{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T08:12:02Z","timestamp":1793261522222,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>After brachial plexus injuries (BPIs), nerve transfers are used to restore lost muscle function. Brain plasticity underlies the process of regaining volitional control, which encompasses disconnection of the original donor nerve\u2013related programs and reconnection to acceptor nerve programs. To the authors\u2019 knowledge, the levels of disconnection and reconnection have never been studied systematically. In this study, the authors developed a novel 4-point plasticity grading scale (PGS) and assessed the degree of volitional control achieved, identifying clinical correlations with this score.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Patients with BPI who underwent a phrenic, spinal accessory, median, and\/or ulnar fascicle nerve transfer to restore biceps and deltoid function were asked to maximally contract their target muscle as follows: 1) by using only the donor nerve program, and 2) by activating the target muscle while consciously trying to avoid using the donor nerve, with assessment each time of the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale grade for muscle strength. The authors\u2019 PGS was used to rate the level of volitional control achieved. PGS grade 1 represented the lowest independent volitional control, with MRC grade 4 obtained in response to the donor command and MRC grade 0 in response to the acceptor command (minimum brain plasticity), whereas PGS grade 4 was no noticeable contraction in response to the donor command and MRC grade 4 in response to the acceptor command (maximum brain plasticity).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In total, 153 patients were studied. For biceps restoration, the phrenic nerve was used as a donor in 44 patients, the spinal accessory nerve in 40 patients, and the median and\/or ulnar fascicles in 44 patients. A triceps branch was used to restore deltoid function in 25 patients. The level of volitional control achieved was PGS grade 1 in 1 patient (0.6%), grade 2 in 21 patients (13.7%), grade 3 in 103 patients (67.3%), and grade 4 in 28 patients (18.3%). The median PGS grade did not differ significantly between the four donor nerves. No correlations were observed between age, time from BPI to surgery, duration of follow-up, or compliance with rehabilitation and PGS grade.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Just around 20% of the authors\u2019 patients developed a complete disconnection of the donor program along with complete independent control over the reinnervated muscle. Incomplete disconnection was present in the vast majority of the patients, and the level of disconnection and control was poor in approximately 15% of patients. Brain plasticity underlies patient ability to regain volitional control after a nerve transfer, but this capacity is limited.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.7.jns22887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T14:45:42Z","timestamp":1663339542000},"page":"1419-1425","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Nerve transfers for brachial plexus injuries: grading of volitional control"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Mariano","family":"Socolovsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Barillaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Bonilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilda Di","family":"Masi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martijn","family":"Malessy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"b1","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"641","article-title":"The surgical treatment of facial paralysis by nerve anastomosis: with the report of a successful case","volume":"37","author":"Cushing H","year":"1903","unstructured":"Cushing H. 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