{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:20:47Z","timestamp":1787318447427,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Following France\u2019s entry into World War I on August 3, 1914, Thierry de Martel (1875\u20131940), the French neurosurgery pioneer, served on the front line and was wounded on October 3, 1914. He was then assigned as a surgeon in temporary hospitals in Paris, where he published his first observations of cranioencephalic war wounds. In 1915, de Martel met Harvey Cushing at the American Hospital in Neuilly, where de Martel was appointed chief surgeon in 1916. In 1917, he published with the French neurologist Charles Chatelin a book (\n                    <jats:italic>Blessures du cr\u00e2ne et du cerveau. Clinique et traitement<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) with the aim to optimize the practice of wartime brain surgery. This book, which included the results of more than 5000 soldiers with head injuries, was considered the most important ever written on war neurology at that time and was translated into English in 1918 (\n                    <jats:italic>Wounds of the Skull and Brain; Their Clinical Forms and Medical and Surgical Treatment<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). In this book, de Martel detailed the fundamentals of skull injuries, classified the various craniocerebral lesions, recommended exploratory craniectomy for cranioencephalic injuries, recommended the removal of metal projectiles from the brain using a magnetic nail, and advocated for the prevention of infectious complications. Between the World Wars, de Martel undertook several developments for neurosurgery in France alongside neurologists Joseph Babinski and Clovis Vincent. Following France\u2019s entry into World War II on September 3, 1939, de Martel took over as head of the services of the American Hospital of Paris in Neuilly. He updated his work on war surgery with the new cases he personally treated. Together with Vincent, de Martel presented his new approach in \"Le traitement des blessures du cr\u00e2ne pendant les op\u00e9rations militaires\" (\"The treatment of skull injuries during military operations\") on January 30, 1940, and published his own surgical results in April 1940 in \"Plan d\u2019un travail sur le traitement des plaies cranio-c\u00e9r\u00e9brales de guerre\" (\"Work Plan on the Treatment of Cranio-Cerebral Wounds of War\"), intended for battlefield surgeons. On June 14, 1940, the day German troops entered Paris, de Martel injected himself with a lethal dose of phenobarbital. Thierry de Martel played a central role in establishing modern neurosurgery in France. His patriotism led him to improve the management of wartime cranioencephalic injuries using his own experience acquired during World Wars I and II.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.6.focus22241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T03:18:26Z","timestamp":1662002306000},"page":"E6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Neurosurgical developments of Thierry de Martel (1875\u20131940), French neurosurgery pioneer, during World Wars I and II"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Johan","family":"Pallud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Neurochirurgie, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, H\u00f4pital Sainte-Anne, Paris; and"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Paris, IMABRAIN, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia Antonia","family":"Simboli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Neurochirurgie, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, H\u00f4pital Sainte-Anne, Paris; and"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Paris, IMABRAIN, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Moiraghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Neurochirurgie, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, H\u00f4pital Sainte-Anne, Paris; and"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Paris, IMABRAIN, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Roux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Neurochirurgie, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, H\u00f4pital Sainte-Anne, Paris; and"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Paris, IMABRAIN, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Zanello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Neurochirurgie, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, H\u00f4pital Sainte-Anne, Paris; and"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Paris, IMABRAIN, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Presse Med","first-page":"641","article-title":"Un point de technique op\u00e9ratoire dans les craniectomie","volume":"81","author":"de Martel T","year":"1908","unstructured":"de Martel T. 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