{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T09:03:05Z","timestamp":1780131785940,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>President Lincoln appointed General Joseph Hooker to command the Army of the Potomac in January 1863. In April 1863, Hooker had 130,000 men compared to the Confederate Army\u2019s 60,000. The Union forces had more food, clothing, and ammunition. On a decisive day of the Chancellorsville campaign, as Hooker stood on his headquarters porch, a cannonball struck the pillar against which he was leaning. He was hurled to the floor, stunned and senseless. Unconsciousness followed a lucid interval, requiring rest, when another cannonball struck near him. Half of the army was not thrust into battle, resulting in retreat, because Hooker was not capable of commanding. Hooker\u2019s army missed the opportune time to attack; the order was never received because Hooker suffered a traumatic brain injury. Under current military protocol, Hooker would not be allowed to return to participation. During this crucial period a reporter stated, \u201cthe precious hour passed, while our army was without a head.\u201d The Chancellorsville campaign resulted in Union retreat. Hooker\u2019s disabling traumatic brain injury prevented him from giving orders and changing the battle\u2019s outcome. Had the general not sustained a concussion, the Civil War probably would have ended earlier.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.6.focus22210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T03:18:26Z","timestamp":1662002306000},"page":"E4","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The crippled brain that prolonged the Civil War: General Joseph Hooker\u2019s concussions at Chancellorsville"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"T. Glenn","family":"Pait","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Jackson T. Stephens Spine and Neuroscience Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Helton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Jackson T. 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