{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:19:07Z","timestamp":1789139947684,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"The extracorporeal telescope (exoscope) presents a novel digital camera system as a versatile alternative to traditional optical microscopy for microsurgery and minimally invasive neurosurgical operations. Recent innovations in exoscope technology offer 4K-definition multiscreen outputs, pneumatic robot arms, 3-dimensional depth perception, and greater illumination, focus, and magnification powers for enhanced intraoperative visualization. The authors present their initial institutional experience using a robotic arm\u2013enabled 4K 3D exoscope in a variety of cranial and spinal neurosurgical operations, namely Chiari decompression, microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia, anterior cervical discectomy, and lumbar decompressions.<\/jats:p>\n \n The video can be found here:\n https:\/\/stream.cadmore.media\/r10.3171\/2023.10.FOCVID23150<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.10.focvid23150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]],"date-time":"2023-12-31T23:49:12Z","timestamp":1704066552000},"page":"V2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Initial institutional experience using a robotic arm\u2013enabled 4K 3D exoscope in neurosurgical operations"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jawad M.","family":"Khalifeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Karim","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Ishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Materi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Kalluri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Lubelski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Witham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Theodore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debraj","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"84","article-title":"Advances in intraoperative optics: a brief review of current exoscope platforms","volume":"19","author":"Langer DJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Langer DJ, White TG, Schulder M, Boockvar JA, Labib M, Lawton MT. Advances in intraoperative optics: a brief review of current exoscope platforms. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2020;19(1):84\u201393."},{"issue":"1","key":"b2","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"223","article-title":"The exoscope in neurosurgery: an overview of the current literature of intraoperative use in brain and spine surgery","volume":"11","author":"Montemurro N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Montemurro N, Scerrati A, Ricciardi L, Trevisi G. The exoscope in neurosurgery: an overview of the current literature of intraoperative use in brain and spine surgery. J Clin Med. 2021;11(1):223."},{"issue":"10","key":"b3","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"2175","article-title":"Preliminary experience with a digital robotic exoscope in cranial and spinal surgery: a review of the Synaptive Modus V system","volume":"161","author":"Muhammad S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muhammad S, Lehecka M, Niemel\u00e4 M. Preliminary experience with a digital robotic exoscope in cranial and spinal surgery: a review of the Synaptive Modus V system. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2019;161(10):2175\u20132180."},{"key":"b4","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e1220","article-title":"Improving surgeon well-being: ergonomics in neurosurgery","volume":"175","author":"Schupper AJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schupper AJ, Hrabarchuk EI, McCarthy L, Hadjipanayis CG. Improving surgeon well-being: ergonomics in neurosurgery. World Neurosurg. 2023;175:e1220\u2013e1225."},{"issue":"24","key":"b5","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E1517","article-title":"Use of the video telescope operating monitor (VITOM) as an alternative to the operating microscope in spine surgery","volume":"37","author":"Shirzadi A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shirzadi A, Mukherjee D, Drazin DG, Use of the video telescope operating monitor (VITOM) as an alternative to the operating microscope in spine surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012;37(24):E1517\u2013E1523."},{"issue":"5","key":"b6","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"705","article-title":"A high-definition 3D exoscope as an alternative to the operating microscope in spinal microsurgery","volume":"33","author":"Siller S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Siller S, Zoellner C, Fuetsch M, Trabold R, Tonn JC, Zausinger S. A high-definition 3D exoscope as an alternative to the operating microscope in spinal microsurgery. J Neurosurg Spine. 2020;33(5):705\u2013714."},{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"84","article-title":"Advances in intraoperative optics: a brief review of current exoscope platforms","volume":"19","author":"Langer DJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Langer DJ, White TG, Schulder M, Boockvar JA, Labib M, Lawton MT. Advances in intraoperative optics: a brief review of current exoscope platforms. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2020;19(1):84\u201393."},{"issue":"1","key":"b2","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"223","article-title":"The exoscope in neurosurgery: an overview of the current literature of intraoperative use in brain and spine surgery","volume":"11","author":"Montemurro N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Montemurro N, Scerrati A, Ricciardi L, Trevisi G. The exoscope in neurosurgery: an overview of the current literature of intraoperative use in brain and spine surgery. J Clin Med. 2021;11(1):223."},{"issue":"10","key":"b3","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"2175","article-title":"Preliminary experience with a digital robotic exoscope in cranial and spinal surgery: a review of the Synaptive Modus V system","volume":"161","author":"Muhammad S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muhammad S, Lehecka M, Niemel\u00e4 M. Preliminary experience with a digital robotic exoscope in cranial and spinal surgery: a review of the Synaptive Modus V system. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2019;161(10):2175\u20132180."},{"key":"b4","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e1220","article-title":"Improving surgeon well-being: ergonomics in neurosurgery","volume":"175","author":"Schupper AJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schupper AJ, Hrabarchuk EI, McCarthy L, Hadjipanayis CG. Improving surgeon well-being: ergonomics in neurosurgery. World Neurosurg. 2023;175:e1220\u2013e1225."},{"issue":"24","key":"b5","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E1517","article-title":"Use of the video telescope operating monitor (VITOM) as an alternative to the operating microscope in spine surgery","volume":"37","author":"Shirzadi A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shirzadi A, Mukherjee D, Drazin DG, Use of the video telescope operating monitor (VITOM) as an alternative to the operating microscope in spine surgery. 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