{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:05:32Z","timestamp":1788534332174,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt insertion and revision surgeries are some of the most common procedures that are performed by neurosurgeons. Shunt infections within the adult population are associated with significant morbidity and mortality and rates remain high. The objective of the current study was to use quality improvement (QI) methodology to create a standardized infection prevention bundle aimed at reducing the rate of shunt infections.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A prospective, single-center, single-surgeon QI study was undertaken. Patients were included if they were 18 years of age or older and were undergoing a VP shunt insertion or revision. The primary outcome of the study was the development of a shunt-related surgical site infection, within 1 year of surgery, as defined according to the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program guidelines. There was no standardized protocol prior to July 2013. A bundle coined as the Calgary Adult Shunt Infection Prevention Protocol (CASIPP) was implemented on July 1, 2013, and updated on July 1, 2015, when 2% chlorhexidine gluconate in 70% isopropyl alcohol replaced povidone-iodine for preoperative skin antisepsis. Protocol compliance was regularly monitored using a standardized process. No antibiotic-impregnated catheters were used.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 621 consecutive VP shunt insertions and revisions were included in the study. The rate of shunt infection was 5.8% during the period in which there was no standardized shunt protocol. After the implementation of the CASIPP the infection rate decreased to 4.0%, and after introduction of the chlorhexidine\/alcohol skin antisepsis, the infection rate was 0% in 379 consecutive procedures (p &lt; 0.0001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the use of chlorhexidine\/alcohol with CASIPP was associated with a significant reduction in the odds of developing a shunt infection (OR 0.032, 95% CI 0\u20130.19, p = 0.0005).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The implementation of a standardized shunt infection prevention bundle within the adult population, without the use of antibiotic-impregnated catheters, significantly reduced the rate of shunt infections which was sustained over many years. The use of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate in 70% isopropyl alcohol for preoperative antisepsis may have played a significant role. Multicenter studies should be completed to verify the effectiveness of the authors\u2019 protocol.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.5.jns22430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T13:07:25Z","timestamp":1659704845000},"page":"494-502","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A standardized infection prevention bundle for reduction of CSF shunt infections in adult ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery performed without antibiotic-impregnated catheters"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Muram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Calgary, Alberta;"},{"name":"Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert M.","family":"Isaacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Calgary, Alberta;"},{"name":"Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Sader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Calgary, Alberta;"},{"name":"Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Holubkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Salt Lake City, Utah;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;"},{"name":"Infection Prevention and Control, Alberta Health Services, Calgary;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Conly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Prevention and Control, Alberta Health Services, Calgary;"},{"name":"O\u2019Brien Institute for Public Health; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark G.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Calgary, Alberta;"},{"name":"Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;"},{"name":"The Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"b1","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0204926","article-title":"Age-specific global epidemiology of hydrocephalus: Systematic review, metanalysis and global birth surveillance","volume":"13","author":"Isaacs AM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Isaacs AM, Riva-Cambrin J, Yavin D,  Age-specific global epidemiology of hydrocephalus: Systematic review, metanalysis and global birth surveillance. 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