{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T18:51:02Z","timestamp":1778007062663,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Facial nerve palsy is a debilitating condition that can arise from iatrogenic, traumatic, or congenital causes. One treatment to improve function of the facial muscles after facial nerve injury is hypoglossal-to-facial nerve anastomosis (HFA). HFA\u2019s efficacy and predictors of its success vary in the literature. Here, the authors present a patient-level analysis of a literature-based cohort to assess outcomes and investigate predictors of success for HFA.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Seven electronic databases were queried for studies providing baseline characteristics and outcomes of patients who underwent HFA. Postoperative outcomes were measured using the House-Brackmann (HB) grading scale. A change in HB grade of 3 points or more was classified as favorable. A cutoff value for time to anastomosis associated with a favorable outcome was determined using the Youden Index.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Nineteen articles with 157 patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean follow-up length was 27.4 months, and the mean time to anastomosis after initial injury was 16 months. The end-to-side and end-to-end anastomosis techniques were performed on 84 and 48 patients, respectively. Of the 130 patients who had available preoperative and postoperative HB data, 60 (46.2%) had a favorable outcome. Time from initial injury to anastomosis was significantly different between patients with favorable and unfavorable outcomes (7.3 months vs 29.2 months, respectively; p &lt; 0.001). The optimal cutoff for time to anastomosis to achieve a favorable outcome was 6.5 months (area under the curve 0.75). Patients who underwent anastomosis within 6.5 months of injury were more likely to achieve a favorable outcome (73% vs 31%, p &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>HFA is an effective method for restoring facial nerve function. Favorable outcomes for facial nerve palsy may be more likely to occur when time to anastomosis is within a 6.5-month window.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.6.jns22240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T17:26:28Z","timestamp":1662744388000},"page":"1034-1042","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Predictors of favorable outcome following hypoglossal-to-facial nerve anastomosis for facial nerve palsy: a systematic review and patient-level analysis of a literature-based cohort"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"William","family":"Mualem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-Informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester;"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. Yohan","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-Informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester;"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Bambakidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Olaf College, Northfield; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgos D.","family":"Michalopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-Informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester;"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Kerezoudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Link","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Peris-Celda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Mardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Bydon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-Informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester;"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"e2","article-title":"Facial paralysis caused by malignant skull base neoplasms","volume":"12","author":"Marzo SJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"Marzo SJ, Leonetti JP, Petruzzelli G. Facial paralysis caused by malignant skull base neoplasms. Neurosurg Focus. 2002;12(5):e2.16119900"},{"issue":"1","key":"b2","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"260","article-title":"Epidemiology of iatrogenic facial nerve injury: a decade of experience","volume":"124","author":"Hohman MH","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hohman MH, Bhama PK, Hadlock TA. Epidemiology of iatrogenic facial nerve injury: a decade of experience. Laryngoscope. 2014;124(1):260\u2013265.23606475"},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"160","article-title":"Hemihypoglossal nerve transfer for acute facial paralysis","volume":"118","author":"Hayashi A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hayashi A, Nishida M, Seno H,  Hemihypoglossal nerve transfer for acute facial paralysis. 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World Neurosurg. 2020;136:e262\u2013e269.31904436"},{"issue":"11","key":"b33","series-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg","first-page":"1807","article-title":"Treating facial nerve palsy by true termino-lateral hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis","volume":"63","author":"Sleilati FH","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sleilati FH, Nasr MW, Stephan HA, Asmar ZD, Hokayem NE. Treating facial nerve palsy by true termino-lateral hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010;63(11):1807\u20131812.20116357"},{"issue":"1","key":"b34","series-title":"Ann Chir Plast Esthet","first-page":"37","article-title":"Hypoglossal-facial anastomosis. A report of 60 cases. Article in French","volume":"42","author":"Pellat JL","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pellat JL, Bonnefille E, Zanaret M, Cannoni M. Hypoglossal-facial anastomosis. A report of 60 cases. Article in French. 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The \u201cbabysitter\u201d procedure: minihypoglossal to facial nerve transfer and cross-facial nerve grafting. 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