{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:16:46Z","timestamp":1787062606333,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infuse bone graft is a widely used osteoinductive adjuvant; however, the simple collagen sponge scaffold used in the implant has minimal inherent osteoinductive properties and poorly controls the delivery of the adsorbed recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein\u20132 (rhBMP-2). In this study, the authors sought to create a novel bone graft substitute material that overcomes the limitations of Infuse and compare the ability of this material with that of Infuse to facilitate union following spine surgery in a clinically translatable rat model of spinal fusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors created a polydopamine (PDA)\u2013infused, porous, homogeneously dispersed solid mixture of extracellular matrix and calcium phosphates (BioMim-PDA) and then compared the efficacy of this material directly with Infuse in the setting of different concentrations of rhBMP-2 using a rat model of spinal fusion. Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to each of six equal groups: 1) collagen + 0.2 \u00b5g rhBMP-2\/side, 2) BioMim-PDA + 0.2 \u00b5g rhBMP-2\/side, 3) collagen + 2.0 \u00b5g rhBMP-2\/side, 4) BioMim-PDA + 2.0 \u03bcg rhBMP-2\/side, 5) collagen + 20 \u00b5g rhBMP-2\/side, and 6) BioMim-PDA + 20 \u00b5g rhBMP-2\/side. All animals underwent posterolateral intertransverse process fusion at L4\u20135 using the assigned bone graft. Animals were euthanized 8 weeks postoperatively, and their lumbar spines were analyzed via microcomputed tomography (\u00b5CT) and histology. Spinal fusion was defined as continuous bridging bone bilaterally across the fusion site evaluated via \u00b5CT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The fusion rate was 100% in all groups except group 1 (70%) and group 4 (90%). Use of BioMim-PDA with 0.2 \u00b5g rhBMP-2 led to significantly greater results for bone volume (BV), percentage BV, and trabecular number, as well as significantly smaller trabecular separation, compared with the use of the collagen sponge with 2.0 \u00b5g rhBMP-2. The same results were observed when the use of BioMim-PDA with 2.0 \u00b5g rhBMP-2 was compared with the use of the collagen sponge with 20 \u00b5g rhBMP-2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Implantation of rhBMP-2\u2013adsorbed BioMim-PDA scaffolds resulted in BV and bone quality superior to that afforded by treatment with rhBMP-2 concentrations 10-fold higher implanted on a conventional collagen sponge. Using BioMim-PDA (vs a collagen sponge) for rhBMP-2 delivery could significantly lower the amount of rhBMP-2 required for successful bone grafting clinically, improving device safety and decreasing costs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.2.spine22936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T15:10:09Z","timestamp":1680275409000},"page":"113-121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Creation and preclinical evaluation of a novel mussel-inspired, biomimetic, bioactive bone graft scaffold: direct comparison with Infuse bone graft using a rat model of spinal fusion"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Ethan","family":"Cottrill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zach","family":"Pennington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew T.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering, and"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Dirckx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Ehresman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Perdomo-Pantoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Rajkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Maestas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashlie","family":"Mageau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Lambrechts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Chemistry and"},{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Sciubba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell Health, Hempstead, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Theodore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer H.","family":"Elisseeff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Witham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"b1","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"369","article-title":"Trends in lumbar fusion procedure rates and associated hospital costs for degenerative spinal diseases in the United States, 2004 to 2015","volume":"44","author":"Martin BI","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martin BI, Mirza SK, Spina N, Spiker WR, Lawrence B, Brodke DS. 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