{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T09:03:11Z","timestamp":1780131791957,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    During the 1536 siege of Turin in northern Italy, a young French barber-surgeon abandoned the conventional treatment of battle-inflicted wounds, launching a revolution in military medicine and surgical techniques. Ambroise Par\u00e9 (1510\u20131590) was born into a working-class Huguenot family in Laval, France, during an era when surgery was not considered a respectable profession. He rose from humble origins as a barber-surgeon, a low-ranked occupation in the French medical hierarchy, to become a royal surgeon (\n                    <jats:italic>chirurgien ordinaire du Roi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) serving 4 consecutive French monarchs. His innovative ideas and surgical practice were a response to the environment created by new military technology on 16th-century European battlefields. Gunpowder weapons caused unfamiliar, complicated injuries that challenged Par\u00e9 to develop new techniques and surgical instruments. Although Par\u00e9\u2019s contributions to the treatment of wounds and functional prosthetics are documented, a deeper appreciation of his role in military neurosurgery is needed. This paper examines archives, primary texts, and written accounts by Par\u00e9 that reveal specific patient cases highlighting his innovative contributions to neurotrauma and neurosurgery during demanding and harrowing circumstances, on and off the battlefield, in 16th-century France. Notably, trepanation indications increased because of battlefield head injuries, and Par\u00e9 frequently described this technique and improved the design of the trepan tool. His contribution to neurologically related topics is extensive; there are more chapters devoted to the nervous system than to any other organ system in his compendium,\n                    <jats:italic>Oeuvres<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Regarding anatomical knowledge as fundamentally important and admiring the contemporary contributions of Andreas Vesalius, Par\u00e9 reproduced many images from Vesalius\u2019 works at his own great expense. The manner in which Par\u00e9\u2019s participation in military expeditions enabled collaboration with multidisciplinary artisans on devices, including surgical tools and prosthetics, to restore neurologically associated functionality is also discussed. Deeply religious, in a life filled with adventure, and serving in often horrendous conditions during a time when Galenic dogma still dominated medical practice, Par\u00e9 developed a reputation for logic, empiricism, technology, and careful treatment. \"I have [had] the opportunity to praise God, for what he called me to do in medical operation, which is commonly called surgery, which could not be bought with gold or silver, but by only virtue and great experimentation.\"\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.6.focus21710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T03:18:26Z","timestamp":1662002306000},"page":"E2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Management of injuries on the 16th-century battlefield: Ambroise Par\u00e9\u2019s contributions to neurosurgery and functional recovery"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Marian T.","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and"},{"name":"Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Mignucci-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena Mary","family":"Houlihan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark C.","family":"Preul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Loyal and Edith Davis Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Edited & with an Introduction by Geoffrey Keynes","article-title":"The Apologie and Treatise of Ambroise Par\u00e9: Containing the Voyages Made into Divers Places, with Many of his Writings Upon Surgery","author":"Par\u00e9 A","year":"1952","unstructured":"Par\u00e9 A. 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Bailliere, Libraire de l\u2019Academie royale de medecine; 1840."}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/53\/3\/article-pE2.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/53\/3\/article-pE2.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/53\/3\/article-pE2.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T08:27:11Z","timestamp":1780129631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/53\/3\/article-pE2.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2022.6.focus21710","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}}}