{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T09:00:36Z","timestamp":1780736436919,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spondylolisthesis is a common operative disease in the United States, but robust predictive models for patient outcomes remain limited. The development of models that accurately predict postoperative outcomes would be useful to help identify patients at risk of complicated postoperative courses and determine appropriate healthcare and resource utilization for patients. As such, the purpose of this study was to develop k-nearest neighbors (KNN) classification algorithms to identify patients at increased risk for extended hospital length of stay (LOS) following neurosurgical intervention for spondylolisthesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Quality Outcomes Database (QOD) spondylolisthesis data set was queried for patients receiving either decompression alone or decompression plus fusion for degenerative spondylolisthesis. Preoperative and perioperative variables were queried, and Mann-Whitney U-tests were performed to identify which variables would be included in the machine learning models. Two KNN models were implemented (k = 25) with a standard training set of 60%, validation set of 20%, and testing set of 20%, one with arthrodesis status (model 1) and the other without (model 2). Feature scaling was implemented during the preprocessing stage to standardize the independent features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 608 enrolled patients, 544 met prespecified inclusion criteria. The mean age of all patients was 61.9 \u00b1 12.1 years (\u00b1 SD), and 309 (56.8%) patients were female. The model 1 KNN had an overall accuracy of 98.1%, sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 84.6%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 97.9%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 100%. Additionally, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted for model 1, showing an overall area under the curve (AUC) of 0.998. Model 2 had an overall accuracy of 99.1%, sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 92.3%, PPV of 99.0%, and NPV of 100%, with the same ROC AUC of 0.998.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, these findings demonstrate that nonlinear KNN machine learning models have incredibly high predictive value for LOS. Important predictor variables include diabetes, osteoporosis, socioeconomic quartile, duration of surgery, estimated blood loss during surgery, patient educational status, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, BMI, insurance status, smoking status, sex, and age. These models may be considered for external validation by spine surgeons to aid in patient selection and management, resource utilization, and preoperative surgical planning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.3.focus22651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T10:58:00Z","timestamp":1685617080000},"page":"E7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Developing nonlinear k-nearest neighbors classification algorithms to identify patients at high risk of increased length of hospital stay following spine surgery"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Shane","family":"Shahrestani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California;"},{"name":"Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew K.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, The Och Spine Hospital at NewYork-Presbyterian, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica F.","family":"Bisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Bydon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven D.","family":"Glassman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norton Leatherman Spine Center, Louisville, Kentucky;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin T.","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Tennessee;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher I.","family":"Shaffrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, Memphis, Tennessee;"},{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and 9Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Potts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indianapolis, Indiana;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Shaffrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domagoj","family":"Coric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System and Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates, Charlotte, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Knightly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlantic Neurosurgical Specialists, Morristown, New Jersey;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Tennessee;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Y.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai-Ming","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan R.","family":"Slotkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisinger Health, Danville, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony L.","family":"Asher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System and Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates, Charlotte, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Virk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgos D.","family":"Michalopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regis W.","family":"Haid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlanta Brain and Spine Care, Atlanta, Georgia; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, The Och Spine Hospital at NewYork-Presbyterian, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen V.","family":"Mummaneni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"b1","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"526","article-title":"Decompression with or without fusion in degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"385","author":"Austevoll IM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Austevoll IM, Hermansen E, Fagerland MW,  Decompression with or without fusion in degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6):526\u2013538."},{"issue":"1","key":"b2","series-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord","first-page":"1026","article-title":"A morphological characterization of the lumbar neural arch in females and males with degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"22","author":"Abu-Leil S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abu-Leil S, Weisman A, Floman Y, Galbusera F, Masharawi Y. A morphological characterization of the lumbar neural arch in females and males with degenerative spondylolisthesis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):1026.34879825"},{"issue":"3","key":"b3","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","first-page":"353","article-title":"Summary of guidelines for the treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"30","author":"Chan AK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chan AK, Sharma V, Robinson LC, Mummaneni PV. Summary of guidelines for the treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2019;30(3):353\u2013364.31078236"},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"199","article-title":"Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis: prevalence and association with low back pain in the adult community-based population","volume":"34","author":"Kalichman L","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kalichman L, Kim DH, Li L, Guermazi A, Berkin V, Hunter DJ. Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis: prevalence and association with low back pain in the adult community-based population. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34(2):199\u2013205.19139672"},{"issue":"2","key":"b5","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"184","article-title":"Degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"58","author":"Fitzgerald JA","year":"1976","unstructured":"Fitzgerald JA, Newman PH. Degenerative spondylolisthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1976;58(2):184\u2013192.932080"},{"issue":"15","key":"b6","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1413","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of fusion surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis","volume":"374","author":"F\u00f6rsth P","year":"2016","unstructured":"F\u00f6rsth P, \u00d3lafsson G, Carlsson T,  A randomized, controlled trial of fusion surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(15):1413\u20131423.27074066"},{"issue":"15","key":"b7","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1424","article-title":"Laminectomy plus fusion versus laminectomy alone for lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"374","author":"Ghogawala Z","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghogawala Z, Dziura J, Butler WE,  Laminectomy plus fusion versus laminectomy alone for lumbar spondylolisthesis. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(15):1424\u20131434.27074067"},{"issue":"6","key":"b8","series-title":"J Spinal Disord","first-page":"533","article-title":"Anterior\/posterior lumbar fusion versus transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: analysis of complications and predictive factors","volume":"14","author":"Hee HT","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hee HT, Castro FP Jr, Majd ME, Holt RT, Myers L. Anterior\/posterior lumbar fusion versus transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: analysis of complications and predictive factors. J Spinal Disord. 2001;14(6):533\u2013540.11723406"},{"issue":"18","key":"b9","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1963","article-title":"National complication rates and disposition after posterior lumbar fusion for acquired spondylolisthesis","volume":"34","author":"Kalanithi PS","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kalanithi PS, Patil CG, Boakye M. National complication rates and disposition after posterior lumbar fusion for acquired spondylolisthesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34(18):1963\u20131969.19652635"},{"issue":"9","key":"b10","series-title":"Int Orthop","first-page":"1883","article-title":"Minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar fusion: a systematic review of complications","volume":"40","author":"Hu W","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hu W, Tang J, Wu X, Zhang L, Ke B. Minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar fusion: a systematic review of complications. Int Orthop. 2016;40(9):1883\u20131890.26987979"},{"issue":"6","key":"b11","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"1727","article-title":"Comparative outcomes of minimally invasive surgery for posterior lumbar fusion: a systematic review","volume":"472","author":"Goldstein CL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goldstein CL, Macwan K, Sundararajan K, Rampersaud YR. Comparative outcomes of minimally invasive surgery for posterior lumbar fusion: a systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(6):1727\u20131737.24464507"},{"issue":"4","key":"b12","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E4","article-title":"Reductions in length of stay, narcotics use, and pain following implementation of an enhanced recovery after surgery program for 1- to 3-level lumbar fusion surgery","volume":"46","author":"Brusko GD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brusko GD, Kolcun JPG, Heger JA,  Reductions in length of stay, narcotics use, and pain following implementation of an enhanced recovery after surgery program for 1- to 3-level lumbar fusion surgery. Neurosurg Focus. 2019;46(4):E4.30933921"},{"issue":"3","key":"b13","series-title":"Curr Orthop Pract","first-page":"302","article-title":"Role of machine learning in management of degenerative spondylolisthesis: a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"El-Daw S","year":"2021","unstructured":"El-Daw S, El-Tantawy A, Aly T, Ramadan M. Role of machine learning in management of degenerative spondylolisthesis: a systematic review. Curr Orthop Pract. 2021;32(3):302\u2013308."},{"key":"b14","series-title":"2013 International Conference on Information Science and Applications","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosis of vertebral column disorders using machine learning classifiers","author":"Ansari S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ansari S, Sajjad F, ul-Qayyum Z, Naveed N, Shafi I. Diagnosis of vertebral column disorders using machine learning classifiers. In: 2013 International Conference on Information Science and Applications. ICISA; 2013:1\u20136."},{"issue":"5","key":"b15","series-title":"J Med Syst","first-page":"50","article-title":"Effective automated prediction of vertebral column pathologies based on logistic model tree with SMOTE preprocessing","volume":"38","author":"Karabulut EM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karabulut EM, Ibrikci T. Effective automated prediction of vertebral column pathologies based on logistic model tree with SMOTE preprocessing. J Med Syst. 2014;38(5):50.24753003"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Comput Biol Med","first-page":"61","article-title":"Pairwise FCM based feature weighting for improved classification of vertebral column disorders","volume":"46","author":"Unal Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Unal Y, Polat K, Erdinc Kocer H. Pairwise FCM based feature weighting for improved classification of vertebral column disorders. Comput Biol Med. 2014;46:61\u201370.24529206"},{"issue":"2","key":"b17","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"177","article-title":"Does reduction of the Meyerding grade correlate with outcomes in patients undergoing decompression and fusion for grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis?","volume":"36","author":"Chan AK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chan AK, Mummaneni PV, Burke JF,  Does reduction of the Meyerding grade correlate with outcomes in patients undergoing decompression and fusion for grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis? J Neurosurg Spine. 2022;36(2):177\u2013184."},{"issue":"2","key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"234","article-title":"Laminectomy alone versus fusion for grade 1 lumbar spondylolisthesis in 426 patients from the prospective Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"30","author":"Chan AK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chan AK, Bisson EF, Bydon M,  Laminectomy alone versus fusion for grade 1 lumbar spondylolisthesis in 426 patients from the prospective Quality Outcomes Database. J Neurosurg Spine. 2018;30(2):234\u2013241.30544348"},{"issue":"1","key":"b19","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E2","article-title":"Defining the minimum clinically important difference for grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: insights from the Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"44","author":"Asher AL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Asher AL, Kerezoudis P, Mummaneni PV,  Defining the minimum clinically important difference for grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: insights from the Quality Outcomes Database. Neurosurg Focus. 2018;44(1):E2."},{"issue":"5","key":"b20","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E2","article-title":"Quality Outcomes Database Spine Care Project 2012-2020: milestones achieved in a collaborative North American outcomes registry to advance value-based spine care and evolution to the American Spine Registry","volume":"48","author":"Asher AL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asher AL, Knightly J, Mummaneni PV,  Quality Outcomes Database Spine Care Project 2012-2020: milestones achieved in a collaborative North American outcomes registry to advance value-based spine care and evolution to the American Spine Registry. Neurosurg Focus. 2020;48(5):E2."},{"issue":"5","key":"b21","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"643","article-title":"Assessing the differences in characteristics of patients lost to follow-up at 2 years: results from the Quality Outcomes Database study on outcomes of surgery for grade I spondylolisthesis","volume":"33","author":"Bisson EF","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bisson EF, Mummaneni PV, Knightly J,  Assessing the differences in characteristics of patients lost to follow-up at 2 years: results from the Quality Outcomes Database study on outcomes of surgery for grade I spondylolisthesis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2020;33(5):643\u2013651."},{"issue":"3","key":"b22","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"349","article-title":"Open versus minimally invasive decompression for low-grade spondylolisthesis: analysis from the Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"33","author":"Bisson EF","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bisson EF, Mummaneni PV, Virk MS,  Open versus minimally invasive decompression for low-grade spondylolisthesis: analysis from the Quality Outcomes Database. J Neurosurg Spine. 2020;33(3):349\u2013359."},{"issue":"3","key":"b23","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"555","article-title":"A comparison of minimally invasive and open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for grade 1 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: an analysis of the prospective Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"87","author":"Chan AK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan AK, Bisson EF, Bydon M,  A comparison of minimally invasive and open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for grade 1 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: an analysis of the prospective Quality Outcomes Database. Neurosurgery. 2020;87(3):555\u2013562.32409828"},{"issue":"1","key":"b24","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E3","article-title":"Women fare best following surgery for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: a comparison of the most and least satisfied patients utilizing data from the Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"44","author":"Chan AK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chan AK, Bisson EF, Bydon M,  Women fare best following surgery for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: a comparison of the most and least satisfied patients utilizing data from the Quality Outcomes Database. Neurosurg Focus. 2018;44(1):E3.29290130"},{"issue":"5","key":"b25","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E13","article-title":"A comparison of minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion and decompression alone for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"46","author":"Chan AK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chan AK, Bisson EF, Bydon M,  A comparison of minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion and decompression alone for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Neurosurg Focus. 2019;46(5):E13.31042655"},{"issue":"1","key":"b26","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"80","article-title":"Obese patients benefit, but do not fare as well as nonobese patients, following lumbar spondylolisthesis surgery: an analysis of the Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"86","author":"Chan AK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan AK, Bisson EF, Bydon M,  Obese patients benefit, but do not fare as well as nonobese patients, following lumbar spondylolisthesis surgery: an analysis of the Quality Outcomes Database. Neurosurgery. 2020;86(1):80\u201387."},{"issue":"6","key":"b27","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1130","article-title":"Predictors of the best outcomes following minimally invasive surgery for grade 1 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"87","author":"Chan AK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan AK, Bisson EF, Bydon M,  Predictors of the best outcomes following minimally invasive surgery for grade 1 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Neurosurgery. 2020;87(6):1130\u20131138.32497184"},{"issue":"1","key":"b28","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E6","article-title":"The National Neurosurgery Quality and Outcomes Database (N2QOD): general overview and pilot-year project description","volume":"34","author":"McGirt MJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"McGirt MJ, Speroff T, Dittus RS, Harrell FE Jr, Asher AL. The National Neurosurgery Quality and Outcomes Database (N2QOD): general overview and pilot-year project description. Neurosurg Focus. 2013;34(1):E6.23278267"},{"issue":"1","key":"b29","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"123","article-title":"Is the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services hierarchical condition category risk adjustment model satisfactory for quantifying risk after spine surgery?","volume":"91","author":"Chan AK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chan AK, Shahrestani S, Ballatori AM,  Is the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services hierarchical condition category risk adjustment model satisfactory for quantifying risk after spine surgery? Neurosurgery. 2022;91(1):123\u2013131.35550453"},{"issue":"6","key":"b30","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"866","article-title":"Factors associated with short length of stay after long fusions for adult spinal deformity: initial steps toward developing an enhanced recovery pathway","volume":"11","author":"Lovecchio F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lovecchio F, Steinhaus M, Elysee JC,  Factors associated with short length of stay after long fusions for adult spinal deformity: initial steps toward developing an enhanced recovery pathway. Global Spine J. 2021;11(6):866\u2013873.32787569"},{"issue":"2","key":"b31","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E107","article-title":"Readmissions, length of stay, and mortality after primary surgery for adult spinal deformity: a 10-year Danish nationwide cohort study","volume":"44","author":"Pitter FT","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pitter FT, Lindberg-Larsen M, Pedersen AB, Dahl B, Gehrchen M. Readmissions, length of stay, and mortality after primary surgery for adult spinal deformity: a 10-year Danish nationwide cohort study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2019;44(2):E107\u2013E116.30005042"},{"issue":"13","key":"b32","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E798","article-title":"Predicting extended length of hospital stay in an adult spinal deformity surgical population","volume":"41","author":"Klineberg EO","year":"2016","unstructured":"Klineberg EO, Passias PG, Jalai CM,  Predicting extended length of hospital stay in an adult spinal deformity surgical population. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016;41(13):E798\u2013E805."},{"key":"b33","series-title":"World Neurosurg X","first-page":"100120","article-title":"Enhanced recovery after surgery protocol in minimally invasive lumbar fusion surgery reduces length of hospital stay and inpatient narcotic use","volume":"14","author":"Band IC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Band IC, Yenicay AO, Montemurno TD, Chan JS, Ogden AT. Enhanced recovery after surgery protocol in minimally invasive lumbar fusion surgery reduces length of hospital stay and inpatient narcotic use. World Neurosurg X. 2022;14:100120.35257094"},{"issue":"1","key":"b34","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"2101","article-title":"Clinical outcomes, complications and fusion rates in endoscopic assisted intraforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (iLIF) versus minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF): systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Sousa JM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sousa JM, Ribeiro H, Silva JL, Nogueira P, Consci\u00eancia JG. Clinical outcomes, complications and fusion rates in endoscopic assisted intraforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (iLIF) versus minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF): systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):2101.35136081"},{"issue":"6","key":"b35","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"1806","article-title":"Same-day discharge after minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a series of 808 cases","volume":"472","author":"Eckman WW","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eckman WW, Hester L, McMillen M. Same-day discharge after minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a series of 808 cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(6):1806\u20131812.24272414"},{"issue":"6","key":"b36","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E2","article-title":"Awake spinal surgery: simplifying the learning curve with a patient selection algorithm","volume":"51","author":"Letchuman V","year":"2021","unstructured":"Letchuman V, Agarwal N, Mummaneni VP,  Awake spinal surgery: simplifying the learning curve with a patient selection algorithm. Neurosurg Focus. 2021;51(6):E2.34852318"},{"issue":"8","key":"b37","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"719","article-title":"ASA classification as a risk stratification tool in adult spinal deformity surgery: a study of 5805 patients","volume":"7","author":"Somani S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Somani S, Capua JD, Kim JS,  ASA classification as a risk stratification tool in adult spinal deformity surgery: a study of 5805 patients. Global Spine J. 2017;7(8):719\u2013726.29238634"},{"issue":"1","key":"b38","series-title":"BMC Surg","first-page":"253","article-title":"American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification as a reliable predictor of postoperative medical complications and mortality following ambulatory surgery: an analysis of 2,089,830 ACS-NSQIP outpatient cases","volume":"21","author":"Foley C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Foley C, Kendall MC, Apruzzese P, De Oliveira GS. American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification as a reliable predictor of postoperative medical complications and mortality following ambulatory surgery: an analysis of 2,089,830 ACS-NSQIP outpatient cases. BMC Surg. 2021;21(1):253.34020623"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Global Spine J","article-title":"The effect of modifiable risk factors on postoperative complications in lumbar spine fusions","author":"Ton A","unstructured":"Ton A, Shahrestani S, Chen XT, Ballatori AM, Wang JC, Buser Z. The effect of modifiable risk factors on postoperative complications in lumbar spine fusions. Global Spine J. . Published online June 22,2021. doi:10.1177\/2192568221102231534155943"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"EClinicalMedicine","first-page":"100889","article-title":"The influence of modifiable risk factors on short-term postoperative outcomes following cervical spine surgery: a retrospective propensity score matched analysis","volume":"36","author":"Shahrestani S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shahrestani S, Bakhsheshian J, Chen XT,  The influence of modifiable risk factors on short-term postoperative outcomes following cervical spine surgery: a retrospective propensity score matched analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;36:100889.34308307"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Knowl Base Syst","first-page":"135","article-title":"Study on density peaks clustering based on k-nearest neighbors and principal component analysis","volume":"99","author":"Du M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Du M, Ding S, Jia H. Study on density peaks clustering based on k-nearest neighbors and principal component analysis. Knowl Base Syst. 2016;99:135\u2013145."},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Knowl Base Syst","first-page":"99","article-title":"Location difference of multiple distances based k-nearest neighbors algorithm","volume":"90","author":"Xia S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xia S, Xiong Z, Luo Y, Dong L, Zhang G. Location difference of multiple distances based k-nearest neighbors algorithm. Knowl Base Syst. 2015;90:99\u2013110."},{"issue":"8","key":"b43","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"1775","article-title":"Development of a machine learning algorithm predicting discharge placement after surgery for spondylolisthesis","volume":"28","author":"Ogink PT","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ogink PT, Karhade AV, Thio QCBS,  Development of a machine learning algorithm predicting discharge placement after surgery for spondylolisthesis. Eur Spine J. 2019;28(8):1775\u20131782.30919114"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"627","article-title":"Development and validation of machine learning algorithms for predicting adverse events after surgery for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"140","author":"Fatima N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fatima N, Zheng H, Massaad E, Hadzipasic M, Shankar GM, Shin JH. Development and validation of machine learning algorithms for predicting adverse events after surgery for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis. World Neurosurg. 2020;140:627\u2013641.32344139"},{"issue":"6","key":"b1","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"526","article-title":"Decompression with or without fusion in degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"385","author":"Austevoll IM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Austevoll IM, Hermansen E, Fagerland MW,  Decompression with or without fusion in degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6):526\u2013538."},{"issue":"1","key":"b2","series-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord","first-page":"1026","article-title":"A morphological characterization of the lumbar neural arch in females and males with degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"22","author":"Abu-Leil S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abu-Leil S, Weisman A, Floman Y, Galbusera F, Masharawi Y. A morphological characterization of the lumbar neural arch in females and males with degenerative spondylolisthesis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):1026.34879825"},{"issue":"3","key":"b3","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","first-page":"353","article-title":"Summary of guidelines for the treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"30","author":"Chan AK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chan AK, Sharma V, Robinson LC, Mummaneni PV. Summary of guidelines for the treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2019;30(3):353\u2013364.31078236"},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"199","article-title":"Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis: prevalence and association with low back pain in the adult community-based population","volume":"34","author":"Kalichman L","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kalichman L, Kim DH, Li L, Guermazi A, Berkin V, Hunter DJ. Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis: prevalence and association with low back pain in the adult community-based population. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34(2):199\u2013205.19139672"},{"issue":"2","key":"b5","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"184","article-title":"Degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"58","author":"Fitzgerald JA","year":"1976","unstructured":"Fitzgerald JA, Newman PH. Degenerative spondylolisthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1976;58(2):184\u2013192.932080"},{"issue":"15","key":"b6","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1413","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of fusion surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis","volume":"374","author":"F\u00f6rsth P","year":"2016","unstructured":"F\u00f6rsth P, \u00d3lafsson G, Carlsson T,  A randomized, controlled trial of fusion surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(15):1413\u20131423.27074066"},{"issue":"15","key":"b7","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1424","article-title":"Laminectomy plus fusion versus laminectomy alone for lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"374","author":"Ghogawala Z","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghogawala Z, Dziura J, Butler WE,  Laminectomy plus fusion versus laminectomy alone for lumbar spondylolisthesis. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(15):1424\u20131434.27074067"},{"issue":"6","key":"b8","series-title":"J Spinal Disord","first-page":"533","article-title":"Anterior\/posterior lumbar fusion versus transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: analysis of complications and predictive factors","volume":"14","author":"Hee HT","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hee HT, Castro FP Jr, Majd ME, Holt RT, Myers L. Anterior\/posterior lumbar fusion versus transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: analysis of complications and predictive factors. J Spinal Disord. 2001;14(6):533\u2013540.11723406"},{"issue":"18","key":"b9","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1963","article-title":"National complication rates and disposition after posterior lumbar fusion for acquired spondylolisthesis","volume":"34","author":"Kalanithi PS","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kalanithi PS, Patil CG, Boakye M. National complication rates and disposition after posterior lumbar fusion for acquired spondylolisthesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34(18):1963\u20131969.19652635"},{"issue":"9","key":"b10","series-title":"Int Orthop","first-page":"1883","article-title":"Minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar fusion: a systematic review of complications","volume":"40","author":"Hu W","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hu W, Tang J, Wu X, Zhang L, Ke B. Minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar fusion: a systematic review of complications. Int Orthop. 2016;40(9):1883\u20131890.26987979"},{"issue":"6","key":"b11","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"1727","article-title":"Comparative outcomes of minimally invasive surgery for posterior lumbar fusion: a systematic review","volume":"472","author":"Goldstein CL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goldstein CL, Macwan K, Sundararajan K, Rampersaud YR. Comparative outcomes of minimally invasive surgery for posterior lumbar fusion: a systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(6):1727\u20131737.24464507"},{"issue":"4","key":"b12","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E4","article-title":"Reductions in length of stay, narcotics use, and pain following implementation of an enhanced recovery after surgery program for 1- to 3-level lumbar fusion surgery","volume":"46","author":"Brusko GD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brusko GD, Kolcun JPG, Heger JA,  Reductions in length of stay, narcotics use, and pain following implementation of an enhanced recovery after surgery program for 1- to 3-level lumbar fusion surgery. Neurosurg Focus. 2019;46(4):E4.30933921"},{"issue":"3","key":"b13","series-title":"Curr Orthop Pract","first-page":"302","article-title":"Role of machine learning in management of degenerative spondylolisthesis: a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"El-Daw S","year":"2021","unstructured":"El-Daw S, El-Tantawy A, Aly T, Ramadan M. Role of machine learning in management of degenerative spondylolisthesis: a systematic review. Curr Orthop Pract. 2021;32(3):302\u2013308."},{"key":"b14","series-title":"2013 International Conference on Information Science and Applications","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosis of vertebral column disorders using machine learning classifiers","author":"Ansari S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ansari S, Sajjad F, ul-Qayyum Z, Naveed N, Shafi I. Diagnosis of vertebral column disorders using machine learning classifiers. In: 2013 International Conference on Information Science and Applications. ICISA; 2013:1\u20136."},{"issue":"5","key":"b15","series-title":"J Med Syst","first-page":"50","article-title":"Effective automated prediction of vertebral column pathologies based on logistic model tree with SMOTE preprocessing","volume":"38","author":"Karabulut EM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karabulut EM, Ibrikci T. Effective automated prediction of vertebral column pathologies based on logistic model tree with SMOTE preprocessing. J Med Syst. 2014;38(5):50.24753003"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Comput Biol Med","first-page":"61","article-title":"Pairwise FCM based feature weighting for improved classification of vertebral column disorders","volume":"46","author":"Unal Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Unal Y, Polat K, Erdinc Kocer H. Pairwise FCM based feature weighting for improved classification of vertebral column disorders. Comput Biol Med. 2014;46:61\u201370.24529206"},{"issue":"2","key":"b17","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"177","article-title":"Does reduction of the Meyerding grade correlate with outcomes in patients undergoing decompression and fusion for grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis?","volume":"36","author":"Chan AK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chan AK, Mummaneni PV, Burke JF,  Does reduction of the Meyerding grade correlate with outcomes in patients undergoing decompression and fusion for grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis? J Neurosurg Spine. 2022;36(2):177\u2013184."},{"issue":"2","key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"234","article-title":"Laminectomy alone versus fusion for grade 1 lumbar spondylolisthesis in 426 patients from the prospective Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"30","author":"Chan AK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chan AK, Bisson EF, Bydon M,  Laminectomy alone versus fusion for grade 1 lumbar spondylolisthesis in 426 patients from the prospective Quality Outcomes Database. J Neurosurg Spine. 2018;30(2):234\u2013241.30544348"},{"issue":"1","key":"b19","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E2","article-title":"Defining the minimum clinically important difference for grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: insights from the Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"44","author":"Asher AL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Asher AL, Kerezoudis P, Mummaneni PV,  Defining the minimum clinically important difference for grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: insights from the Quality Outcomes Database. Neurosurg Focus. 2018;44(1):E2."},{"issue":"5","key":"b20","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E2","article-title":"Quality Outcomes Database Spine Care Project 2012-2020: milestones achieved in a collaborative North American outcomes registry to advance value-based spine care and evolution to the American Spine Registry","volume":"48","author":"Asher AL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asher AL, Knightly J, Mummaneni PV,  Quality Outcomes Database Spine Care Project 2012-2020: milestones achieved in a collaborative North American outcomes registry to advance value-based spine care and evolution to the American Spine Registry. Neurosurg Focus. 2020;48(5):E2."},{"issue":"5","key":"b21","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"643","article-title":"Assessing the differences in characteristics of patients lost to follow-up at 2 years: results from the Quality Outcomes Database study on outcomes of surgery for grade I spondylolisthesis","volume":"33","author":"Bisson EF","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bisson EF, Mummaneni PV, Knightly J,  Assessing the differences in characteristics of patients lost to follow-up at 2 years: results from the Quality Outcomes Database study on outcomes of surgery for grade I spondylolisthesis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2020;33(5):643\u2013651."},{"issue":"3","key":"b22","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"349","article-title":"Open versus minimally invasive decompression for low-grade spondylolisthesis: analysis from the Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"33","author":"Bisson EF","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bisson EF, Mummaneni PV, Virk MS,  Open versus minimally invasive decompression for low-grade spondylolisthesis: analysis from the Quality Outcomes Database. J Neurosurg Spine. 2020;33(3):349\u2013359."},{"issue":"3","key":"b23","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"555","article-title":"A comparison of minimally invasive and open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for grade 1 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: an analysis of the prospective Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"87","author":"Chan AK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan AK, Bisson EF, Bydon M,  A comparison of minimally invasive and open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for grade 1 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: an analysis of the prospective Quality Outcomes Database. Neurosurgery. 2020;87(3):555\u2013562.32409828"},{"issue":"1","key":"b24","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E3","article-title":"Women fare best following surgery for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: a comparison of the most and least satisfied patients utilizing data from the Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"44","author":"Chan AK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chan AK, Bisson EF, Bydon M,  Women fare best following surgery for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: a comparison of the most and least satisfied patients utilizing data from the Quality Outcomes Database. Neurosurg Focus. 2018;44(1):E3.29290130"},{"issue":"5","key":"b25","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E13","article-title":"A comparison of minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion and decompression alone for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"46","author":"Chan AK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chan AK, Bisson EF, Bydon M,  A comparison of minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion and decompression alone for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Neurosurg Focus. 2019;46(5):E13.31042655"},{"issue":"1","key":"b26","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"80","article-title":"Obese patients benefit, but do not fare as well as nonobese patients, following lumbar spondylolisthesis surgery: an analysis of the Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"86","author":"Chan AK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan AK, Bisson EF, Bydon M,  Obese patients benefit, but do not fare as well as nonobese patients, following lumbar spondylolisthesis surgery: an analysis of the Quality Outcomes Database. Neurosurgery. 2020;86(1):80\u201387."},{"issue":"6","key":"b27","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1130","article-title":"Predictors of the best outcomes following minimally invasive surgery for grade 1 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"87","author":"Chan AK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan AK, Bisson EF, Bydon M,  Predictors of the best outcomes following minimally invasive surgery for grade 1 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Neurosurgery. 2020;87(6):1130\u20131138.32497184"},{"issue":"1","key":"b28","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E6","article-title":"The National Neurosurgery Quality and Outcomes Database (N2QOD): general overview and pilot-year project description","volume":"34","author":"McGirt MJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"McGirt MJ, Speroff T, Dittus RS, Harrell FE Jr, Asher AL. The National Neurosurgery Quality and Outcomes Database (N2QOD): general overview and pilot-year project description. Neurosurg Focus. 2013;34(1):E6.23278267"},{"issue":"1","key":"b29","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"123","article-title":"Is the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services hierarchical condition category risk adjustment model satisfactory for quantifying risk after spine surgery?","volume":"91","author":"Chan AK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chan AK, Shahrestani S, Ballatori AM,  Is the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services hierarchical condition category risk adjustment model satisfactory for quantifying risk after spine surgery? Neurosurgery. 2022;91(1):123\u2013131.35550453"},{"issue":"6","key":"b30","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"866","article-title":"Factors associated with short length of stay after long fusions for adult spinal deformity: initial steps toward developing an enhanced recovery pathway","volume":"11","author":"Lovecchio F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lovecchio F, Steinhaus M, Elysee JC,  Factors associated with short length of stay after long fusions for adult spinal deformity: initial steps toward developing an enhanced recovery pathway. Global Spine J. 2021;11(6):866\u2013873.32787569"},{"issue":"2","key":"b31","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E107","article-title":"Readmissions, length of stay, and mortality after primary surgery for adult spinal deformity: a 10-year Danish nationwide cohort study","volume":"44","author":"Pitter FT","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pitter FT, Lindberg-Larsen M, Pedersen AB, Dahl B, Gehrchen M. Readmissions, length of stay, and mortality after primary surgery for adult spinal deformity: a 10-year Danish nationwide cohort study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2019;44(2):E107\u2013E116.30005042"},{"issue":"13","key":"b32","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E798","article-title":"Predicting extended length of hospital stay in an adult spinal deformity surgical population","volume":"41","author":"Klineberg EO","year":"2016","unstructured":"Klineberg EO, Passias PG, Jalai CM,  Predicting extended length of hospital stay in an adult spinal deformity surgical population. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016;41(13):E798\u2013E805."},{"key":"b33","series-title":"World Neurosurg X","first-page":"100120","article-title":"Enhanced recovery after surgery protocol in minimally invasive lumbar fusion surgery reduces length of hospital stay and inpatient narcotic use","volume":"14","author":"Band IC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Band IC, Yenicay AO, Montemurno TD, Chan JS, Ogden AT. Enhanced recovery after surgery protocol in minimally invasive lumbar fusion surgery reduces length of hospital stay and inpatient narcotic use. World Neurosurg X. 2022;14:100120.35257094"},{"issue":"1","key":"b34","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"2101","article-title":"Clinical outcomes, complications and fusion rates in endoscopic assisted intraforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (iLIF) versus minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF): systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Sousa JM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sousa JM, Ribeiro H, Silva JL, Nogueira P, Consci\u00eancia JG. Clinical outcomes, complications and fusion rates in endoscopic assisted intraforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (iLIF) versus minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF): systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):2101.35136081"},{"issue":"6","key":"b35","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"1806","article-title":"Same-day discharge after minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a series of 808 cases","volume":"472","author":"Eckman WW","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eckman WW, Hester L, McMillen M. Same-day discharge after minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a series of 808 cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(6):1806\u20131812.24272414"},{"issue":"6","key":"b36","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E2","article-title":"Awake spinal surgery: simplifying the learning curve with a patient selection algorithm","volume":"51","author":"Letchuman V","year":"2021","unstructured":"Letchuman V, Agarwal N, Mummaneni VP,  Awake spinal surgery: simplifying the learning curve with a patient selection algorithm. Neurosurg Focus. 2021;51(6):E2.34852318"},{"issue":"8","key":"b37","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"719","article-title":"ASA classification as a risk stratification tool in adult spinal deformity surgery: a study of 5805 patients","volume":"7","author":"Somani S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Somani S, Capua JD, Kim JS,  ASA classification as a risk stratification tool in adult spinal deformity surgery: a study of 5805 patients. Global Spine J. 2017;7(8):719\u2013726.29238634"},{"issue":"1","key":"b38","series-title":"BMC Surg","first-page":"253","article-title":"American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification as a reliable predictor of postoperative medical complications and mortality following ambulatory surgery: an analysis of 2,089,830 ACS-NSQIP outpatient cases","volume":"21","author":"Foley C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Foley C, Kendall MC, Apruzzese P, De Oliveira GS. American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification as a reliable predictor of postoperative medical complications and mortality following ambulatory surgery: an analysis of 2,089,830 ACS-NSQIP outpatient cases. BMC Surg. 2021;21(1):253.34020623"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Global Spine J","article-title":"The effect of modifiable risk factors on postoperative complications in lumbar spine fusions","author":"Ton A","unstructured":"Ton A, Shahrestani S, Chen XT, Ballatori AM, Wang JC, Buser Z. The effect of modifiable risk factors on postoperative complications in lumbar spine fusions. Global Spine J. . Published online June 22,2021. doi:10.1177\/2192568221102231534155943"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"EClinicalMedicine","first-page":"100889","article-title":"The influence of modifiable risk factors on short-term postoperative outcomes following cervical spine surgery: a retrospective propensity score matched analysis","volume":"36","author":"Shahrestani S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shahrestani S, Bakhsheshian J, Chen XT,  The influence of modifiable risk factors on short-term postoperative outcomes following cervical spine surgery: a retrospective propensity score matched analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;36:100889.34308307"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Knowl Base Syst","first-page":"135","article-title":"Study on density peaks clustering based on k-nearest neighbors and principal component analysis","volume":"99","author":"Du M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Du M, Ding S, Jia H. Study on density peaks clustering based on k-nearest neighbors and principal component analysis. Knowl Base Syst. 2016;99:135\u2013145."},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Knowl Base Syst","first-page":"99","article-title":"Location difference of multiple distances based k-nearest neighbors algorithm","volume":"90","author":"Xia S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xia S, Xiong Z, Luo Y, Dong L, Zhang G. Location difference of multiple distances based k-nearest neighbors algorithm. Knowl Base Syst. 2015;90:99\u2013110."},{"issue":"8","key":"b43","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"1775","article-title":"Development of a machine learning algorithm predicting discharge placement after surgery for spondylolisthesis","volume":"28","author":"Ogink PT","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ogink PT, Karhade AV, Thio QCBS,  Development of a machine learning algorithm predicting discharge placement after surgery for spondylolisthesis. Eur Spine J. 2019;28(8):1775\u20131782.30919114"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"627","article-title":"Development and validation of machine learning algorithms for predicting adverse events after surgery for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"140","author":"Fatima N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fatima N, Zheng H, Massaad E, Hadzipasic M, Shankar GM, Shin JH. Development and validation of machine learning algorithms for predicting adverse events after surgery for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis. World Neurosurg. 2020;140:627\u2013641.32344139"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/54\/6\/article-pE7.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/54\/6\/article-pE7.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/54\/6\/article-pE7.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T08:13:28Z","timestamp":1780733608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/54\/6\/article-pE7.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2023.3.focus22651","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}}}