{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T23:38:14Z","timestamp":1780357094135,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"abstract":"\nOBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\nRuptured brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) in a child are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Prior studies investigating predictors of hemorrhagic presentation of a bAVM during childhood are limited. Machine learning (ML), which has high predictive accuracy when applied to large data sets, can be a useful adjunct for predicting hemorrhagic presentation. The goal of this study was to use ML in conjunction with a traditional regression approach to identify predictors of hemorrhagic presentation in pediatric patients based on a retrospective cohort study design.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMETHODS<\/jats:title>\nUsing data obtained from 186 pediatric patients over a 19-year study period, the authors implemented three ML algorithms (random forest models, gradient boosted decision trees, and AdaBoost) to identify features that were most important for predicting hemorrhagic presentation. Additionally, logistic regression analysis was used to ascertain significant predictors of hemorrhagic presentation as a comparison.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nRESULTS<\/jats:title>\nAll three ML models were consistent in identifying bAVM size and patient age at presentation as the two most important factors for predicting hemorrhagic presentation. Age at presentation was not identified as a significant predictor of hemorrhagic presentation in multivariable logistic regression. Gradient boosted decision trees\/AdaBoost and random forest models identified bAVM location and a concurrent arterial aneurysm as the third most important factors, respectively. Finally, logistic regression identified a left-sided bAVM, small bAVM size, and the presence of a concurrent arterial aneurysm as significant risk factors for hemorrhagic presentation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nCONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\nBy using an ML approach, the authors found predictors of hemorrhagic presentation that were not identified using a conventional regression approach.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.4.peds21470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T14:00:46Z","timestamp":1655474446000},"page":"203-209","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Machine learning for predicting hemorrhage in pediatric patients with brain arteriovenous malformation"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Satvir","family":"Saggi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan A.","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon G.","family":"Ammanuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramin A.","family":"Morshed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph H.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob S.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexa","family":"Semonche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather J.","family":"Fullerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Cooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven W.","family":"Hetts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adib","family":"Abla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Lawton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nalin","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco;"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"2)(suppl","key":"b1","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"88","article-title":"Surgical management of arteriovenous malformations in children","volume":"105","author":"Bristol RE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bristol RE, Albuquerque FC, Spetzler RF, Rekate HL, McDougall CG, Zabramski JM. 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