{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:22:04Z","timestamp":1790194924368,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Spinal robotics for thoracolumbar procedures, predominantly employed for the insertion of pedicle screws, is currently an emerging topic in the literature. The use of robotics in instrumentation of the cervical spine has not been broadly explored. In this review, the authors aimed to coherently synthesize the existing literature of intraoperative robotic use in the cervical spine and explore considerations for future directions and developments in cervical spinal robotics.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A literature search in the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases was performed for the purpose of retrieving all articles reporting on cervical spine surgery with the use of robotics. For the purposes of this study, randomized controlled trials, nonrandomized controlled trials, retrospective case series, and individual case reports were included. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was utilized to assess risk of bias of the studies included in the review. To present and synthesize results, data were extracted from the included articles and analyzed using the PyMARE library for effect-size meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>On careful review, 6 articles published between 2016 and 2022 met the inclusion\/exclusion criteria, including 1 randomized controlled trial, 1 nonrandomized controlled trial, 2 case series, and 2 case reports. These studies featured a total of 110 patients meeting the inclusion criteria (mean age 53.9 years, range 29\u201377 years; 64.5% males). A total of 482 cervical screws were placed with the use of a surgical robot, which yielded an average screw deviation of 0.95 mm. Cervical pedicle screws were the primary screw type used, at a rate of 78.6%. According to the Gertzbein-Robbins classification, 97.7% of screws in this review achieved a clinically acceptable grade. The average duration of surgery, blood loss, and postoperative length of stay were all decreased in minimally invasive robotic surgery relative to open procedures. Only 1 (0.9%) postoperative complication was reported, which was a surgical site infection, and the mean length of follow-up was 2.7 months. No mortality was reported.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Robot-assisted cervical screw placement is associated with acceptable rates of clinical grading, operative time, blood loss, and postoperative complications\u2014all of which are equal to or improved relative to the metrics seen in the conventional use of fluoroscopy or computer-assisted navigation for cervical screw placement.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.7.spine22473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T12:53:57Z","timestamp":1662728037000},"page":"66-74","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Spinal robotics in cervical spine surgery: a systematic review with key concepts and technical considerations"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Ryan S.","family":"Beyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nolan J.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian L.","family":"Gendreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Hatter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omead","family":"Pooladzandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin H.","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2022.106999","article-title":"A case report of robotic-guided prone transpsoas lumbar fusion in a patient with lumbar pseudarthrosis, adjacent segment disease, and degenerative scoliosis","volume":"94","author":"Shahrestani S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shahrestani S, Brown NJ, Acharya N, Diaz-Aguilar LD, Pham MH, Taylor WR. 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