{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T04:36:26Z","timestamp":1784608586225,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The objectives of this study were to describe the authors\u2019 clinical methodology and outcomes for mapping the laryngeal motor cortex (LMC) and define localization of the LMC in a cohort of neurosurgical patients undergoing intraoperative brain mapping. Because of mapping variability across patients, the authors aimed to define the probabilistic distribution of cortical sites that evoke laryngeal movement, as well as adjacent cortical somatotopic representations for the face (mouth), tongue, and hand.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Thirty-six patients underwent left (n = 18) or right (n = 18) craniotomy with asleep motor mapping. For each patient, electromyography (EMG) electrodes were placed in the face, tongue, and hand; a nerve integrity monitor (NIM) endotracheal tube with surface electrodes detected EMG activity from the bilateral vocal folds. After dense cortical stimulation was delivered throughout the sensorimotor cortex, motor responses were then mapped onto a three-dimensional reconstruction of the patient\u2019s cortical surfaces for location characterization of the evoked responses. Finally, stimulation sites were transformed into a two-dimensional coordinate system for probabilistic mapping of the stimulation site relative to the central sulcus and sylvian fissure.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors found that the LMC was predominantly localized to a mid precentral gyrus region, dorsal to face representation and surrounding a transverse sulcus ventral to the hand knob. In 14 of 36 patients, the authors identified additional laryngeal responses located ventral to all orofacial representations, providing evidence for dual LMC representations.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors determined the probabilistic distribution of the LMC. Cortical stimulation mapping with an NIM endotracheal tube is an easy and effective method for mapping the LMC and is simply integrated into the current neuromonitoring methods for brain mapping.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.10.jns231023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]],"date-time":"2024-01-06T04:03:23Z","timestamp":1704513803000},"page":"268-277","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Intraoperative cortical stimulation mapping with laryngeal electromyography for the localization of human laryngeal motor cortex"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"141","author":[{"given":"Simon G.","family":"Ammanuel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sravani","family":"Kondapavulur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex Y.","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Breshears","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marion Bloch Neuroscience Institute, Saint Luke\u2019s Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Neurophysiology, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander B.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward F.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"},{"name":"Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"b1","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"389","article-title":"Somatic motor and sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of man as studied by electrical stimulation","volume":"60","author":"Penfield W","year":"1937","unstructured":"Penfield W, Boldrey E. 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