{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T15:03:51Z","timestamp":1779030231529,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study investigated the association between head impact exposure (HIE) during varsity Canadian football games and short-term changes in cortical excitability of the primary motor cortex (M1) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Twenty-nine university-level male athletes wore instrumented mouth guards during a football game to measure HIE. TMS measurements were conducted 24 hours before and 1\u20132 hours after the game. Twenty control football athletes were submitted to a noncontact training session and underwent identical TMS assessments. Between-group changes in short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) ratios over time were conducted using two-way ANOVAs. The relationship between HIE (i.e., number, magnitude, and cumulative forces of impacts) and SICI (secondary outcome) was also investigated using Pearson correlations.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Relative to controls, the group of athletes who had played a full-contact football game exhibited a significant intracortical disinhibition (p = 0.028) on the SICI 3-msec protocol (i.e., short interstimulus interval of 3 msec) within hours following the game. Moreover, exposure to \u2265 40<jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic> hits positively correlated with SICI disinhibition (p &lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Athletes exposed to subconcussive hits associated with Canadian football exhibit abnormal M1 corticomotor inhibition function, particularly when the recorded impact magnitude was \u2265 40<jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>. Given the deleterious effects of decreased inhibition on motor control and balance, systematically tracking head impact forces at each game and practice with contacts could prove useful for injury prevention in contact sports.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.11.jns231933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T16:55:36Z","timestamp":1713286536000},"page":"436-444","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Short-term changes in the physiology of the primary motor cortex following head impact exposure during a Canadian football game"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"141","author":[{"given":"Sophie-Andr\u00e9e","family":"Vinet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Montr\u00e9al Sacred Heart Hospital Research Center, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada;"},{"name":"Psychology Department, University of Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9raldine","family":"Martens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montr\u00e9al Sacred Heart Hospital Research Center, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada;"},{"name":"Surgery Department, University of Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Guay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montr\u00e9al Sacred Heart Hospital Research Center, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada;"},{"name":"Psychology Department, University of Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9lie","family":"Apinis-Deshaies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montr\u00e9al Sacred Heart Hospital Research Center, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Merbah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montr\u00e9al Sacred Heart Hospital Research Center, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bertrand R.","family":"Car\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montr\u00e9al Sacred Heart Hospital Research Center, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada;"},{"name":"BERGIA Solutions, Toulon, Var, France;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurie-Ann","family":"Corbin-Berrigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Wagnac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montr\u00e9al Sacred Heart Hospital Research Center, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada;"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Superior Technology School, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"De Beaumont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montr\u00e9al Sacred Heart Hospital Research Center, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada;"},{"name":"Surgery Department, University of Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"b1","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","first-page":"331","article-title":"Concussions among university football and soccer players","volume":"12","author":"Delaney JS","year":"2002","unstructured":"Delaney JS, Lacroix VJ, Leclerc S, Johnston KM. 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