{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:47:32Z","timestamp":1787500052587,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cadaveric and dry 3D model-based simulation training is a valuable educational tool for neurosurgical residents. Such simulation training is an opportunity for residents to hone technical skills and decision-making and enhance their neuroanatomy knowledge. The authors describe the growth and development of the Oregon Health &amp; Science University Department of Neurological Surgery resident-focused, hands-on, spine-simulation surgery courses and provide details of course evaluations, layout, and setup.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A four-part spine surgical simulation series, including two human cadaveric and two dry 3D model-based courses, was created to provide resident spine procedure training. Residents participated in the spine simulation series (2017\u20132021) and completed annual course curriculum and anonymous post-course evaluations. Evaluations included both Likert scale items and free-text responses. Responses to Likert scale items were analyzed in Python. Free-text responses were quantified using the Valence Aware Dictionary for Sentiment Reasoner. Descriptive statistics were calculated and plotted using Python\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>seaborn<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>matplotlib<\/jats:italic>\n                      library modules.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The analysis included 129 spine (occipitocervical, thoracolumbar, and spine model fusion I and II) simulation course evaluations. Likert responses demonstrated high average responses for evaluation questions (4.67 \u00b1 0.90 and above). The average compound sentiment value was 0.58 \u00b1 0.28.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the first time Likert responses and sentiment analysis have been used to demonstrate how neurosurgical residents positively value a hands-on spine simulation training. Simulation is an essential component of neurosurgical resident education training. The authors encourage other neurosurgical education programs to develop and leverage spine simulation as a teaching tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.10.spine23273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T20:44:55Z","timestamp":1705092295000},"page":"519-528","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Innovative growth and development of a neurological surgery residency cadaveric spine-simulation training program: a single-institution experience"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Unger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Schreiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandi W.","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James T.","family":"Obayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirley","family":"McCartney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackie","family":"Dingman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan R.","family":"Selden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aclan","family":"Dogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy N.","family":"Ciporen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"d1580","article-title":"Impact of reduction in working hours for doctors in training on postgraduate medical education and patients\u2019 outcomes: systematic review","volume":"342","author":"Moonesinghe SR","year":"2011","unstructured":"Moonesinghe SR, Lowery J, Shahi N, Millen A, Beard JD. Impact of reduction in working hours for doctors in training on postgraduate medical education and patients\u2019 outcomes: systematic review. BMJ. 2011;342:d1580."},{"key":"b2","series-title":"StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing","article-title":"Past Present and Future of Simulation in Internal Medicine","author":"Oman SP","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oman SP, Magdi Y, Simon LV. Past Present and Future of Simulation in Internal Medicine. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing;2022."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"88","article-title":"effectiveness of cadaveric simulation in neurosurgical training: a review of the literature","volume":"118","author":"Gnanakumar S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gnanakumar S, Kostusiak M, Budohoski KP,  effectiveness of cadaveric simulation in neurosurgical training: a review of the literature. World Neurosurg. 2018;118:88\u201396."},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"A systematic review. 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