{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T12:13:14Z","timestamp":1784117594294,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patient frailty is associated with poorer perioperative outcomes for several neurosurgical procedures. However, comparative accuracy between different frailty metrics for cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) outcomes is poorly understood and existing frailty metrics studied in the literature are constrained by poor specificity to neurosurgery. This aim of this paper was to compare the predictive ability of 3 frailty scores for AVM microsurgical admissions and generate a custom risk stratification score.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All adult AVM microsurgical admissions in the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (2002\u20132017) were identified. Three frailty measures were analyzed: 5-factor modified frailty index (mFI-5; range 0\u20135), 11-factor modified frailty index (mFI-11; range 0\u201311), and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) (range 0\u201329). Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to compare accuracy between metrics. The analyzed endpoints included in-hospital mortality, routine discharge, complications, length of stay (LOS), and hospitalization costs. Survey-weighted multivariate regression assessed frailty-outcome associations, adjusting for 13 confounders, including patient demographics, hospital characteristics, rupture status, hydrocephalus, epilepsy, and treatment modality. Subsequently, k-fold cross-validation and Akaike information criterion\u2013based model selection were used to generate a custom 5-variable risk stratification score called the AVM-5. This score was validated in the main study population and a pseudoprospective cohort (2018\u20132019).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors analyzed 16,271 total AVM microsurgical admissions nationwide, with 21.0% being ruptured. The mFI-5, mFI-11, and CCI were all predictive of lower rates of routine discharge disposition, increased perioperative complications, and longer LOS (all p &lt; 0.001). Their AVM-5 risk stratification score was calculated from 5 variables: age, hydrocephalus, paralysis, diabetes, and hypertension. The AVM-5 was predictive of decreased rates of routine hospital discharge (OR 0.26, p &lt; 0.001) and increased perioperative complications (OR 2.42, p &lt; 0.001), postoperative LOS (+49%, p &lt; 0.001), total LOS (+47%, p &lt; 0.001), and hospitalization costs (+22%, p &lt; 0.001). This score outperformed age, mFI-5, mFI-11, and CCI for both ruptured and unruptured AVMs (area under the curve [AUC] 0.78, all p &lt; 0.001). In a pseudoprospective cohort of 2005 admissions from 2018 to 2019, the AVM-5 remained significantly associated with all outcomes except for mortality and exhibited higher accuracy than all 3 earlier scores (AUC 0.79, all p &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patient frailty is predictive of poorer disposition and elevated complications, LOS, and costs for AVM microsurgical admissions. The authors\u2019 custom AVM-5 risk score outperformed age, mFI-5, mFI-11, and CCI while using threefold less variables than the CCI. This score may complement existing AVM grading scales for optimization of surgical candidates and identification of patients at risk of postoperative medical and surgical morbidity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.4.focus2285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T07:36:45Z","timestamp":1656661005000},"page":"E14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Patient frailty association with cerebral arteriovenous malformation microsurgical outcomes and development of custom risk stratification score: an analysis of 16,721 nationwide admissions"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Oliver Y.","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankush I.","family":"Bajaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey;"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey;"},{"name":"Saint Barnabas Medical Center, RWJ Barnabas Health, Livingston, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James K.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey;"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey;"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and"},{"name":"Saint Barnabas Medical Center, RWJ Barnabas Health, Livingston, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.105716","article-title":"Perioperative risk factors associated with ICU intervention following select neurosurgical procedures","volume":"192","author":"Ehlers LD","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ehlers LD, Pistone T, Haller SJ, Will Robbins J, Surdell D. Perioperative risk factors associated with ICU intervention following select neurosurgical procedures. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2020;192:105716.10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.10571632983738"},{"issue":"13","key":"b2","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E782","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002970","article-title":"Preoperative risk stratification in spine tumor surgery: a comparison of the modified Charlson Index, Frailty Index, and ASA score","volume":"44","author":"Lakomkin N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lakomkin N, Zuckerman SL, Stannard B,  Preoperative risk stratification in spine tumor surgery: a comparison of the modified Charlson Index, Frailty Index, and ASA score. Spine (Phila Pa 1976).2019;44(13):E782\u2013E787.10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002970"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.06.093","article-title":"Advanced age is not a universal predictor of poorer outcome in patients undergoing neurosurgery","volume":"130","author":"Maslink C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maslink C, Cheng K, Smith TR, Das S. Advanced age is not a universal predictor of poorer outcome in patients undergoing neurosurgery. World Neurosurg.2019;130:e375\u2013e382.10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.06.093"},{"issue":"5","key":"b4","series-title":"Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27851","article-title":"Short-term outcomes of craniotomy for malignant brain tumors in the elderly","volume":"119","author":"Seicean A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seicean A, Seicean S, Schiltz NK,  Short-term outcomes of craniotomy for malignant brain tumors in the elderly. Cancer. 2013;119(5):1058\u20131064.10.1002\/cncr.2785132983738"},{"issue":"5","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.6.JNS17392","article-title":"Microsurgical resection of brain arteriovenous malformations in the elderly: outcomes analysis and risk stratification","volume":"129","author":"Burkhardt JK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burkhardt JK, Lasker GF, Winkler EA, Kim H, Lawton MT. Microsurgical resection of brain arteriovenous malformations in the elderly: outcomes analysis and risk stratification. J Neurosurg. 2018;129(5):1107\u20131113.10.3171\/2017.6.JNS17392"},{"issue":"9","key":"b6","series-title":"Laryngoscope","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29485","article-title":"Frailty as a predictor of postoperative complications following skull base surgery","volume":"131","author":"Henry RK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Henry RK, Reeves RA, Wackym PA, Ahmed OH, Hanft SJ, Kwong KM. Frailty as a predictor of postoperative complications following skull base surgery. Laryngoscope. 2021;131(9):1977\u20131984.10.1002\/lary.29485"},{"issue":"6","key":"b7","series-title":"Pituitary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-020-01069-5","article-title":"The 5-factor modified frailty index predicts health burden following surgery for pituitary adenomas","volume":"23","author":"Khalafallah AM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khalafallah AM, Shah PP, Huq S,  The 5-factor modified frailty index predicts health burden following surgery for pituitary adenomas. Pituitary. 2020;23(6):630\u2013640.10.1007\/s11102-020-01069-5"},{"issue":"7","key":"b8","series-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2021.0670","article-title":"Associations of baseline frailty status and age with outcomes in patients undergoing vestibular schwannoma resection","volume":"147","author":"Dicpinigaitis AJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dicpinigaitis AJ, Kalakoti P, Schmidt M,  Associations of baseline frailty status and age with outcomes in patients undergoing vestibular schwannoma resection. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021;147(7):608\u2013614.10.1001\/jamaoto.2021.0670"},{"issue":"12","key":"b9","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X18800589","article-title":"The importance of comorbidities in ischemic stroke: Impact of hypertension on the cerebral circulation","volume":"38","author":"Cipolla MJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cipolla MJ, Liebeskind DS, Chan SL. The importance of comorbidities in ischemic stroke: Impact of hypertension on the cerebral circulation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2018;38(12):2129\u20132149.10.1177\/0271678X18800589"},{"issue":"2","key":"b10","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001251","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of complications and mortality in cerebrovascular surgery: national trends from 2007 to 2012","volume":"79","author":"Michalak SM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Michalak SM, Rolston JD, Lawton MT. Incidence and predictors of complications and mortality in cerebrovascular surgery: national trends from 2007 to 2012. Neurosurgery. 2016;79(2):182\u2013193.10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001251"},{"issue":"4","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.10.SPINE14582","article-title":"Use of the modified frailty index to predict 30-day morbidity and mortality from spine surgery","volume":"25","author":"Ali R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ali R, Schwalb JM, Nerenz DR, Antoine HJ, Rubinfeld I. Use of the modified frailty index to predict 30-day morbidity and mortality from spine surgery. J Neurosurg Spine. 2016;25(4):537\u2013541.10.3171\/2015.10.SPINE14582"},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.5.JNS20766","article-title":"The 5-factor modified frailty index: an effective predictor of mortality in brain tumor patients","volume":"135","author":"Khalafallah AM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khalafallah AM, Huq S, Jimenez AE, Brem H, Mukherjee D. The 5-factor modified frailty index: an effective predictor of mortality in brain tumor patients. J Neurosurg. 2021;135(1):78\u201386.10.3171\/2020.5.JNS20766"},{"issue":"8","key":"b13","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e10048","article-title":"The effect of frailty versus initial Glasgow Coma Score in predicting outcomes following chronic subdural hemorrhage: a preliminary analysis","volume":"12","author":"McIntyre MK","year":"2020","unstructured":"McIntyre MK, Rawanduzy C, Afridi A,  The effect of frailty versus initial Glasgow Coma Score in predicting outcomes following chronic subdural hemorrhage: a preliminary analysis. Cureus. 2020;12(8):e10048."},{"issue":"1","key":"b14","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.8.JNS171413","article-title":"Validation of a neurovascular comorbidities index for retrospective database analysis","volume":"130","author":"Newman WC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Newman WC, Kubilis PS, Hoh BL. Validation of a neurovascular comorbidities index for retrospective database analysis. J Neurosurg. 2018;130(1):273\u2013277.10.3171\/2017.8.JNS171413"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.05.241","article-title":"Combined endovascular and microsurgical treatment of arteriovenous malformations in the hybrid operating room","volume":"117","author":"Gr\u00fcter BE","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcter BE, Mendelowitsch I, Diepers M, Remonda L, Fandino J, Marbacher S. Combined endovascular and microsurgical treatment of arteriovenous malformations in the hybrid operating room. World Neurosurg.2018;117:e204\u2013e214.10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.05.241"},{"issue":"11","key":"b16","series-title":"J Clin Epidemiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(94)90129-5","article-title":"Validation of a combined comorbidity index","volume":"47","author":"Charlson M","year":"1994","unstructured":"Charlson M, Szatrowski TP, Peterson J, Gold J. Validation of a combined comorbidity index. J Clin Epidemiol. 1994;47(11):1245\u20131251.10.1016\/0895-4356(94)90129-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"b17","series-title":"J Am Coll Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2017.11.005","article-title":"New 5-factor modified frailty index using American College of Surgeons NSQIP data","volume":"226","author":"Subramaniam S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Subramaniam S, Aalberg JJ, Soriano RP, Divino CM. New 5-factor modified frailty index using American College of Surgeons NSQIP data. J Am Coll Surg. 2018;226(2):173\u2013181.e8.10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2017.11.005"},{"issue":"3","key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.10.JNS12682","article-title":"Volume-outcome relationship in neurotrauma care","volume":"118","author":"Clement RC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clement RC, Carr BG, Kallan MJ, Wolff C, Reilly PM, Malhotra NR. Volume-outcome relationship in neurotrauma care. J Neurosurg. 2013;118(3):687\u2013693.10.3171\/2012.10.JNS12682"},{"issue":"1","key":"b19","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.7.JNS15925","article-title":"Improved outcomes for patients with cerebrovascular malformations at high-volume centers: the impact of surgeon and hospital volume in the United States, 2000-2009","volume":"127","author":"Davies JM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Davies JM, Lawton MT. Improved outcomes for patients with cerebrovascular malformations at high-volume centers: the impact of surgeon and hospital volume in the United States, 2000-2009. J Neurosurg. 2017;127(1):69\u201380.10.3171\/2016.7.JNS15925"},{"issue":"5","key":"b20","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E9","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.8.FOCUS19486","article-title":"Volume-outcome relationship in pediatric neurotrauma care: analysis of two national databases","volume":"47","author":"Tang OY","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tang OY, Yoon JS, Kimata AR, Lawton MT. Volume-outcome relationship in pediatric neurotrauma care: analysis of two national databases. Neurosurg Focus. 2019;47(5):E9.10.3171\/2019.8.FOCUS19486"},{"issue":"2","key":"b21","series-title":"Biophys J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2010.04.050","article-title":"Proline-rich salivary proteins have extended conformations","volume":"99","author":"Boze H","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boze H, Marlin T, Durand D,  Proline-rich salivary proteins have extended conformations. Biophys J. 2010;99(2):656\u2013665.10.1016\/j.bpj.2010.04.050"},{"issue":"4","key":"b22","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E17","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.1.FOCUS19899","article-title":"Arteriovenous malformation presenting with epilepsy: a multimodal approach to diagnosis and treatment","volume":"48","author":"Soldozy S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Soldozy S, Norat P, Ya\u011fmurlu K,  Arteriovenous malformation presenting with epilepsy: a multimodal approach to diagnosis and treatment. Neurosurg Focus. 2020;48(4):E17.10.3171\/2020.1.FOCUS19899"},{"issue":"3","key":"b23","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.02.039","article-title":"Cerebral arteriovenous malformations and epilepsy, Part 1: predictors of seizure presentation","volume":"84","author":"Ding D","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ding D, Starke RM, Quigg M,  Cerebral arteriovenous malformations and epilepsy, Part 1: predictors of seizure presentation. World Neurosurg. 2015;84(3):645\u2013652.10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.02.039"},{"issue":"11","key":"b24","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-017-3315-9","article-title":"Timing of surgery for ruptured supratentorial arteriovenous malformations","volume":"159","author":"Hafez A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hafez A, Oulasvirta E, Koroknay-P\u00e1l P, Niemel\u00e4 M, Hernesniemi J, Laakso A. Timing of surgery for ruptured supratentorial arteriovenous malformations. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2017;159(11):2103\u20132112.10.1007\/s00701-017-3315-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"b25","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.4.JNS131100","article-title":"Analysis of subarachnoid hemorrhage using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample: the NIS-SAH Severity Score and Outcome Measure","volume":"121","author":"Washington CW","year":"2014","unstructured":"Washington CW, Derdeyn CP, Dacey RG Jr, Dhar R, Zipfel GJ. Analysis of subarachnoid hemorrhage using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample: the NIS-SAH Severity Score and Outcome Measure. J Neurosurg. 2014;121(2):482\u2013489.10.3171\/2014.4.JNS131100"},{"issue":"3","key":"b26","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.8.JNS14553","article-title":"A new comorbidities index for risk stratification for treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms","volume":"125","author":"Newman WC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Newman WC, Neal DW, Hoh BL. A new comorbidities index for risk stratification for treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 2016;125(3):713\u2013719.10.3171\/2015.8.JNS14553"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Clin Interv Aging","first-page":"13","article-title":"Preoperative assessment of the older surgical patient: honing in on geriatric syndromes","volume":"10","author":"Kim S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim S, Brooks AK, Groban L. Preoperative assessment of the older surgical patient: honing in on geriatric syndromes. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;10:13\u201327."},{"issue":"2","key":"b28","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-010-0301-6","article-title":"Neurosurgery and elderly: analysis through the years","volume":"34","author":"Chibbaro S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chibbaro S, Di Rocco F, Makiese O,  Neurosurgery and elderly: analysis through the years. Neurosurg Rev. 2010;34(2):229\u2013234.10.1007\/s10143-010-0301-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"b29","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-020-01241-2","article-title":"The immense heterogeneity of frailty in neurosurgery: a systematic literature review","volume":"44","author":"Pazniokas J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pazniokas J, Gandhi C, Theriault B,  The immense heterogeneity of frailty in neurosurgery: a systematic literature review. Neurosurg Rev. 2021;44(1):189\u2013201.10.1007\/s10143-020-01241-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"b30","series-title":"J Neurooncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-017-2644-0","article-title":"The modified frailty index and 30-day adverse events in oncologic neurosurgery","volume":"136","author":"Youngerman BE","year":"2018","unstructured":"Youngerman BE, Neugut AI, Yang J, Hershman DL, Wright JD, Bruce JN. The modified frailty index and 30-day adverse events in oncologic neurosurgery. J Neurooncol. 2018;136(1):197\u2013206.10.1007\/s11060-017-2644-0"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.022","article-title":"Frailty and outcomes after craniotomy or craniectomy for atraumatic chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"145","author":"Sastry RA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sastry RA, Pertsch N, Tang O, Shao B, Toms SA, Weil RJ. Frailty and outcomes after craniotomy or craniectomy for atraumatic chronic subdural hematoma. World Neurosurg.2021;145:e242\u2013e251.10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.022"},{"issue":"1","key":"b32","series-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2019-000248","article-title":"Updates in arteriovenous malformation management: the post-ARUBA era","volume":"5","author":"Feghali J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feghali J, Huang J. Updates in arteriovenous malformation management: the post-ARUBA era. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2019;5(1):34\u201339.10.1136\/svn-2019-000248"},{"issue":"4","key":"b33","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1986.65.4.0476","article-title":"A proposed grading system for arteriovenous malformations","volume":"65","author":"Spetzler RF","year":"1986","unstructured":"Spetzler RF, Martin NA. A proposed grading system for arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg. 1986;65(4):476\u2013483.10.3171\/jns.1986.65.4.0476"},{"issue":"2","key":"b34","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyy153","article-title":"The application of the novel grading scale (Lawton-Young grading system) to predict the outcome of brain arteriovenous malformation","volume":"84","author":"Hafez A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hafez A, Koroknay-P\u00e1l P, Oulasvirta E,  The application of the novel grading scale (Lawton-Young grading system) to predict the outcome of brain arteriovenous malformation. Neurosurgery. 2019;84(2):529\u2013536.10.1093\/neuros\/nyy153"},{"issue":"4","key":"b35","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000367555.16733.E1","article-title":"A supplementary grading scale for selecting patients with brain arteriovenous malformations for surgery","volume":"66","author":"Lawton MT","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lawton MT, Kim H, McCulloch CE, Mikhak B, Young WL. A supplementary grading scale for selecting patients with brain arteriovenous malformations for surgery. Neurosurgery. 2010;66(4):702\u2013713.10.1227\/01.NEU.0000367555.16733.E1"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.04.080","article-title":"The AVICH score: a novel grading system to predict clinical outcome in arteriovenous malformation-related intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"92","author":"Neidert MC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Neidert MC, Lawton MT, Mader M,  The AVICH score: a novel grading system to predict clinical outcome in arteriovenous malformation-related intracerebral hemorrhage. World Neurosurg.2016;92:292\u2013297.10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.04.080"},{"issue":"11","key":"b37","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316259","article-title":"International multicentre validation of the arteriovenous malformation-related intracerebral haemorrhage (AVICH) score","volume":"89","author":"Neidert MC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neidert MC, Lawton MT, Kim LJ,  International multicentre validation of the arteriovenous malformation-related intracerebral haemorrhage (AVICH) score. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;89(11):1163\u20131166.10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316259"},{"issue":"45","key":"b38","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8544","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008544","article-title":"Clinical features and prognostic factors in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage caused by ruptured arteriovenous malformations","volume":"96","author":"Ye Z","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ye Z, Ai X, Hu X, Fang F, You C. Clinical features and prognostic factors in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage caused by ruptured arteriovenous malformations. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(45):e8544.10.1097\/MD.0000000000008544"},{"issue":"1","key":"b39","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.2.PEDS18731","article-title":"A study of pediatric cerebral arteriovenous malformations: clinical presentation, radiological features, and long-term functional and educational outcomes with predictors of sustained neurological deficits","volume":"24","author":"Ravindra VM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ravindra VM, Bollo RJ, Eli IM,  A study of pediatric cerebral arteriovenous malformations: clinical presentation, radiological features, and long-term functional and educational outcomes with predictors of sustained neurological deficits. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2019;24(1):1\u20138.10.3171\/2019.2.PEDS18731"},{"issue":"3","key":"b40","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3171\/2008.7.JNS0815","article-title":"Hydrocephalus in unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations: pathomechanical considerations, therapeutic implications, and clinical course","volume":"110","author":"Geibprasert S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Geibprasert S, Pereira V, Krings T, Jiarakongmun P, Lasjaunias P, Pongpech S. Hydrocephalus in unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations: pathomechanical considerations, therapeutic implications, and clinical course. J Neurosurg. 2009;110(3):500\u2013507.10.3171\/2008.7.JNS0815"},{"issue":"5","key":"b41","series-title":"Otol Neurotol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200209000-00020","article-title":"Cerebellar arteriovenous malformation with facial paralysis, hearing loss, and tinnitus: a case report","volume":"23","author":"Kikuchi M","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kikuchi M, Funabiki K, Hasebe S, Takahashi H. Cerebellar arteriovenous malformation with facial paralysis, hearing loss, and tinnitus: a case report. Otol Neurotol. 2002;23(5):723\u2013726.10.1097\/00129492-200209000-00020"},{"issue":"6","key":"b42","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyab020","article-title":"Spetzler-Martin Grade III arteriovenous malformations: a comparison of modified and supplemented Spetzler-Martin grading systems","volume":"88","author":"Frisoli FA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Frisoli FA, Catapano JS, Farhadi DS,  Spetzler-Martin Grade III arteriovenous malformations: a comparison of modified and supplemented Spetzler-Martin grading systems. Neurosurgery. 2021;88(6):1103\u20131110.10.1093\/neuros\/nyab020"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.11.018","article-title":"Predictive model and online calculator for discharge disposition in brain tumor patients","volume":"146","author":"Huq S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huq S, Khalafallah AM, Patel P,  Predictive model and online calculator for discharge disposition in brain tumor patients. World Neurosurg.2021;146:e786\u2013e798.10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.11.018"},{"issue":"5","key":"b44","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E902","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyz161","article-title":"Evaluation of the risk assessment and prediction tool for postoperative disposition needs after cervical spine surgery","volume":"85","author":"Berger I","year":"2019","unstructured":"Berger I, Piazza M, Sharma N,  Evaluation of the risk assessment and prediction tool for postoperative disposition needs after cervical spine surgery. Neurosurgery. 2019;85(5):E902\u2013E909.10.1093\/neuros\/nyz161"},{"issue":"2","key":"b45","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"361","article-title":"Interhospital competition and hospital charges and costs for patients undergoing cranial neurosurgery","volume":"135","author":"Tang OY","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang OY, Rivera Perla KM, Lim RK, Yoon JS, Weil RJ, Toms SA. Interhospital competition and hospital charges and costs for patients undergoing cranial neurosurgery. J Neurosurg. 2021;135(2):361\u2013372."},{"issue":"6","key":"b46","series-title":"Ann Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000851","article-title":"A study of clinical coding accuracy in surgery: implications for the use of administrative big data for outcomes management","volume":"261","author":"Nouraei SA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nouraei SA, Hudovsky A, Frampton AE,  A study of clinical coding accuracy in surgery: implications for the use of administrative big data for outcomes management. Ann Surg. 2015;261(6):1096\u20131107.10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000851"},{"issue":"6","key":"b47","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.8.SPINE131113","article-title":"The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database does not accurately reflect surgical indications for fusion","volume":"21","author":"Gologorsky Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gologorsky Y, Knightly JJ, Chi JH, Groff MW. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database does not accurately reflect surgical indications for fusion. J Neurosurg Spine. 2014;21(6):984\u2013993.10.3171\/2014.8.SPINE131113"},{"issue":"4","key":"b48","series-title":"Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.08.256","article-title":"Hospital competitive intensity and perioperative outcomes following lumbar spinal fusion","volume":"18","author":"Durand WM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Durand WM, Johnson JR, Li NY,  Hospital competitive intensity and perioperative outcomes following lumbar spinal fusion. Spine J. 2018;18(4):626\u2013631.10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.08.256"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.105716","article-title":"Perioperative risk factors associated with ICU intervention following select neurosurgical procedures","volume":"192","author":"Ehlers LD","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ehlers LD, Pistone T, Haller SJ, Will Robbins J, Surdell D. Perioperative risk factors associated with ICU intervention following select neurosurgical procedures. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2020;192:105716.10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.105716"},{"issue":"13","key":"b2","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E782","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002970","article-title":"Preoperative risk stratification in spine tumor surgery: a comparison of the modified Charlson Index, Frailty Index, and ASA score","volume":"44","author":"Lakomkin N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lakomkin N, Zuckerman SL, Stannard B,  Preoperative risk stratification in spine tumor surgery: a comparison of the modified Charlson Index, Frailty Index, and ASA score. Spine (Phila Pa 1976).2019;44(13):E782\u2013E787.10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002970"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.06.093","article-title":"Advanced age is not a universal predictor of poorer outcome in patients undergoing neurosurgery","volume":"130","author":"Maslink C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maslink C, Cheng K, Smith TR, Das S. Advanced age is not a universal predictor of poorer outcome in patients undergoing neurosurgery. World Neurosurg.2019;130:e375\u2013e382.10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.06.093"},{"issue":"5","key":"b4","series-title":"Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27851","article-title":"Short-term outcomes of craniotomy for malignant brain tumors in the elderly","volume":"119","author":"Seicean A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seicean A, Seicean S, Schiltz NK,  Short-term outcomes of craniotomy for malignant brain tumors in the elderly. Cancer. 2013;119(5):1058\u20131064.10.1002\/cncr.27851"},{"issue":"5","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.6.JNS17392","article-title":"Microsurgical resection of brain arteriovenous malformations in the elderly: outcomes analysis and risk stratification","volume":"129","author":"Burkhardt JK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burkhardt JK, Lasker GF, Winkler EA, Kim H, Lawton MT. Microsurgical resection of brain arteriovenous malformations in the elderly: outcomes analysis and risk stratification. J Neurosurg. 2018;129(5):1107\u20131113.10.3171\/2017.6.JNS17392"},{"issue":"9","key":"b6","series-title":"Laryngoscope","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29485","article-title":"Frailty as a predictor of postoperative complications following skull base surgery","volume":"131","author":"Henry RK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Henry RK, Reeves RA, Wackym PA, Ahmed OH, Hanft SJ, Kwong KM. Frailty as a predictor of postoperative complications following skull base surgery. Laryngoscope. 2021;131(9):1977\u20131984.10.1002\/lary.29485"},{"issue":"6","key":"b7","series-title":"Pituitary","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-020-01069-5","article-title":"The 5-factor modified frailty index predicts health burden following surgery for pituitary adenomas","volume":"23","author":"Khalafallah AM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khalafallah AM, Shah PP, Huq S,  The 5-factor modified frailty index predicts health burden following surgery for pituitary adenomas. Pituitary. 2020;23(6):630\u2013640.10.1007\/s11102-020-01069-5"},{"issue":"7","key":"b8","series-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2021.0670","article-title":"Associations of baseline frailty status and age with outcomes in patients undergoing vestibular schwannoma resection","volume":"147","author":"Dicpinigaitis AJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dicpinigaitis AJ, Kalakoti P, Schmidt M,  Associations of baseline frailty status and age with outcomes in patients undergoing vestibular schwannoma resection. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021;147(7):608\u2013614.10.1001\/jamaoto.2021.0670"},{"issue":"12","key":"b9","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X18800589","article-title":"The importance of comorbidities in ischemic stroke: Impact of hypertension on the cerebral circulation","volume":"38","author":"Cipolla MJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cipolla MJ, Liebeskind DS, Chan SL. The importance of comorbidities in ischemic stroke: Impact of hypertension on the cerebral circulation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2018;38(12):2129\u20132149.10.1177\/0271678X18800589"},{"issue":"2","key":"b10","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001251","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of complications and mortality in cerebrovascular surgery: national trends from 2007 to 2012","volume":"79","author":"Michalak SM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Michalak SM, Rolston JD, Lawton MT. Incidence and predictors of complications and mortality in cerebrovascular surgery: national trends from 2007 to 2012. Neurosurgery. 2016;79(2):182\u2013193.10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001251"},{"issue":"4","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.10.SPINE14582","article-title":"Use of the modified frailty index to predict 30-day morbidity and mortality from spine surgery","volume":"25","author":"Ali R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ali R, Schwalb JM, Nerenz DR, Antoine HJ, Rubinfeld I. Use of the modified frailty index to predict 30-day morbidity and mortality from spine surgery. J Neurosurg Spine. 2016;25(4):537\u2013541.10.3171\/2015.10.SPINE14582"},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.5.JNS20766","article-title":"The 5-factor modified frailty index: an effective predictor of mortality in brain tumor patients","volume":"135","author":"Khalafallah AM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khalafallah AM, Huq S, Jimenez AE, Brem H, Mukherjee D. The 5-factor modified frailty index: an effective predictor of mortality in brain tumor patients. J Neurosurg. 2021;135(1):78\u201386.10.3171\/2020.5.JNS20766"},{"issue":"8","key":"b13","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e10048","article-title":"The effect of frailty versus initial Glasgow Coma Score in predicting outcomes following chronic subdural hemorrhage: a preliminary analysis","volume":"12","author":"McIntyre MK","year":"2020","unstructured":"McIntyre MK, Rawanduzy C, Afridi A,  The effect of frailty versus initial Glasgow Coma Score in predicting outcomes following chronic subdural hemorrhage: a preliminary analysis. Cureus. 2020;12(8):e10048."},{"issue":"1","key":"b14","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.8.JNS171413","article-title":"Validation of a neurovascular comorbidities index for retrospective database analysis","volume":"130","author":"Newman WC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Newman WC, Kubilis PS, Hoh BL. Validation of a neurovascular comorbidities index for retrospective database analysis. J Neurosurg. 2018;130(1):273\u2013277.10.3171\/2017.8.JNS171413"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.05.241","article-title":"Combined endovascular and microsurgical treatment of arteriovenous malformations in the hybrid operating room","volume":"117","author":"Gr\u00fcter BE","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcter BE, Mendelowitsch I, Diepers M, Remonda L, Fandino J, Marbacher S. Combined endovascular and microsurgical treatment of arteriovenous malformations in the hybrid operating room. World Neurosurg.2018;117:e204\u2013e214.10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.05.241"},{"issue":"11","key":"b16","series-title":"J Clin Epidemiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(94)90129-5","article-title":"Validation of a combined comorbidity index","volume":"47","author":"Charlson M","year":"1994","unstructured":"Charlson M, Szatrowski TP, Peterson J, Gold J. Validation of a combined comorbidity index. J Clin Epidemiol. 1994;47(11):1245\u20131251.10.1016\/0895-4356(94)90129-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"b17","series-title":"J Am Coll Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2017.11.005","article-title":"New 5-factor modified frailty index using American College of Surgeons NSQIP data","volume":"226","author":"Subramaniam S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Subramaniam S, Aalberg JJ, Soriano RP, Divino CM. New 5-factor modified frailty index using American College of Surgeons NSQIP data. J Am Coll Surg. 2018;226(2):173\u2013181.e8.10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2017.11.005"},{"issue":"3","key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.10.JNS12682","article-title":"Volume-outcome relationship in neurotrauma care","volume":"118","author":"Clement RC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clement RC, Carr BG, Kallan MJ, Wolff C, Reilly PM, Malhotra NR. Volume-outcome relationship in neurotrauma care. J Neurosurg. 2013;118(3):687\u2013693.10.3171\/2012.10.JNS12682"},{"issue":"1","key":"b19","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.7.JNS15925","article-title":"Improved outcomes for patients with cerebrovascular malformations at high-volume centers: the impact of surgeon and hospital volume in the United States, 2000-2009","volume":"127","author":"Davies JM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Davies JM, Lawton MT. Improved outcomes for patients with cerebrovascular malformations at high-volume centers: the impact of surgeon and hospital volume in the United States, 2000-2009. J Neurosurg. 2017;127(1):69\u201380.10.3171\/2016.7.JNS15925"},{"issue":"5","key":"b20","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E9","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.8.FOCUS19486","article-title":"Volume-outcome relationship in pediatric neurotrauma care: analysis of two national databases","volume":"47","author":"Tang OY","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tang OY, Yoon JS, Kimata AR, Lawton MT. Volume-outcome relationship in pediatric neurotrauma care: analysis of two national databases. Neurosurg Focus. 2019;47(5):E9.10.3171\/2019.8.FOCUS19486"},{"issue":"2","key":"b21","series-title":"Biophys J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2010.04.050","article-title":"Proline-rich salivary proteins have extended conformations","volume":"99","author":"Boze H","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boze H, Marlin T, Durand D,  Proline-rich salivary proteins have extended conformations. Biophys J. 2010;99(2):656\u2013665.10.1016\/j.bpj.2010.04.050"},{"issue":"4","key":"b22","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E17","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.1.FOCUS19899","article-title":"Arteriovenous malformation presenting with epilepsy: a multimodal approach to diagnosis and treatment","volume":"48","author":"Soldozy S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Soldozy S, Norat P, Ya\u011fmurlu K,  Arteriovenous malformation presenting with epilepsy: a multimodal approach to diagnosis and treatment. Neurosurg Focus. 2020;48(4):E17.10.3171\/2020.1.FOCUS19899"},{"issue":"3","key":"b23","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.02.039","article-title":"Cerebral arteriovenous malformations and epilepsy, Part 1: predictors of seizure presentation","volume":"84","author":"Ding D","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ding D, Starke RM, Quigg M,  Cerebral arteriovenous malformations and epilepsy, Part 1: predictors of seizure presentation. World Neurosurg. 2015;84(3):645\u2013652.10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.02.039"},{"issue":"11","key":"b24","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-017-3315-9","article-title":"Timing of surgery for ruptured supratentorial arteriovenous malformations","volume":"159","author":"Hafez A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hafez A, Oulasvirta E, Koroknay-P\u00e1l P, Niemel\u00e4 M, Hernesniemi J, Laakso A. Timing of surgery for ruptured supratentorial arteriovenous malformations. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2017;159(11):2103\u20132112.10.1007\/s00701-017-3315-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"b25","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.4.JNS131100","article-title":"Analysis of subarachnoid hemorrhage using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample: the NIS-SAH Severity Score and Outcome Measure","volume":"121","author":"Washington CW","year":"2014","unstructured":"Washington CW, Derdeyn CP, Dacey RG Jr, Dhar R, Zipfel GJ. Analysis of subarachnoid hemorrhage using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample: the NIS-SAH Severity Score and Outcome Measure. J Neurosurg. 2014;121(2):482\u2013489.10.3171\/2014.4.JNS131100"},{"issue":"3","key":"b26","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.8.JNS14553","article-title":"A new comorbidities index for risk stratification for treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms","volume":"125","author":"Newman WC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Newman WC, Neal DW, Hoh BL. A new comorbidities index for risk stratification for treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 2016;125(3):713\u2013719.10.3171\/2015.8.JNS14553"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Clin Interv Aging","first-page":"13","article-title":"Preoperative assessment of the older surgical patient: honing in on geriatric syndromes","volume":"10","author":"Kim S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim S, Brooks AK, Groban L. Preoperative assessment of the older surgical patient: honing in on geriatric syndromes. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;10:13\u201327."},{"issue":"2","key":"b28","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-010-0301-6","article-title":"Neurosurgery and elderly: analysis through the years","volume":"34","author":"Chibbaro S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chibbaro S, Di Rocco F, Makiese O,  Neurosurgery and elderly: analysis through the years. Neurosurg Rev. 2010;34(2):229\u2013234.10.1007\/s10143-010-0301-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"b29","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-020-01241-2","article-title":"The immense heterogeneity of frailty in neurosurgery: a systematic literature review","volume":"44","author":"Pazniokas J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pazniokas J, Gandhi C, Theriault B,  The immense heterogeneity of frailty in neurosurgery: a systematic literature review. Neurosurg Rev. 2021;44(1):189\u2013201.10.1007\/s10143-020-01241-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"b30","series-title":"J Neurooncol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-017-2644-0","article-title":"The modified frailty index and 30-day adverse events in oncologic neurosurgery","volume":"136","author":"Youngerman BE","year":"2018","unstructured":"Youngerman BE, Neugut AI, Yang J, Hershman DL, Wright JD, Bruce JN. The modified frailty index and 30-day adverse events in oncologic neurosurgery. J Neurooncol. 2018;136(1):197\u2013206.10.1007\/s11060-017-2644-0"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.022","article-title":"Frailty and outcomes after craniotomy or craniectomy for atraumatic chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"145","author":"Sastry RA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sastry RA, Pertsch N, Tang O, Shao B, Toms SA, Weil RJ. Frailty and outcomes after craniotomy or craniectomy for atraumatic chronic subdural hematoma. World Neurosurg.2021;145:e242\u2013e251.10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.022"},{"issue":"1","key":"b32","series-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2019-000248","article-title":"Updates in arteriovenous malformation management: the post-ARUBA era","volume":"5","author":"Feghali J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feghali J, Huang J. Updates in arteriovenous malformation management: the post-ARUBA era. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2019;5(1):34\u201339.10.1136\/svn-2019-000248"},{"issue":"4","key":"b33","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1986.65.4.0476","article-title":"A proposed grading system for arteriovenous malformations","volume":"65","author":"Spetzler RF","year":"1986","unstructured":"Spetzler RF, Martin NA. A proposed grading system for arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg. 1986;65(4):476\u2013483.10.3171\/jns.1986.65.4.0476"},{"issue":"2","key":"b34","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyy153","article-title":"The application of the novel grading scale (Lawton-Young grading system) to predict the outcome of brain arteriovenous malformation","volume":"84","author":"Hafez A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hafez A, Koroknay-P\u00e1l P, Oulasvirta E,  The application of the novel grading scale (Lawton-Young grading system) to predict the outcome of brain arteriovenous malformation. Neurosurgery. 2019;84(2):529\u2013536.10.1093\/neuros\/nyy153"},{"issue":"4","key":"b35","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000367555.16733.E1","article-title":"A supplementary grading scale for selecting patients with brain arteriovenous malformations for surgery","volume":"66","author":"Lawton MT","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lawton MT, Kim H, McCulloch CE, Mikhak B, Young WL. A supplementary grading scale for selecting patients with brain arteriovenous malformations for surgery. Neurosurgery. 2010;66(4):702\u2013713.10.1227\/01.NEU.0000367555.16733.E1"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.04.080","article-title":"The AVICH score: a novel grading system to predict clinical outcome in arteriovenous malformation-related intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"92","author":"Neidert MC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Neidert MC, Lawton MT, Mader M,  The AVICH score: a novel grading system to predict clinical outcome in arteriovenous malformation-related intracerebral hemorrhage. World Neurosurg.2016;92:292\u2013297.10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.04.080"},{"issue":"11","key":"b37","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316259","article-title":"International multicentre validation of the arteriovenous malformation-related intracerebral haemorrhage (AVICH) score","volume":"89","author":"Neidert MC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neidert MC, Lawton MT, Kim LJ,  International multicentre validation of the arteriovenous malformation-related intracerebral haemorrhage (AVICH) score. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;89(11):1163\u20131166.10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316259"},{"issue":"45","key":"b38","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8544","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008544","article-title":"Clinical features and prognostic factors in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage caused by ruptured arteriovenous malformations","volume":"96","author":"Ye Z","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ye Z, Ai X, Hu X, Fang F, You C. Clinical features and prognostic factors in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage caused by ruptured arteriovenous malformations. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(45):e8544.10.1097\/MD.0000000000008544"},{"issue":"1","key":"b39","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.2.PEDS18731","article-title":"A study of pediatric cerebral arteriovenous malformations: clinical presentation, radiological features, and long-term functional and educational outcomes with predictors of sustained neurological deficits","volume":"24","author":"Ravindra VM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ravindra VM, Bollo RJ, Eli IM,  A study of pediatric cerebral arteriovenous malformations: clinical presentation, radiological features, and long-term functional and educational outcomes with predictors of sustained neurological deficits. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2019;24(1):1\u20138.10.3171\/2019.2.PEDS18731"},{"issue":"3","key":"b40","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3171\/2008.7.JNS0815","article-title":"Hydrocephalus in unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations: pathomechanical considerations, therapeutic implications, and clinical course","volume":"110","author":"Geibprasert S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Geibprasert S, Pereira V, Krings T, Jiarakongmun P, Lasjaunias P, Pongpech S. Hydrocephalus in unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations: pathomechanical considerations, therapeutic implications, and clinical course. J Neurosurg. 2009;110(3):500\u2013507.10.3171\/2008.7.JNS0815"},{"issue":"5","key":"b41","series-title":"Otol Neurotol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200209000-00020","article-title":"Cerebellar arteriovenous malformation with facial paralysis, hearing loss, and tinnitus: a case report","volume":"23","author":"Kikuchi M","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kikuchi M, Funabiki K, Hasebe S, Takahashi H. Cerebellar arteriovenous malformation with facial paralysis, hearing loss, and tinnitus: a case report. Otol Neurotol. 2002;23(5):723\u2013726.10.1097\/00129492-200209000-00020"},{"issue":"6","key":"b42","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyab020","article-title":"Spetzler-Martin Grade III arteriovenous malformations: a comparison of modified and supplemented Spetzler-Martin grading systems","volume":"88","author":"Frisoli FA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Frisoli FA, Catapano JS, Farhadi DS,  Spetzler-Martin Grade III arteriovenous malformations: a comparison of modified and supplemented Spetzler-Martin grading systems. Neurosurgery. 2021;88(6):1103\u20131110.10.1093\/neuros\/nyab020"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.11.018","article-title":"Predictive model and online calculator for discharge disposition in brain tumor patients","volume":"146","author":"Huq S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huq S, Khalafallah AM, Patel P,  Predictive model and online calculator for discharge disposition in brain tumor patients. World Neurosurg.2021;146:e786\u2013e798.10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.11.018"},{"issue":"5","key":"b44","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E902","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyz161","article-title":"Evaluation of the risk assessment and prediction tool for postoperative disposition needs after cervical spine surgery","volume":"85","author":"Berger I","year":"2019","unstructured":"Berger I, Piazza M, Sharma N,  Evaluation of the risk assessment and prediction tool for postoperative disposition needs after cervical spine surgery. Neurosurgery. 2019;85(5):E902\u2013E909.10.1093\/neuros\/nyz161"},{"issue":"2","key":"b45","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"361","article-title":"Interhospital competition and hospital charges and costs for patients undergoing cranial neurosurgery","volume":"135","author":"Tang OY","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang OY, Rivera Perla KM, Lim RK, Yoon JS, Weil RJ, Toms SA. Interhospital competition and hospital charges and costs for patients undergoing cranial neurosurgery. J Neurosurg. 2021;135(2):361\u2013372."},{"issue":"6","key":"b46","series-title":"Ann Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000851","article-title":"A study of clinical coding accuracy in surgery: implications for the use of administrative big data for outcomes management","volume":"261","author":"Nouraei SA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nouraei SA, Hudovsky A, Frampton AE,  A study of clinical coding accuracy in surgery: implications for the use of administrative big data for outcomes management. Ann Surg. 2015;261(6):1096\u20131107.10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000851"},{"issue":"6","key":"b47","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.8.SPINE131113","article-title":"The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database does not accurately reflect surgical indications for fusion","volume":"21","author":"Gologorsky Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gologorsky Y, Knightly JJ, Chi JH, Groff MW. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database does not accurately reflect surgical indications for fusion. J Neurosurg Spine. 2014;21(6):984\u2013993.10.3171\/2014.8.SPINE131113"},{"issue":"4","key":"b48","series-title":"Spine J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.08.256","article-title":"Hospital competitive intensity and perioperative outcomes following lumbar spinal fusion","volume":"18","author":"Durand WM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Durand WM, Johnson JR, Li NY,  Hospital competitive intensity and perioperative outcomes following lumbar spinal fusion. Spine J. 2018;18(4):626\u2013631.10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.08.256"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/53\/1\/article-pE14.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/53\/1\/article-pE14.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/53\/1\/article-pE14.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T08:27:26Z","timestamp":1780129646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/53\/1\/article-pE14.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2022.4.focus2285","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}}}