{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T17:40:59Z","timestamp":1785519659830,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this retrospective study, the authors aimed to establish the stereotactically defined probability distribution for speech (i.e., anarthria, speech arrest) and lexico-semantic errors (i.e., anomia) through direct cortical stimulation (DCS) by using two tasks: action naming and object naming. They also analyzed the patterns of interindividual variability in the localization of the language sites involved, and investigated whether any patient or lesion location factors were associated with greater variability.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Eighty-one Italian-speaking patients who underwent awake surgery between 2010 and 2021 for low- and high-grade gliomas in eloquent areas of the language-dominant hemisphere were entered in the analyses. The intraoperative DCS protocol included automatic speech tasks, object naming, and action naming. The position of the tags, as depicted on the intraoperative video or photograph, was transposed into Montreal Neurological Institute space. Subsequently, a 2D scatterplot and cluster analysis were performed. Associations between various clinical and radiological characteristics and the quantity of positive stimulated sites were determined by univariate analyses using binary logistic regression. Associated variables (p &lt; 0.2) were included in stepwise multivariate logistic regression with backward elimination (p &lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 1380 cortical sites were stimulated, with a positive response in 511 cases (37%). Most anarthric errors were triggered when stimulating the left precentral gyrus, and most speech arrest errors were elicited when stimulating the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus. Anomias were found in the left inferior frontal gyrus and in the posterior part of the left temporal lobe for object naming. DCS to the left dorsal premotor cortex elicited anomic errors for action naming. Anomias were also elicited during DCS to the left posterior temporal lobe, with both object and action naming.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The distribution of speech and lexico-semantic errors is in line with the current literature. The action-naming results are new and mostly involve the dorsal premotor cortex. These findings stress the importance of maximizing the use of different language tasks during surgery, because even when looking for the same type of errors, different tasks may be better suited to map specific brain regions. DCS with action and object naming identifies more positive sites than object naming alone.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.10.jns231493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T01:20:17Z","timestamp":1705108817000},"page":"1641-1659","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Speech and lexico-semantic errors during direct cortical stimulation mapping of the language-dominant hemisphere: effects of object and action naming"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"Adri\u00e0","family":"Rofes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Language and Cognition and"},{"name":"Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"D\u2019Agata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, Italy; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Guerrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS S. Matteo Polyclinic, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giannantonio","family":"Spena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS S. Matteo Polyclinic, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"20","key":"b1","series-title":"J Clin Oncol","first-page":"2559","article-title":"Impact of intraoperative stimulation brain mapping on glioma surgery outcome: a meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"De Witt Hamer PC","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Witt Hamer PC, Robles SG, Zwinderman AH, Duffau H, Berger MS. Impact of intraoperative stimulation brain mapping on glioma surgery outcome: a meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(20):2559\u20132565."},{"issue":"3-4","key":"b2","series-title":"Cogn Neuropsychol","first-page":"117","article-title":"Language processing from the perspective of electrical stimulation mapping","volume":"36","author":"Rofes A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rofes A, Mandonnet E, de Aguiar V, Rapp B, Tsapkini K, Miceli G. Language processing from the perspective of electrical stimulation mapping. Cogn Neuropsychol. 2019;36(3-4):117\u2013139."},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci","first-page":"63","article-title":"Direct electrical stimulation of human cortex\u2014the gold standard for mapping brain functions?","volume":"13","author":"Borchers S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Borchers S, Himmelbach M, Logothetis N, Karnath HO. Direct electrical stimulation of human cortex\u2014the gold standard for mapping brain functions? Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011;13(1):63\u201370."},{"issue":"9","key":"b4","series-title":"Trends Cogn Sci","first-page":"442","article-title":"Re-establishing the merits of electrical brain stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Desmurget M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Desmurget M, Song Z, Mottolese C, Sirigu A. Re-establishing the merits of electrical brain stimulation. Trends Cogn Sci. 2013;17(9):442\u2013449."},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"116237","article-title":"Mapping critical cortical hubs and white matter pathways by direct electrical stimulation: an original functional atlas of the human brain","volume":"205","author":"Sarubbo S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarubbo S, Tate M, De Benedictis A,  Mapping critical cortical hubs and white matter pathways by direct electrical stimulation: an original functional atlas of the human brain. Neuroimage. 2020;205:116237."},{"issue":"1","key":"b6","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"38","article-title":"Localization patterns of speech and language errors during awake brain surgery: a systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Coll\u00e9e E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Coll\u00e9e E, Vincent A, Visch-Brink E, De Witte E, Dirven C, Satoer D. Localization patterns of speech and language errors during awake brain surgery: a systematic review. Neurosurg Rev. 2023;46(1):38."},{"issue":"1","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"114","article-title":"Stereotactic probability and variability of speech arrest and anomia sites during stimulation mapping of the language dominant hemisphere","volume":"126","author":"Chang EF","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chang EF, Breshears JD, Raygor KP, Lau D, Molinaro AM, Berger MS. Stereotactic probability and variability of speech arrest and anomia sites during stimulation mapping of the language dominant hemisphere. J Neurosurg. 2017;126(1):114\u2013121."},{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"b8","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"2773","article-title":"Probabilistic map of critical functional regions of the human cerebral cortex: Broca\u2019s area revisited","volume":"137","author":"Tate MC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tate MC, Herbet G, Moritz-Gasser S, Tate JE, Duffau H. Probabilistic map of critical functional regions of the human cerebral cortex: Broca\u2019s area revisited. Brain. 2014;137(Pt 10):2773-2782."},{"issue":"8","key":"b9","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"2541","article-title":"Functional maps of direct electrical stimulation-induced speech arrest and anomia: a multicentre retrospective study","volume":"144","author":"Lu J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu J, Zhao Z, Zhang J,  Functional maps of direct electrical stimulation-induced speech arrest and anomia: a multicentre retrospective study. Brain. 2021;144(8):2541\u20132553."},{"key":"b10","article-title":"Intraoperative Mapping of Cognitive Networks: Which Tasks for Which Locations","author":"Mandonnet E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mandonnet E, Herbet G, eds. Intraoperative Mapping of Cognitive Networks: Which Tasks for Which Locations. Springer; 2021."},{"issue":"2","key":"b11","series-title":"Neuropsychol Rev","first-page":"185","article-title":"Language mapping with verbs and sentences in awake surgery: a review","volume":"24","author":"Rofes A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rofes A, Miceli G. Language mapping with verbs and sentences in awake surgery: a review. Neuropsychol Rev. 2014;24(2):185\u2013199."},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Brain Lang","first-page":"53","article-title":"Electrical stimulation mapping of nouns and verbs in Broca\u2019s area","volume":"145-146","author":"Havas V","year":"2015","unstructured":"Havas V, Gabarr\u00f3s A, Juncadella M,  Electrical stimulation mapping of nouns and verbs in Broca\u2019s area. Brain Lang. 2015;145-146:53-63."},{"issue":"7","key":"b13","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Survey on current cognitive practices within the European Low-Grade Glioma Network: towards a European assessment protocol","volume":"159","author":"Rofes A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rofes A, Mandonnet E, Godden J,  Survey on current cognitive practices within the European Low-Grade Glioma Network: towards a European assessment protocol. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2017;159(7):1167\u20131178."},{"issue":"2","key":"b14","series-title":"Neurocase","first-page":"105","article-title":"Mapping nouns and finite verbs in left hemisphere tumors: a direct electrical stimulation study","volume":"23","author":"Rofes A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rofes A, Spena G, Talacchi A, Santini B, Miozzo A, Miceli G. Mapping nouns and finite verbs in left hemisphere tumors: a direct electrical stimulation study. Neurocase. 2017;23(2):105\u2013113."},{"issue":"12","key":"b15","series-title":"Aphasiology","first-page":"1418","article-title":"Noun\u2013verb naming dissociation in neurosurgical patients","volume":"33","author":"Tomasino B","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tomasino B, Tronchin G, Marin D,  Noun\u2013verb naming dissociation in neurosurgical patients. Aphasiology. 2019;33(12):1418\u20131440."},{"issue":"5","key":"b16","series-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol","first-page":"483","article-title":"Verb production tasks in the measurement of communicative abilities in aphasia","volume":"37","author":"Rofes A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rofes A, Capasso R, Miceli G. Verb production tasks in the measurement of communicative abilities in aphasia. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2015;37(5):483\u2013502."},{"issue":"6","key":"b17","series-title":"Acta Neuropathol","first-page":"803","article-title":"The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary","volume":"131","author":"Louis DN","year":"2016","unstructured":"Louis DN, Perry A, Reifenberger G,  The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary. Acta Neuropathol. 2016;131(6):803\u2013820."},{"issue":"12","key":"b18","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e80916","article-title":"Supratentorial gliomas in eloquent areas: which parameters can predict functional outcome and extent of resection?","volume":"8","author":"Spena G","year":"2013","unstructured":"Spena G, D\u2019Agata F, Panciani PP, Buglione di Monale M, Fontanella MM. Supratentorial gliomas in eloquent areas: which parameters can predict functional outcome and extent of resection? PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e80916."},{"issue":"7","key":"b19","series-title":"Neurol Sci","first-page":"1113","article-title":"A minimal standardization setting for language mapping tests: an Italian example","volume":"36","author":"Rofes A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rofes A, de Aguiar V, Miceli G. A minimal standardization setting for language mapping tests: an Italian example. Neurol Sci. 2015;36(7):1113\u20131119."},{"issue":"4","key":"b20","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"567","article-title":"Cortical localization of temporal lobe language sites in patients with gliomas","volume":"34","author":"Haglund MM","year":"1994","unstructured":"Haglund MM, Berger MS, Shamseldin M, Lettich E, Ojemann GA. Cortical localization of temporal lobe language sites in patients with gliomas. Neurosurgery. 1994;34(4):567\u2013576."},{"issue":"3","key":"b21","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"316","article-title":"Cortical language localization in left, dominant hemisphere. An electrical stimulation mapping investigation in 117 patients","volume":"71","author":"Ojemann G","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ojemann G, Ojemann J, Lettich E, Berger M. Cortical language localization in left, dominant hemisphere. An electrical stimulation mapping investigation in 117 patients. J Neurosurg. 1989;71(3):316\u2013326."},{"issue":"5","key":"b22","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"786","article-title":"Brain mapping techniques to maximize resection, safety, and seizure control in children with brain tumors","volume":"25","author":"Berger MS","year":"1989","unstructured":"Berger MS, Kincaid J, Ojemann GA, Lettich E. Brain mapping techniques to maximize resection, safety, and seizure control in children with brain tumors. Neurosurgery. 1989;25(5):786\u2013792."},{"issue":"3","key":"b23","series-title":"Biometrika","first-page":"555","article-title":"Efficient bootstrap simulation","volume":"73","author":"Davison AC","year":"1986","unstructured":"Davison AC, Hinkley DV, Schechtman E. Efficient bootstrap simulation. Biometrika. 1986;73(3):555."},{"key":"b24","article-title":"Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis","author":"Duda RO","year":"1973","unstructured":"Duda RO, Hart PE. Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis. Wiley; 1973."},{"key":"b25","article-title":"SPSS TwoStep Cluster\u2014a first evaluation","author":"Bacher J","unstructured":"Bacher J, Wenzig K, Vogler M. SPSS TwoStep Cluster\u2014a first evaluation. Accessed November 8, 2023.https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/SPSS-TwoStep-Cluster-a-first-evaluation-Bacher-Wenzig\/5c149b62c20aeac6bdd1b6cf0cce9364728beb47"},{"issue":"1","key":"b26","series-title":"Nat Hum Behav","first-page":"6","article-title":"Redefine statistical significance","volume":"2","author":"Benjamin DJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benjamin DJ, Berger JO, Johannesson M,  Redefine statistical significance. Nat Hum Behav. 2018;2(1):6\u201310."},{"issue":"28","key":"b27","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"7900","article-title":"Cluster failure: why fMRI inferences for spatial extent have inflated false-positive rates","volume":"113","author":"Eklund A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eklund A, Nichols TE, Knutsson H. Cluster failure: why fMRI inferences for spatial extent have inflated false-positive rates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113(28):7900\u20137905."},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"116468","article-title":"Cluster failure or power failure? Evaluating sensitivity in cluster-level inference","volume":"209","author":"Noble S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Noble S, Scheinost D, Constable RT. Cluster failure or power failure? Evaluating sensitivity in cluster-level inference. Neuroimage. 2020;209:116468."},{"issue":"9","key":"b29","series-title":"Hum Brain Mapp","first-page":"2907","article-title":"Coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of neuroimaging data: a random-effects approach based on empirical estimates of spatial uncertainty","volume":"30","author":"Eickhoff SB","year":"2009","unstructured":"Eickhoff SB, Laird AR, Grefkes C, Wang LE, Zilles K, Fox PT. Coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of neuroimaging data: a random-effects approach based on empirical estimates of spatial uncertainty. Hum Brain Mapp. 2009;30(9):2907\u20132926."},{"issue":"3","key":"b30","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"2349","article-title":"Activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis revisited","volume":"59","author":"Eickhoff SB","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eickhoff SB, Bzdok D, Laird AR, Kurth F, Fox PT. Activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis revisited. Neuroimage. 2012;59(3):2349\u20132361."},{"issue":"1","key":"b31","series-title":"Hum Brain Mapp","first-page":"1","article-title":"Minimizing within-experiment and within-group effects in Activation Likelihood Estimation meta-analyses","volume":"33","author":"Turkeltaub PE","year":"2012","unstructured":"Turkeltaub PE, Eickhoff SB, Laird AR, Fox M, Wiener M, Fox P. Minimizing within-experiment and within-group effects in Activation Likelihood Estimation meta-analyses. Hum Brain Mapp. 2012;33(1):1\u201313."},{"issue":"3","key":"b32","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"938","article-title":"Co-activation patterns distinguish cortical modules, their connectivity and functional differentiation","volume":"57","author":"Eickhoff SB","year":"2011","unstructured":"Eickhoff SB, Bzdok D, Laird AR,  Co-activation patterns distinguish cortical modules, their connectivity and functional differentiation. Neuroimage. 2011;57(3):938\u2013949."},{"issue":"1","key":"b33","series-title":"Hum Brain Mapp","first-page":"155","article-title":"ALE meta-analysis: controlling the false discovery rate and performing statistical contrasts","volume":"25","author":"Laird AR","year":"2005","unstructured":"Laird AR, Fox PM, Price CJ,  ALE meta-analysis: controlling the false discovery rate and performing statistical contrasts. Hum Brain Mapp. 2005;25(1):155\u2013164."},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Intraoperative Mapping of Cognitive Networks: Which Tasks for Which Locations","first-page":"171","article-title":"Naming: nouns and verbs","author":"Rofes A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rofes A, Mahon BZ. Naming: nouns and verbs. In: Mandonnet E, Herbet G, eds. Intraoperative Mapping of Cognitive Networks: Which Tasks for Which Locations. Springer; 2021:171-194."},{"issue":"1","key":"b35","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"18","article-title":"Functional outcome after language mapping for glioma resection","volume":"358","author":"Sanai N","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sanai N, Mirzadeh Z, Berger MS. Functional outcome after language mapping for glioma resection. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(1):18\u201327."},{"issue":"4413","key":"b36","series-title":"Science","first-page":"1401","article-title":"Human language cortex: localization of memory, syntax, and sequential motor-phoneme identification systems","volume":"205","author":"Ojemann G","year":"1979","unstructured":"Ojemann G, Mateer C. Human language cortex: localization of memory, syntax, and sequential motor-phoneme identification systems. Science. 1979;205(4413):1401\u20131403."},{"issue":"6","key":"b37","series-title":"Hum Brain Mapp","first-page":"2215","article-title":"New insights into the neural network mediating reading processes provided by cortico-subcortical electrical mapping","volume":"36","author":"Zemmoura I","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zemmoura I, Herbet G, Moritz-Gasser S, Duffau H. New insights into the neural network mediating reading processes provided by cortico-subcortical electrical mapping. Hum Brain Mapp. 2015;36(6):2215\u20132230."},{"issue":"1","key":"b38","series-title":"Commun Biol","first-page":"1413","article-title":"White matter disconnectivity fingerprints causally linked to dissociated forms of alexia","volume":"4","author":"Ng S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ng S, Moritz-Gasser S, Lemaitre AL, Duffau H, Herbet G. White matter disconnectivity fingerprints causally linked to dissociated forms of alexia. Commun Biol. 2021;4(1):1413."},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Int J Biomed Imaging","first-page":"6028645","article-title":"Intraoperative imaging modalities and compensation for brain shift in tumor resection surgery","volume":"2017","author":"Bayer S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bayer S, Maier A, Ostermeier M, Fahrig R. Intraoperative imaging modalities and compensation for brain shift in tumor resection surgery. Int J Biomed Imaging. 2017;2017:6028645."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/140\/6\/article-p1641.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/140\/6\/article-p1641.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/140\/6\/article-p1641.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T11:37:45Z","timestamp":1732621065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/140\/6\/article-p1641.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2023.10.jns231493","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]}}}