{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:22:52Z","timestamp":1791292972748,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Training of residents is an essential but time-consuming and costly task in the surgical disciplines. During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, surgical education became even more challenging because of the reduced caseload due to the increased shift to corona care. In this context, augmented 360\u00b0 3D virtual reality (VR) videos of surgical procedures enable effective off-site training through virtual participation in the surgery. The goal of this study was to establish and evaluate 360\u00b0 3D VR operative videos for neurosurgical training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a 360\u00b0 camera, the authors recorded three standard neurosurgical procedures: a lumbar discectomy, brain metastasis resection, and clipping of an aneurysm. Combined with the stereoscopic view of the surgical microscope, 7- to 10-minute 360\u00b0 3D VR videos augmented with annotations, overlays, and commentary were created. These videos were then presented to the neurosurgical residents at the authors\u2019 institution using a head-mounted display. Before viewing the videos, the residents were asked to fill out a questionnaire indicating their VR experience and self-assessment of surgical skills regarding the specific procedure. After watching the videos, the residents completed another questionnaire to evaluate their quality and usefulness. The parameters were scaled with a 5-point Likert scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-two residents participated in this study. The mean years of experience of the participants in neurosurgery was 3.2 years, ranging from the 1st through the 7th year of training. Most participants (86.4%) had no or less than 15 minutes of VR experience. The overall quality of the videos was rated good to very good. Immersion, the feeling of being in the operating room, was high, and almost all participants (91%) stated that 360\u00b0 VR videos provide a useful addition to the neurosurgical training. VR sickness was negligible in the cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, the authors demonstrated the feasibility and high acceptance of augmented 360\u00b0 3D VR videos in neurosurgical training. Augmentation of 360\u00b0 videos with complementary and interactive content has the potential to effectively support trainees in acquiring conceptual knowledge. Further studies are necessary to investigate the effectiveness of their use in improving surgical skills.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.5.focus2261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T06:58:06Z","timestamp":1659337086000},"page":"E4","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["360\u00b0 3D virtual reality operative video for the training of residents in neurosurgery"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Bruening","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Truckenmueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Excellence: \u201cMatters of Activity. Image Space Material,\u201d Humboldt University, Berlin;"},{"name":"gamelab.berlin, Cluster of Excellence: \u201cMatters of Activity. Image Space Material,\u201d Humboldt University, Berlin;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josch","family":"Fuellhase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Vajkoczy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Picht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin;"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence: \u201cMatters of Activity. Image Space Material,\u201d Humboldt University, Berlin;"},{"name":"Berlin Simulation and Training Center (BeST), Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gueliz","family":"Acker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin;"},{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health, BIH Academy, Clinician Scientist Program, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"Am J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(98)00289-X","article-title":"The financial impact of teaching surgical residents in the operating room","volume":"177","author":"Bridges M","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bridges M, Diamond DL. The financial impact of teaching surgical residents in the operating room. Am J Surg. 1999;177(1):28\u201332.10.1016\/S0002-9610(98)00289-X"},{"issue":"5","key":"b2","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-019-03888-3","article-title":"Neurosurgical procedures performed during residency in Europe-preliminary numbers and time trends","volume":"161","author":"Stienen MN","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stienen MN, Bartek J Jr, Czabanka MA,  Neurosurgical procedures performed during residency in Europe-preliminary numbers and time trends. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2019;161(5):843\u2013853.10.1007\/s00701-019-03888-333824812"},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"J Surg Educ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2009.12.003","article-title":"The eighty-hour workweek: surgical attendings\u2019 perspectives","volume":"67","author":"Griner D","year":"2010","unstructured":"Griner D, Menon RP, Kotwall CA, Clancy TV, Hope WW. The eighty-hour workweek: surgical attendings\u2019 perspectives. J Surg Educ. 2010;67(1):25\u201331.10.1016\/j.jsurg.2009.12.003"},{"issue":"7","key":"b4","series-title":"J Med Internet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19667","DOI":"10.2196\/19667","article-title":"Unmuting medical students\u2019 education: utilizing telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond","volume":"22","author":"Iancu AM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iancu AM, Kemp MT, Alam HB. Unmuting medical students\u2019 education: utilizing telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(7):e19667.10.2196\/1966733954071"},{"issue":"2","key":"b5","series-title":"Zentralbl Arbeitsmed Arbeitsschutz Ergon","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s40664-020-00411-9","article-title":"Classroom teaching at universities and colleges under the conditions of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Article in German","volume":"71","author":"Preisser AM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Preisser AM, Pieter J, Harth V. Classroom teaching at universities and colleges under the conditions of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Article in German. Zentralbl Arbeitsmed Arbeitsschutz Ergon. 2021;71(2):49\u201355.10.1007\/s40664-020-00411-917377256"},{"issue":"11","key":"b6","series-title":"Br J Surg","first-page":"1440","article-title":"Elective surgery cancellations due to the COVID-19 pandemic: global predictive modelling to inform surgical recovery plans","volume":"107","author":"COVIDSurg Collaborative","year":"2020","unstructured":"COVIDSurg Collaborative. Elective surgery cancellations due to the COVID-19 pandemic: global predictive modelling to inform surgical recovery plans. Br J Surg. 2020;107(11):1440\u20131449."},{"issue":"9","key":"b7","series-title":"Br J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e305","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.11761","article-title":"The perspective of surgical residents on current and future training in light of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"107","author":"Kapila AK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kapila AK, Farid Y, Kapila V, Schettino M, Vanhoeij M, Hamdi M. The perspective of surgical residents on current and future training in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Br J Surg. 2020:107(9):e305.10.1002\/bjs.1176133824812"},{"issue":"8","key":"b8","series-title":"Acad Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2011.04.005","article-title":"A guide to stereoscopic 3D displays in medicine","volume":"18","author":"Held RT","year":"2011","unstructured":"Held RT, Hui TT. A guide to stereoscopic 3D displays in medicine. Acad Radiol. 2011;18(8):1035\u20131048.10.1016\/j.acra.2011.04.005"},{"issue":"5","key":"b9","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2012.672057","article-title":"Intraoperative stereoscopic 3D video imaging: pushing the boundaries of surgical visualisation and applications for neurosurgical education","volume":"26","author":"Heath MD","year":"2012","unstructured":"Heath MD, Cohen-Gadol AA. Intraoperative stereoscopic 3D video imaging: pushing the boundaries of surgical visualisation and applications for neurosurgical education. Br J Neurosurg. 2012;26(5):662\u2013667.10.3109\/02688697.2012.67205733954071"},{"issue":"3","key":"b10","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2014.997664","article-title":"Recording stereoscopic 3D neurosurgery with a head-mounted 3D camera system","volume":"29","author":"Lee B","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee B, Chen BR, Chen BB, Lu JY, Giannotta SL. Recording stereoscopic 3D neurosurgery with a head-mounted 3D camera system. Br J Neurosurg. 2015;29(3):371\u2013373.10.3109\/02688697.2014.99766417377256"},{"issue":"5","key":"b11","series-title":"J Digit Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-017-9948-7","article-title":"GoPro Hero cameras for creation of a three-dimensional, educational, neurointerventional video","volume":"30","author":"Park MS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park MS, Brock A, Mortimer V, Taussky P, Couldwell WT, Quigley E. GoPro Hero cameras for creation of a three-dimensional, educational, neurointerventional video. J Digit Imaging. 2017;30(5):561\u2013565.10.1007\/s10278-017-9948-7"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.06.140","article-title":"Virtual reality and simulation in neurosurgical training","volume":"106","author":"Bernardo A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bernardo A. Virtual reality and simulation in neurosurgical training. World Neurosurg. 2017;106: 1015\u20131029.10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.06.140"},{"issue":"10","key":"b13","series-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21986","article-title":"Immersive virtual reality as a teaching tool for neuroanatomy","volume":"7","author":"Stepan K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stepan K, Zeiger J, Hanchuk S,  Immersive virtual reality as a teaching tool for neuroanatomy. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2017;7(10):1006\u20131013.10.1002\/alr.21986"},{"issue":"2","key":"b14","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E18","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.5.FOCUS21212","article-title":"Randomized study comparing 3D virtual reality and conventional 2D on-screen teaching of cerebrovascular anatomy","volume":"51","author":"Greuter L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Greuter L, De Rosa A, Cattin P, Croci DM, Soleman J, Guzman R. Randomized study comparing 3D virtual reality and conventional 2D on-screen teaching of cerebrovascular anatomy. Neurosurg Focus. 2021;51(2):E18.10.3171\/2021.5.FOCUS21212"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Int J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2016.03.034","article-title":"Virtual reality training in laparoscopic surgery: a systematic review & meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Alaker M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alaker M, Wynn GR, Arulampalam T. Virtual reality training in laparoscopic surgery: a systematic review & meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2016;29:85\u201394.10.1016\/j.ijsu.2016.03.034"},{"issue":"11","key":"b16","series-title":"Surg Endosc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4472","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-017-5500-6","article-title":"New dimensions in surgical training: immersive virtual reality laparoscopic simulation exhilarates surgical staff","volume":"31","author":"Huber T","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huber T, Paschold M, Hansen C, Wunderling T, Lang H, Kneist W. New dimensions in surgical training: immersive virtual reality laparoscopic simulation exhilarates surgical staff. Surg Endosc. 2017;31(11):4472\u20134477.10.1007\/s00464-017-5500-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"b17","series-title":"BMC Med Educ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-021-02628-5","article-title":"Use of 360\u00b0 virtual reality video in medical obstetrical education: a quasi-experimental design","volume":"21","author":"Arents V","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arents V, de Groot PCM, Struben VMD, van Stralen KJ. Use of 360\u00b0 virtual reality video in medical obstetrical education: a quasi-experimental design. BMC Med Educ. 2021;21(1):202.10.1186\/s12909-021-02628-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"b18","series-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.05.044","article-title":"Use of 3-dimensional 360-degree virtual reality video in dermatologic and reconstructive surgery and Mohs micrographic surgery","volume":"85","author":"Kantor J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kantor J. Use of 3-dimensional 360-degree virtual reality video in dermatologic and reconstructive surgery and Mohs micrographic surgery. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;85(2):e67\u2013e68.10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.05.044"},{"issue":"3","key":"b19","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e13661","article-title":"Immersive video modeling versus traditional video modeling for teaching central venous catheter insertion to medical residents","volume":"13","author":"Mah E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mah E, Yu J, Deck M,  Immersive video modeling versus traditional video modeling for teaching central venous catheter insertion to medical residents. Cureus. 2021;13(3):e13661."},{"issue":"1","key":"b20","series-title":"Ann Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2021.1970219","article-title":"Using 360-degree video for teaching emergency medicine during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"53","author":"Petrica A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Petrica A, Lungeanu D, Ciuta A, Marza AM, Botea MO, Mederle OA. Using 360-degree video for teaching emergency medicine during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann Med. 2021;53(1):1520\u20131530.10.1080\/07853890.2021.1970219"},{"issue":"12","key":"b21","series-title":"J Med Internet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22420","DOI":"10.2196\/22420","article-title":"Developing virtual reality trauma training experiences using 360-degree video: tutorial","volume":"22","author":"Patel D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patel D, Hawkins J, Chehab LZ,  Developing virtual reality trauma training experiences using 360-degree video: tutorial. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(12):e22420.10.2196\/22420"},{"issue":"4","key":"b22","series-title":"JMIR Serious Games","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13124","DOI":"10.2196\/13124","article-title":"Using a 360\u00b0 virtual reality or 2D video to learn history taking and physical examination skills for undergraduate medical students: pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Chao YP","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chao YP, Chuang HH, Hsin LJ,  Using a 360\u00b0 virtual reality or 2D video to learn history taking and physical examination skills for undergraduate medical students: pilot randomized controlled trial. JMIR Serious Games. 2021;9(4):e13124.10.2196\/13124"},{"issue":"4","key":"b23","series-title":"J Surg Educ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2017.10.010","article-title":"360\u00b0 operative videos: a randomised cross-over study evaluating attentiveness and information retention","volume":"75","author":"Harrington CM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harrington CM, Kavanagh DO, Wright Ballester G,  360\u00b0 operative videos: a randomised cross-over study evaluating attentiveness and information retention. J Surg Educ. 2018;75(4):993\u20131000.10.1016\/j.jsurg.2017.10.010"},{"issue":"3","key":"b24","series-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2020.04.018","article-title":"360\u00b0 video recording inside a GI endoscopy room: technical feasibility and its potential use for the acquisition of gastrointestinal endoscopy skills. Pilot experience","volume":"44","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-D\u2019Jes\u00fas A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-D\u2019Jes\u00fas A, Uchima H. 360\u00b0 video recording inside a GI endoscopy room: technical feasibility and its potential use for the acquisition of gastrointestinal endoscopy skills. Pilot experience. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;44(3):245\u2013249.10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2020.04.018"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"b25","series-title":"Int J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2018.04.002","article-title":"360\u00b0 virtual reality video for the acquisition of knot tying skills: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"54","author":"Yoganathan S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yoganathan S, Finch DA, Parkin E, Pollard J. 360\u00b0 virtual reality video for the acquisition of knot tying skills: a randomised controlled trial. Int J Surg. 2018;54(Pt A):24-27.10.1016\/j.ijsu.2018.04.002"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Transpl Immunol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2018.03.001","article-title":"Introducing the innovative technique of 360\u00b0 virtual reality in kidney transplant education","volume":"49","author":"Pieterse AD","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pieterse AD, Huurman VAL, Hierck BP, Reinders MEJ. Introducing the innovative technique of 360\u00b0 virtual reality in kidney transplant education. Transpl Immunol. 2018;49:5\u20136.10.1016\/j.trim.2018.03.001"},{"issue":"1","key":"b27","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2016.08.004","article-title":"From stereoscopic recording to virtual reality headsets: designing a new way to learn surgery","volume":"63","author":"Ros M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ros M, Trives JV, Lonjon N. From stereoscopic recording to virtual reality headsets: designing a new way to learn surgery. Neurochirurgie. 2017;63(1):1\u20135.10.1016\/j.neuchi.2016.08.004"},{"issue":"4","key":"b28","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2020.05.006","article-title":"Applying an immersive tutorial in virtual reality to learning a new technique","volume":"66","author":"Ros M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ros M, Debien B, Cyteval C, Molinari N, Gatto F, Lonjon N. Applying an immersive tutorial in virtual reality to learning a new technique. Neurochirurgie. 2020;66(4):212\u2013218.10.1016\/j.neuchi.2020.05.006"},{"issue":"9","key":"b29","series-title":"Med Teach","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2015.1114597","article-title":"The effect of stress on learning in surgical skill acquisition","volume":"38","author":"Flinn JT","year":"2016","unstructured":"Flinn JT, Miller A, Pyatka N, Brewer J, Schneider T, Cao CG. The effect of stress on learning in surgical skill acquisition. Med Teach. 2016;38(9):897\u2013903.10.3109\/0142159X.2015.1114597"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.05.263","article-title":"An evaluation of neurosurgical resident education and sentiment during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a North American survey","volume":"140","author":"Pelargos PE","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pelargos PE, Chakraborty A, Zhao YD, Smith ZA, Dunn IF, Bauer AM. An evaluation of neurosurgical resident education and sentiment during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a North American survey. World Neurosurg. 2020;140:e381\u2013e386.10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.05.263"},{"key":"b31","first-page":"285","article-title":"The role of spatial cognition in medicine: applications for selecting and training professionals","author":"Hegarty M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hegarty M, Keehner M, Cohen C, Montello D. The role of spatial cognition in medicine: applications for selecting and training professionals. In: Allen GL, ed. Applied Spatial Cognition: From Research to Cognitive Technology. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; 2007:285-315."},{"key":"b32","series-title":"3D Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/3DRes.01(2012)3","article-title":"Effectiveness of stereoscopic displays in medicine: a review","volume":"3","author":"van Beurden MHPH","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Beurden MHPH, Ijsselsteijn W, Juola J. Effectiveness of stereoscopic displays in medicine: a review. 3D Res. 2012;3:310.1007\/3DRes.01(2012)3"},{"issue":"1","key":"b33","series-title":"Anat Sci Educ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1626","article-title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of 3D vascular stereoscopic models in anatomy instruction for first year medical students","volume":"10","author":"Cui D","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cui D, Wilson TD, Rockhold RW, Lehman MN, Lynch JC. Evaluation of the effectiveness of 3D vascular stereoscopic models in anatomy instruction for first year medical students. Anat Sci Educ. 2017;10(1):34\u201345.10.1002\/ase.1626"},{"issue":"6","key":"b34","series-title":"Surg Radiol Anat","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-020-02442-6","article-title":"Stereoscopic three-dimensional visualization: interest for neuroanatomy teaching in medical school","volume":"42","author":"Jacquesson T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jacquesson T, Simon E, Dauleac C, Margueron L, Robinson P, Mertens P. Stereoscopic three-dimensional visualization: interest for neuroanatomy teaching in medical school. Surg Radiol Anat. 2020;42(6):719\u2013727.10.1007\/s00276-020-02442-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"b35","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e14260","article-title":"Impact of 360\u00b0 vs 2D videos on engagement in anatomy education","volume":"13","author":"Chan V","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chan V, Larson ND, Moody DA, Moyer DG, Shah NL. Impact of 360\u00b0 vs 2D videos on engagement in anatomy education. Cureus. 2021;13(4):e14260."},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform","first-page":"155","article-title":"The effect of degree of immersion upon learning performance in virtual reality simulations for medical education","volume":"125","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez F","year":"2007","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez F, Pierce J, Vergara VM,  The effect of degree of immersion upon learning performance in virtual reality simulations for medical education. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2007;125:155\u2013160."},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Comput Educ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.09.015","article-title":"Investigating learning outcomes and subjective experiences in 360-degree videos","volume":"128","author":"Rupp MA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rupp MA, Odette KL, Kozachuk J, Michaelis JR, Smither JA, McConnell DS. Investigating learning outcomes and subjective experiences in 360-degree videos. Comput Educ. 2019;128:256\u2013268.10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.09.015"},{"issue":"1","key":"b38","series-title":"J Surg Educ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2015.09.010","article-title":"Cognitive load in mastoidectomy skills training: virtual reality simulation and traditional dissection compared","volume":"73","author":"Andersen SA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andersen SA, Mikkelsen PT, Konge L, Cay\u00e9-Thomasen P, S\u00f8rensen MS. Cognitive load in mastoidectomy skills training: virtual reality simulation and traditional dissection compared. J Surg Educ. 2016;73(1):45\u201350.10.1016\/j.jsurg.2015.09.010"},{"issue":"7","key":"b39","series-title":"Med Teach","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2018.1465182","article-title":"The effect of distributed virtual reality simulation training on cognitive load during subsequent dissection training","volume":"40","author":"Andersen SAW","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andersen SAW, Konge L, S\u00f8rensen MS. The effect of distributed virtual reality simulation training on cognitive load during subsequent dissection training. Med Teach. 2018;40(7):684\u2013689.10.1080\/0142159X.2018.1465182"},{"issue":"3","key":"b40","series-title":"Surg Endosc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-019-06887-8","article-title":"Cognitive load and performance in immersive virtual reality versus conventional virtual reality simulation training of laparoscopic surgery: a randomized trial","volume":"34","author":"Frederiksen JG","year":"2020","unstructured":"Frederiksen JG, S\u00f8rensen SMD, Konge L,  Cognitive load and performance in immersive virtual reality versus conventional virtual reality simulation training of laparoscopic surgery: a randomized trial. Surg Endosc. 2020;34(3):1244\u20131252.10.1007\/s00464-019-06887-8"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.04.023","article-title":"Three-dimensional imaging in neurosurgical research and education","volume":"91","author":"Benet A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Benet A, Tabani H, Griswold D,  Three-dimensional imaging in neurosurgical research and education. World Neurosurg. 2016;91:317\u2013325.10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.04.023"},{"issue":"5","key":"b42","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2017.10.002","article-title":"Effectiveness of immersive virtual reality in surgical training\u2014a randomized control trial","volume":"76","author":"Pulijala Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pulijala Y, Ma M, Pears M, Peebles D, Ayoub A. Effectiveness of immersive virtual reality in surgical training\u2014a randomized control trial. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;76(5):1065\u20131072.10.1016\/j.joms.2017.10.002"},{"issue":"12","key":"b43","series-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-021-04050-4","article-title":"Immersive virtual reality enables technical skill acquisition for scrub nurses in complex revision total knee arthroplasty","volume":"141","author":"Edwards TC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Edwards TC, Patel A, Szyszka B,  Immersive virtual reality enables technical skill acquisition for scrub nurses in complex revision total knee arthroplasty. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2021;141(12):2313\u20132321.10.1007\/s00402-021-04050-4"},{"issue":"5","key":"b44","series-title":"J Surg Educ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2019.03.005","article-title":"Pre-education enhances the success of manual training for orthopedic surgery residents","volume":"76","author":"Tarchala M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tarchala M, Charbonneau M, Aduljabbar FH, Teles AR, Weber M. Pre-education enhances the success of manual training for orthopedic surgery residents. J Surg Educ. 2019;76(5):1433\u20131439.10.1016\/j.jsurg.2019.03.005"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Front Hum Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00096","article-title":"Factors associated with virtual reality sickness in head-mounted displays: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Saredakis D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saredakis D, Szpak A, Birckhead B, Keage HAD, Rizzo A, Loetscher T. Factors associated with virtual reality sickness in head-mounted displays: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Hum Neurosci. 2020;14:96.10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00096"},{"issue":"2","key":"b46","series-title":"J Med Imaging Radiat Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2019.12.008","article-title":"Learning in 360 degrees: a pilot study on the use of virtual reality for radiation therapy patient education","volume":"51","author":"Johnson K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johnson K, Liszewski B, Dawdy K, Lai Y, McGuffin M. Learning in 360 degrees: a pilot study on the use of virtual reality for radiation therapy patient education. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci. 2020;51(2):221\u2013226.10.1016\/j.jmir.2019.12.008"},{"issue":"12","key":"b47","series-title":"Psychol Assess","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000626","article-title":"Constructing validity: new developments in creating objective measuring instruments","volume":"31","author":"Clark LA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Clark LA, Watson D. Constructing validity: new developments in creating objective measuring instruments. Psychol Assess. 2019;31(12):1412\u20131427.10.1037\/pas0000626"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Front Psychol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637547","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.637547","article-title":"A review of key Likert scale development advances: 1995\u20132019. Review","volume":"12","author":"Jebb AT","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jebb AT, Ng V, Tay L. A review of key Likert scale development advances: 1995\u20132019. Review. Front Psychol. 2021;12:637547.10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.637547"},{"issue":"1","key":"b49","series-title":"Heliyon","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e08733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e08733","article-title":"Students\u2019 self-reported well-being under corona measures, lessons for the future","volume":"8","author":"Meulenbroeks R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meulenbroeks R, van Joolingen WR. Students\u2019 self-reported well-being under corona measures, lessons for the future. Heliyon. 2022;8(1):e08733.10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e08733"},{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"Am J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(98)00289-X","article-title":"The financial impact of teaching surgical residents in the operating room","volume":"177","author":"Bridges M","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bridges M, Diamond DL. The financial impact of teaching surgical residents in the operating room. Am J Surg. 1999;177(1):28\u201332.10.1016\/S0002-9610(98)00289-X"},{"issue":"5","key":"b2","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-019-03888-3","article-title":"Neurosurgical procedures performed during residency in Europe-preliminary numbers and time trends","volume":"161","author":"Stienen MN","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stienen MN, Bartek J Jr, Czabanka MA,  Neurosurgical procedures performed during residency in Europe-preliminary numbers and time trends. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2019;161(5):843\u2013853.10.1007\/s00701-019-03888-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"J Surg Educ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2009.12.003","article-title":"The eighty-hour workweek: surgical attendings\u2019 perspectives","volume":"67","author":"Griner D","year":"2010","unstructured":"Griner D, Menon RP, Kotwall CA, Clancy TV, Hope WW. The eighty-hour workweek: surgical attendings\u2019 perspectives. J Surg Educ. 2010;67(1):25\u201331.10.1016\/j.jsurg.2009.12.003"},{"issue":"7","key":"b4","series-title":"J Med Internet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19667","DOI":"10.2196\/19667","article-title":"Unmuting medical students\u2019 education: utilizing telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond","volume":"22","author":"Iancu AM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iancu AM, Kemp MT, Alam HB. Unmuting medical students\u2019 education: utilizing telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(7):e19667.10.2196\/19667"},{"issue":"2","key":"b5","series-title":"Zentralbl Arbeitsmed Arbeitsschutz Ergon","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s40664-020-00411-9","article-title":"Classroom teaching at universities and colleges under the conditions of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Article in German","volume":"71","author":"Preisser AM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Preisser AM, Pieter J, Harth V. Classroom teaching at universities and colleges under the conditions of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Article in German. Zentralbl Arbeitsmed Arbeitsschutz Ergon. 2021;71(2):49\u201355.10.1007\/s40664-020-00411-9"},{"issue":"11","key":"b6","series-title":"Br J Surg","first-page":"1440","article-title":"Elective surgery cancellations due to the COVID-19 pandemic: global predictive modelling to inform surgical recovery plans","volume":"107","author":"COVIDSurg Collaborative","year":"2020","unstructured":"COVIDSurg Collaborative. Elective surgery cancellations due to the COVID-19 pandemic: global predictive modelling to inform surgical recovery plans. Br J Surg. 2020;107(11):1440\u20131449."},{"issue":"9","key":"b7","series-title":"Br J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e305","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.11761","article-title":"The perspective of surgical residents on current and future training in light of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"107","author":"Kapila AK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kapila AK, Farid Y, Kapila V, Schettino M, Vanhoeij M, Hamdi M. The perspective of surgical residents on current and future training in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Br J Surg. 2020:107(9):e305.10.1002\/bjs.11761"},{"issue":"8","key":"b8","series-title":"Acad Radiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2011.04.005","article-title":"A guide to stereoscopic 3D displays in medicine","volume":"18","author":"Held RT","year":"2011","unstructured":"Held RT, Hui TT. A guide to stereoscopic 3D displays in medicine. Acad Radiol. 2011;18(8):1035\u20131048.10.1016\/j.acra.2011.04.005"},{"issue":"5","key":"b9","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2012.672057","article-title":"Intraoperative stereoscopic 3D video imaging: pushing the boundaries of surgical visualisation and applications for neurosurgical education","volume":"26","author":"Heath MD","year":"2012","unstructured":"Heath MD, Cohen-Gadol AA. Intraoperative stereoscopic 3D video imaging: pushing the boundaries of surgical visualisation and applications for neurosurgical education. Br J Neurosurg. 2012;26(5):662\u2013667.10.3109\/02688697.2012.672057"},{"issue":"3","key":"b10","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2014.997664","article-title":"Recording stereoscopic 3D neurosurgery with a head-mounted 3D camera system","volume":"29","author":"Lee B","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee B, Chen BR, Chen BB, Lu JY, Giannotta SL. Recording stereoscopic 3D neurosurgery with a head-mounted 3D camera system. Br J Neurosurg. 2015;29(3):371\u2013373.10.3109\/02688697.2014.997664"},{"issue":"5","key":"b11","series-title":"J Digit Imaging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-017-9948-7","article-title":"GoPro Hero cameras for creation of a three-dimensional, educational, neurointerventional video","volume":"30","author":"Park MS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park MS, Brock A, Mortimer V, Taussky P, Couldwell WT, Quigley E. GoPro Hero cameras for creation of a three-dimensional, educational, neurointerventional video. J Digit Imaging. 2017;30(5):561\u2013565.10.1007\/s10278-017-9948-7"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.06.140","article-title":"Virtual reality and simulation in neurosurgical training","volume":"106","author":"Bernardo A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bernardo A. Virtual reality and simulation in neurosurgical training. World Neurosurg. 2017;106: 1015\u20131029.10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.06.140"},{"issue":"10","key":"b13","series-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21986","article-title":"Immersive virtual reality as a teaching tool for neuroanatomy","volume":"7","author":"Stepan K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stepan K, Zeiger J, Hanchuk S,  Immersive virtual reality as a teaching tool for neuroanatomy. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2017;7(10):1006\u20131013.10.1002\/alr.21986"},{"issue":"2","key":"b14","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E18","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.5.FOCUS21212","article-title":"Randomized study comparing 3D virtual reality and conventional 2D on-screen teaching of cerebrovascular anatomy","volume":"51","author":"Greuter L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Greuter L, De Rosa A, Cattin P, Croci DM, Soleman J, Guzman R. Randomized study comparing 3D virtual reality and conventional 2D on-screen teaching of cerebrovascular anatomy. Neurosurg Focus. 2021;51(2):E18.10.3171\/2021.5.FOCUS21212"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Int J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2016.03.034","article-title":"Virtual reality training in laparoscopic surgery: a systematic review & meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Alaker M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alaker M, Wynn GR, Arulampalam T. Virtual reality training in laparoscopic surgery: a systematic review & meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2016;29:85\u201394.10.1016\/j.ijsu.2016.03.034"},{"issue":"11","key":"b16","series-title":"Surg Endosc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4472","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-017-5500-6","article-title":"New dimensions in surgical training: immersive virtual reality laparoscopic simulation exhilarates surgical staff","volume":"31","author":"Huber T","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huber T, Paschold M, Hansen C, Wunderling T, Lang H, Kneist W. New dimensions in surgical training: immersive virtual reality laparoscopic simulation exhilarates surgical staff. Surg Endosc. 2017;31(11):4472\u20134477.10.1007\/s00464-017-5500-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"b17","series-title":"BMC Med Educ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-021-02628-5","article-title":"Use of 360\u00b0 virtual reality video in medical obstetrical education: a quasi-experimental design","volume":"21","author":"Arents V","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arents V, de Groot PCM, Struben VMD, van Stralen KJ. Use of 360\u00b0 virtual reality video in medical obstetrical education: a quasi-experimental design. BMC Med Educ. 2021;21(1):202.10.1186\/s12909-021-02628-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"b18","series-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.05.044","article-title":"Use of 3-dimensional 360-degree virtual reality video in dermatologic and reconstructive surgery and Mohs micrographic surgery","volume":"85","author":"Kantor J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kantor J. Use of 3-dimensional 360-degree virtual reality video in dermatologic and reconstructive surgery and Mohs micrographic surgery. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;85(2):e67\u2013e68.10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.05.044"},{"issue":"3","key":"b19","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e13661","article-title":"Immersive video modeling versus traditional video modeling for teaching central venous catheter insertion to medical residents","volume":"13","author":"Mah E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mah E, Yu J, Deck M,  Immersive video modeling versus traditional video modeling for teaching central venous catheter insertion to medical residents. Cureus. 2021;13(3):e13661."},{"issue":"1","key":"b20","series-title":"Ann Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2021.1970219","article-title":"Using 360-degree video for teaching emergency medicine during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"53","author":"Petrica A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Petrica A, Lungeanu D, Ciuta A, Marza AM, Botea MO, Mederle OA. Using 360-degree video for teaching emergency medicine during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann Med. 2021;53(1):1520\u20131530.10.1080\/07853890.2021.1970219"},{"issue":"12","key":"b21","series-title":"J Med Internet Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22420","DOI":"10.2196\/22420","article-title":"Developing virtual reality trauma training experiences using 360-degree video: tutorial","volume":"22","author":"Patel D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patel D, Hawkins J, Chehab LZ,  Developing virtual reality trauma training experiences using 360-degree video: tutorial. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(12):e22420.10.2196\/22420"},{"issue":"4","key":"b22","series-title":"JMIR Serious Games","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13124","DOI":"10.2196\/13124","article-title":"Using a 360\u00b0 virtual reality or 2D video to learn history taking and physical examination skills for undergraduate medical students: pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Chao YP","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chao YP, Chuang HH, Hsin LJ,  Using a 360\u00b0 virtual reality or 2D video to learn history taking and physical examination skills for undergraduate medical students: pilot randomized controlled trial. JMIR Serious Games. 2021;9(4):e13124.10.2196\/13124"},{"issue":"4","key":"b23","series-title":"J Surg Educ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2017.10.010","article-title":"360\u00b0 operative videos: a randomised cross-over study evaluating attentiveness and information retention","volume":"75","author":"Harrington CM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harrington CM, Kavanagh DO, Wright Ballester G,  360\u00b0 operative videos: a randomised cross-over study evaluating attentiveness and information retention. J Surg Educ. 2018;75(4):993\u20131000.10.1016\/j.jsurg.2017.10.010"},{"issue":"3","key":"b24","series-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2020.04.018","article-title":"360\u00b0 video recording inside a GI endoscopy room: technical feasibility and its potential use for the acquisition of gastrointestinal endoscopy skills. Pilot experience","volume":"44","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-D\u2019Jes\u00fas A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-D\u2019Jes\u00fas A, Uchima H. 360\u00b0 video recording inside a GI endoscopy room: technical feasibility and its potential use for the acquisition of gastrointestinal endoscopy skills. Pilot experience. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;44(3):245\u2013249.10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2020.04.018"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"b25","series-title":"Int J Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2018.04.002","article-title":"360\u00b0 virtual reality video for the acquisition of knot tying skills: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"54","author":"Yoganathan S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yoganathan S, Finch DA, Parkin E, Pollard J. 360\u00b0 virtual reality video for the acquisition of knot tying skills: a randomised controlled trial. Int J Surg. 2018;54(Pt A):24-27.10.1016\/j.ijsu.2018.04.002"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Transpl Immunol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2018.03.001","article-title":"Introducing the innovative technique of 360\u00b0 virtual reality in kidney transplant education","volume":"49","author":"Pieterse AD","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pieterse AD, Huurman VAL, Hierck BP, Reinders MEJ. Introducing the innovative technique of 360\u00b0 virtual reality in kidney transplant education. Transpl Immunol. 2018;49:5\u20136.10.1016\/j.trim.2018.03.001"},{"issue":"1","key":"b27","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2016.08.004","article-title":"From stereoscopic recording to virtual reality headsets: designing a new way to learn surgery","volume":"63","author":"Ros M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ros M, Trives JV, Lonjon N. From stereoscopic recording to virtual reality headsets: designing a new way to learn surgery. Neurochirurgie. 2017;63(1):1\u20135.10.1016\/j.neuchi.2016.08.004"},{"issue":"4","key":"b28","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2020.05.006","article-title":"Applying an immersive tutorial in virtual reality to learning a new technique","volume":"66","author":"Ros M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ros M, Debien B, Cyteval C, Molinari N, Gatto F, Lonjon N. Applying an immersive tutorial in virtual reality to learning a new technique. Neurochirurgie. 2020;66(4):212\u2013218.10.1016\/j.neuchi.2020.05.006"},{"issue":"9","key":"b29","series-title":"Med Teach","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2015.1114597","article-title":"The effect of stress on learning in surgical skill acquisition","volume":"38","author":"Flinn JT","year":"2016","unstructured":"Flinn JT, Miller A, Pyatka N, Brewer J, Schneider T, Cao CG. The effect of stress on learning in surgical skill acquisition. Med Teach. 2016;38(9):897\u2013903.10.3109\/0142159X.2015.1114597"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.05.263","article-title":"An evaluation of neurosurgical resident education and sentiment during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a North American survey","volume":"140","author":"Pelargos PE","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pelargos PE, Chakraborty A, Zhao YD, Smith ZA, Dunn IF, Bauer AM. An evaluation of neurosurgical resident education and sentiment during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a North American survey. World Neurosurg. 2020;140:e381\u2013e386.10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.05.263"},{"key":"b31","first-page":"285","article-title":"The role of spatial cognition in medicine: applications for selecting and training professionals","author":"Hegarty M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hegarty M, Keehner M, Cohen C, Montello D. The role of spatial cognition in medicine: applications for selecting and training professionals. In: Allen GL, ed. Applied Spatial Cognition: From Research to Cognitive Technology. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; 2007:285-315."},{"key":"b32","series-title":"3D Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/3DRes.01(2012)3","article-title":"Effectiveness of stereoscopic displays in medicine: a review","volume":"3","author":"van Beurden MHPH","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Beurden MHPH, Ijsselsteijn W, Juola J. Effectiveness of stereoscopic displays in medicine: a review. 3D Res. 2012;3:310.1007\/3DRes.01(2012)3"},{"issue":"1","key":"b33","series-title":"Anat Sci Educ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1626","article-title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of 3D vascular stereoscopic models in anatomy instruction for first year medical students","volume":"10","author":"Cui D","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cui D, Wilson TD, Rockhold RW, Lehman MN, Lynch JC. Evaluation of the effectiveness of 3D vascular stereoscopic models in anatomy instruction for first year medical students. Anat Sci Educ. 2017;10(1):34\u201345.10.1002\/ase.1626"},{"issue":"6","key":"b34","series-title":"Surg Radiol Anat","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-020-02442-6","article-title":"Stereoscopic three-dimensional visualization: interest for neuroanatomy teaching in medical school","volume":"42","author":"Jacquesson T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jacquesson T, Simon E, Dauleac C, Margueron L, Robinson P, Mertens P. Stereoscopic three-dimensional visualization: interest for neuroanatomy teaching in medical school. Surg Radiol Anat. 2020;42(6):719\u2013727.10.1007\/s00276-020-02442-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"b35","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e14260","article-title":"Impact of 360\u00b0 vs 2D videos on engagement in anatomy education","volume":"13","author":"Chan V","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chan V, Larson ND, Moody DA, Moyer DG, Shah NL. Impact of 360\u00b0 vs 2D videos on engagement in anatomy education. Cureus. 2021;13(4):e14260."},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform","first-page":"155","article-title":"The effect of degree of immersion upon learning performance in virtual reality simulations for medical education","volume":"125","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez F","year":"2007","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez F, Pierce J, Vergara VM,  The effect of degree of immersion upon learning performance in virtual reality simulations for medical education. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2007;125:155\u2013160."},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Comput Educ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.09.015","article-title":"Investigating learning outcomes and subjective experiences in 360-degree videos","volume":"128","author":"Rupp MA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rupp MA, Odette KL, Kozachuk J, Michaelis JR, Smither JA, McConnell DS. Investigating learning outcomes and subjective experiences in 360-degree videos. Comput Educ. 2019;128:256\u2013268.10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.09.015"},{"issue":"1","key":"b38","series-title":"J Surg Educ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2015.09.010","article-title":"Cognitive load in mastoidectomy skills training: virtual reality simulation and traditional dissection compared","volume":"73","author":"Andersen SA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andersen SA, Mikkelsen PT, Konge L, Cay\u00e9-Thomasen P, S\u00f8rensen MS. Cognitive load in mastoidectomy skills training: virtual reality simulation and traditional dissection compared. J Surg Educ. 2016;73(1):45\u201350.10.1016\/j.jsurg.2015.09.010"},{"issue":"7","key":"b39","series-title":"Med Teach","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2018.1465182","article-title":"The effect of distributed virtual reality simulation training on cognitive load during subsequent dissection training","volume":"40","author":"Andersen SAW","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andersen SAW, Konge L, S\u00f8rensen MS. The effect of distributed virtual reality simulation training on cognitive load during subsequent dissection training. Med Teach. 2018;40(7):684\u2013689.10.1080\/0142159X.2018.1465182"},{"issue":"3","key":"b40","series-title":"Surg Endosc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-019-06887-8","article-title":"Cognitive load and performance in immersive virtual reality versus conventional virtual reality simulation training of laparoscopic surgery: a randomized trial","volume":"34","author":"Frederiksen JG","year":"2020","unstructured":"Frederiksen JG, S\u00f8rensen SMD, Konge L,  Cognitive load and performance in immersive virtual reality versus conventional virtual reality simulation training of laparoscopic surgery: a randomized trial. Surg Endosc. 2020;34(3):1244\u20131252.10.1007\/s00464-019-06887-8"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"World Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.04.023","article-title":"Three-dimensional imaging in neurosurgical research and education","volume":"91","author":"Benet A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Benet A, Tabani H, Griswold D,  Three-dimensional imaging in neurosurgical research and education. World Neurosurg. 2016;91:317\u2013325.10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.04.023"},{"issue":"5","key":"b42","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2017.10.002","article-title":"Effectiveness of immersive virtual reality in surgical training\u2014a randomized control trial","volume":"76","author":"Pulijala Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pulijala Y, Ma M, Pears M, Peebles D, Ayoub A. Effectiveness of immersive virtual reality in surgical training\u2014a randomized control trial. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;76(5):1065\u20131072.10.1016\/j.joms.2017.10.002"},{"issue":"12","key":"b43","series-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-021-04050-4","article-title":"Immersive virtual reality enables technical skill acquisition for scrub nurses in complex revision total knee arthroplasty","volume":"141","author":"Edwards TC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Edwards TC, Patel A, Szyszka B,  Immersive virtual reality enables technical skill acquisition for scrub nurses in complex revision total knee arthroplasty. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2021;141(12):2313\u20132321.10.1007\/s00402-021-04050-4"},{"issue":"5","key":"b44","series-title":"J Surg Educ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2019.03.005","article-title":"Pre-education enhances the success of manual training for orthopedic surgery residents","volume":"76","author":"Tarchala M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tarchala M, Charbonneau M, Aduljabbar FH, Teles AR, Weber M. Pre-education enhances the success of manual training for orthopedic surgery residents. J Surg Educ. 2019;76(5):1433\u20131439.10.1016\/j.jsurg.2019.03.005"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Front Hum Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00096","article-title":"Factors associated with virtual reality sickness in head-mounted displays: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Saredakis D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saredakis D, Szpak A, Birckhead B, Keage HAD, Rizzo A, Loetscher T. Factors associated with virtual reality sickness in head-mounted displays: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Hum Neurosci. 2020;14:96.10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00096"},{"issue":"2","key":"b46","series-title":"J Med Imaging Radiat Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2019.12.008","article-title":"Learning in 360 degrees: a pilot study on the use of virtual reality for radiation therapy patient education","volume":"51","author":"Johnson K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johnson K, Liszewski B, Dawdy K, Lai Y, McGuffin M. Learning in 360 degrees: a pilot study on the use of virtual reality for radiation therapy patient education. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci. 2020;51(2):221\u2013226.10.1016\/j.jmir.2019.12.008"},{"issue":"12","key":"b47","series-title":"Psychol Assess","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000626","article-title":"Constructing validity: new developments in creating objective measuring instruments","volume":"31","author":"Clark LA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Clark LA, Watson D. Constructing validity: new developments in creating objective measuring instruments. Psychol Assess. 2019;31(12):1412\u20131427.10.1037\/pas0000626"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Front Psychol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637547","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.637547","article-title":"A review of key Likert scale development advances: 1995\u20132019. Review","volume":"12","author":"Jebb AT","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jebb AT, Ng V, Tay L. A review of key Likert scale development advances: 1995\u20132019. Review. Front Psychol. 2021;12:637547.10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.637547"},{"issue":"1","key":"b49","series-title":"Heliyon","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e08733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e08733","article-title":"Students\u2019 self-reported well-being under corona measures, lessons for the future","volume":"8","author":"Meulenbroeks R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meulenbroeks R, van Joolingen WR. Students\u2019 self-reported well-being under corona measures, lessons for the future. Heliyon. 2022;8(1):e08733.10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e08733"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/53\/2\/article-pE4.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/53\/2\/article-pE4.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/53\/2\/article-pE4.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T08:27:41Z","timestamp":1780129661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/53\/2\/article-pE4.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2022.5.focus2261","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}}}