"},{"issue":"2","key":"b37","series-title":"Sudan J Paediatr","first-page":"49","article-title":"Risk factors for neural tube defects in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia: case-control study","volume":"14","author":"Salih MAM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salih MAM, Murshid WR, Mohamed AG,  Risk factors for neural tube defects in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia: case-control study. Sudan J Paediatr. 2014;14(2):49\u201360.27493405"},{"issue":"1","key":"b38","series-title":"J Med Genet","first-page":"9","article-title":"Congenital malformations of the central nervous system in spontaneous abortions","volume":"13","author":"Creasy MR","year":"1976","unstructured":"Creasy MR, Alberman ED. Congenital malformations of the central nervous system in spontaneous abortions. J Med Genet. 1976;13(1):9\u201316.775092"},{"issue":"4","key":"b39","series-title":"Hum Reprod","first-page":"873","article-title":"Supportive care for women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage: patients\u2019 perspectives","volume":"26","author":"Musters AM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Musters AM, Taminiau-Bloem EF, van den Boogaard E, van der Veen F, Goddijn M. Supportive care for women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage: patients\u2019 perspectives. Hum Reprod. 2011;26(4):873\u2013877.21317153"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e331","article-title":"Understanding the mothers of children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus in Tanzania","volume":"142","author":"Henderson D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henderson D, Ndossi M, Majige R, Sued M, Shabani H. Understanding the mothers of children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus in Tanzania. World Neurosurg. 2020;142:e331\u2013e336.32652272"},{"issue":"2","key":"b41","series-title":"Int J Public Health","first-page":"197","article-title":"The impact of unemployment cycles on child and maternal health in Argentina","volume":"62","author":"Wehby GL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wehby GL, Gimenez LG, L\u00f3pez-Camelo JS. The impact of unemployment cycles on child and maternal health in Argentina. Int J Public Health. 2017;62(2):197\u2013207.27572492"},{"issue":"4","key":"b42","series-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health","first-page":"333","article-title":"Unemployment and ill health: understanding the relationship","volume":"48","author":"Bartley M","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bartley M. Unemployment and ill health: understanding the relationship. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1994;48(4):333\u2013337.7964329"},{"issue":"10","key":"b43","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1899","article-title":"Congenital hydrocephalus in the northeast of Brazil: epidemiological aspects, prenatal diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"29","author":"Melo JRT","year":"2013","unstructured":"Melo JRT, de Melo EN, de Vasconcellos \u00c2G, Pacheco P. Congenital hydrocephalus in the northeast of Brazil: epidemiological aspects, prenatal diagnosis, and treatment. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013;29(10):1899\u20131903.23609898"},{"issue":"9993","key":"b44","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"569","article-title":"Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development","volume":"386","author":"Meara JG","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meara JG, Leather AJM, Hagander L,  Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development. Lancet. 2015;386(9993):569\u2013624.25924834"},{"issue":"4","key":"b45","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1055","article-title":"Global neurosurgery: the current capacity and deficit in the provision of essential neurosurgical care. Executive Summary of the Global Neurosurgery Initiative at the Program in Global Surgery and Social Change","volume":"130","author":"Dewan MC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dewan MC, Rattani A, Fieggen G,  Global neurosurgery: the current capacity and deficit in the provision of essential neurosurgical care. Executive Summary of the Global Neurosurgery Initiative at the Program in Global Surgery and Social Change. J Neurosurg. 2019;130(4):1055\u20131064."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/31\/5\/article-p397.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/31\/5\/article-p397.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/31\/5\/article-p397.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T13:04:07Z","timestamp":1733490247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/31\/5\/article-p397.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2022.12.peds22321","relation":{},"ISSN":["1933-0707","1933-0715"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1933-0707"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1933-0715"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]}}}