{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T11:24:53Z","timestamp":1782473093281,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), the ideal surgical approach to achieve seizure freedom and minimize morbidity is an unsolved question. Selective approaches to mesial temporal structures often result in suboptimal seizure outcomes. The authors report the results of a pilot study intended to evaluate the clinical feasibility of using an endoscopic anterior transmaxillary (eATM) approach for minimally invasive management of MTLEs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study is a prospectively collected case series of four consecutive patients who underwent the eATM approach for the treatment of MTLE and were followed for a minimum of 12 months. All participants underwent an epilepsy workup and surgical care at a tertiary referral comprehensive epilepsy center and had medically refractory epilepsy. The noninvasive evaluations and intracranial recordings of these patients confirmed the presence of anatomically restricted epileptogenic zones located in the mesial temporal structures. Data on seizure freedom at 1 year, neuropsychological outcomes, diffusion tractography, and adverse events were collected and analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>By applying the eATM technique and approaching the far anterior temporal lobe regions, mesial-basal resections of the temporal polar areas and mesial temporal structures were successfully achieved in all patients (2 with left-sided approaches, 2 with right-sided approaches). No neurological complications or neuropsychological declines were observed. All 4 patients achieved Engel class Ia outcome up to the end of the follow-up period (19, 15, 14, and 12 months). One patient developed hypoesthesia in the left V2 distribution but there were no other adverse events. The low degree of white matter injury from the eATM approach was analyzed using high-definition fiber tractography in 1 patient as a putative mechanism for preserving neuropsychological function.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The described series demonstrates the feasibility and potential safety profile of a novel approach for medically refractory MTLE. The study affirms the feasibility of performing efficacious mesial temporal lobe resections through an eATM approach.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.7.jns221062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T17:52:03Z","timestamp":1662745923000},"page":"992-1001","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The endoscopic anterior transmaxillary temporal pole approach for mesial temporal lobe epilepsies: a feasibility study"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Jorge A.","family":"Gonzalez-Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh;"},{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussam","family":"Abou-Al-Shaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arka N.","family":"Mallela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael M.","family":"McDowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David T.","family":"Fernandes Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Sweat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh;"},{"name":"Neurology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh;"},{"name":"Neurology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niravkumar","family":"Barot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh;"},{"name":"Neurology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James F.","family":"Castellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh;"},{"name":"Neurology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijayalakshmi","family":"Rajasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh;"},{"name":"Neurology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anto","family":"Bagic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh;"},{"name":"Neurology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl H.","family":"Snyderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skull Base Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh; and"},{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skull Base Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh; and"},{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"b1","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"1768","article-title":"Tracking a changing paradigm and the modern face of epilepsy surgery: a comprehensive and critical review on the hunt for the optimal extent of resection in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"60","author":"Sheikh SR","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sheikh SR, Nair D, Gross RE, Gonzalez-Martinez J. 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