{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T02:52:52Z","timestamp":1759632772705,"version":"3.30.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are part of the transforming growth factor\u2013beta superfamily and are involved in bone formation and repair. In spine surgery, recombinant human BMP (rhBMP) is used as an alternative to autografts for spinal fusions. This study aimed to evaluate bibliometric parameters and citations of the literature on BMPs to provide an overview of how the field has evolved.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted using Elsevier\u2019s Scopus database to capture all the published and indexed studies relevant to BMPs from 1955 to the present. A discrete set of validated bibliometric parameters was extracted and analyzed. All statistical analyses were performed using R 4.1.1.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The 100 most cited articles were published between 1994 and 2018 by 472 unique authors in 40 sources (e.g., journals and books). On average, there were 279 citations per publication and 17.69 citations per publication per year. The United States had the publications with the most citations (n = 23,761), followed by Hong Kong (n = 580) and the United Kingdom (n = 490). The three institutions in the United States with the greatest number of publications in the field were Emory University (n = 14), Hughston Clinic (n = 9), Hospital for Special Surgery (n = 6), and University of California (n = 6).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors evaluated and characterized the 100 most cited articles about BMP. Most of the publications were clinical in nature and focused on BMP\u2019s application in spine surgery. While early scientific efforts focused on basic science research to advance the understanding of BMP\u2019s mechanism of action in promoting bone formation, the majority of the more recent publications are clinically focused. It will be beneficial to conduct more controlled clinical trials to compare the outcomes of BMP use with other methods.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.4.spine221029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]],"date-time":"2023-05-06T15:54:03Z","timestamp":1683388443000},"page":"271-277","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bone morphogenetic proteins in spine surgery: a scientometric analysis to date"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Shoushtari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Neuro-Informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester;"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan M. J.","family":"Bauman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; and"},{"name":"Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sulaman","family":"Durrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Neuro-Informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester;"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karim Rizwan","family":"Nathani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Neuro-Informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester;"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Bydon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Neuro-Informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester;"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"b1","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"1544","article-title":"Osteogenic activity of the fourteen types of human bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)","volume":"85","author":"Cheng H","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cheng H, Jiang W, Phillips FM,  Osteogenic activity of the fourteen types of human bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85(8):1544\u20131552.12925636"},{"issue":"8","key":"b2","series-title":"ANZ J Surg","first-page":"626","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic proteins in clinical applications","volume":"77","author":"Gautschi OP","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gautschi OP, Frey SP, Zellweger R. Bone morphogenetic proteins in clinical applications. ANZ J Surg. 2007;77(8):626\u2013631.17635273"},{"issue":"12","key":"b3","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1179","article-title":"Posterolateral lumbar intertransverse process spine arthrodesis with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2\/hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate after laminectomy in the nonhuman primate","volume":"24","author":"Boden SD","year":"1999","unstructured":"Boden SD, Martin GJ Jr, Morone MA, Ugbo JL, Moskovitz PA. Posterolateral lumbar intertransverse process spine arthrodesis with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2\/hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate after laminectomy in the nonhuman primate. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999;24(12):1179\u20131185.10382242"},{"issue":"18","key":"b4","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"2115","article-title":"Effective doses of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in experimental spinal fusion","volume":"21","author":"Sandhu HS","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sandhu HS, Kanim LE, Kabo JM,  Effective doses of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in experimental spinal fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1996;21(18):2115\u20132122.8893436"},{"issue":"6","key":"b5","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"1032","article-title":"The role of growth factors in the repair of bone. Biology and clinical applications","volume":"84","author":"Lieberman JR","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lieberman JR, Daluiski A, Einhorn TA. The role of growth factors in the repair of bone. Biology and clinical applications. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84(6):1032\u20131044.12063342"},{"issue":"12","key":"b6","series-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev","first-page":"1613","article-title":"Collagen sponges for bone regeneration with rhBMP-2","volume":"55","author":"Geiger M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Geiger M, Li RH, Friess W. Collagen sponges for bone regeneration with rhBMP-2. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2003;55(12):1613\u20131629.14623404"},{"issue":"23","key":"b7","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"2662","article-title":"Use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 to achieve posterolateral lumbar spine fusion in humans: a prospective, randomized clinical pilot trial: 2002 Volvo Award in clinical studies","volume":"27","author":"Boden SD","year":"2002","unstructured":"Boden SD, Kang J, Sandhu H, Heller JG. Use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 to achieve posterolateral lumbar spine fusion in humans: a prospective, randomized clinical pilot trial: 2002 Volvo Award in clinical studies. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002;27(23):2662\u20132673.12461392"},{"issue":"22","key":"b8","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"2534","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and fusion success at 2 years of single-level instrumented posterolateral fusions with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2\/compression resistant matrix versus iliac crest bone graft","volume":"31","author":"Dimar JR","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dimar JR, Glassman SD, Burkus KJ, Carreon LY. Clinical outcomes and fusion success at 2 years of single-level instrumented posterolateral fusions with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2\/compression resistant matrix versus iliac crest bone graft. 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JAMA. 2009;302(1):58\u201366.19567440"},{"issue":"6","key":"b21","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"471","article-title":"A critical review of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 trials in spinal surgery: emerging safety concerns and lessons learned","volume":"11","author":"Carragee EJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carragee EJ, Hurwitz EL, Weiner BK. A critical review of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 trials in spinal surgery: emerging safety concerns and lessons learned. Spine J. 2011;11(6):471\u2013491.21729796"},{"issue":"5 suppl 5","key":"b22","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","first-page":"S343","article-title":"Complications due to the use of BMP\/INFUSE in spine surgery: the evidence continues to mount","volume":"4","author":"Epstein NE","year":"2013","unstructured":"Epstein NE. Complications due to the use of BMP\/INFUSE in spine surgery: the evidence continues to mount. Surg Neurol Int. 2013;4(5 suppl 5):S343\u2013S352."},{"issue":"10","key":"b23","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1092","article-title":"Comparisons of citations in Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar for articles published in general medical journals","volume":"302","author":"Kulkarni AV","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kulkarni AV, Aziz B, Shams I, Busse JW. Comparisons of citations in Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar for articles published in general medical journals. JAMA. 2009;302(10):1092\u20131096.19738094"},{"issue":"4","key":"b24","series-title":"J Informetrics","first-page":"959","article-title":"Cuccurullo C. bibliometrix: an R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis","volume":"11","author":"Aria M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aria M. Cuccurullo C. bibliometrix: an R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. J Informetrics. 2017;11(4):959\u2013975."},{"issue":"3","key":"b25","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"376","article-title":"The use of rhBMP-2 in interbody fusion cages. Definitive evidence of osteoinduction in humans: a preliminary report","volume":"25","author":"Boden SD","year":"2000","unstructured":"Boden SD, Zdeblick TA, Sandhu HS, Heim SE. The use of rhBMP-2 in interbody fusion cages. Definitive evidence of osteoinduction in humans: a preliminary report. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(3):376\u2013381.10703113"},{"issue":"4","key":"b26","series-title":"Bioact Mater","first-page":"224","article-title":"Bone grafts and biomaterials substitutes for bone defect repair: a review","volume":"2","author":"Wang W","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang W, Yeung KWK. Bone grafts and biomaterials substitutes for bone defect repair: a review. Bioact Mater. 2017;2(4):224\u2013247.29744432"},{"issue":"4","key":"b27","series-title":"Growth Factors","first-page":"233","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic proteins","volume":"22","author":"Chen D","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chen D, Zhao M, Mundy GR. Bone morphogenetic proteins. Growth Factors. 2004;22(4):233\u2013241.15621726"},{"issue":"308","key":"b28","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"229","article-title":"Evaluation of human bone morphogenetic protein 2 in a canine spinal fusion model","author":"Muschler GF","year":"1994","unstructured":"Muschler GF, Hyodo A, Manning T, Kambic H, Easley K. Evaluation of human bone morphogenetic protein 2 in a canine spinal fusion model. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;(308):229-240."},{"issue":"6","key":"b29","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"1392","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein","volume":"50","author":"Urist MR","year":"1971","unstructured":"Urist MR, Strates BS. Bone morphogenetic protein. J Dent Res. 1971;50(6):1392\u20131406.4943222"},{"issue":"12","key":"b30","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1326","article-title":"Experimental spinal fusion with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2","volume":"20","author":"Schimandle JH","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schimandle JH, Boden SD, Hutton WC. Experimental spinal fusion with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1995;20(12):1326\u20131337.7676329"},{"issue":"2","key":"b31","series-title":"J Spinal Disord","first-page":"95","article-title":"Laparoscopic anterior spinal arthrodesis with rhBMP-2 in a titanium interbody threaded cage","volume":"11","author":"Boden SD","year":"1998","unstructured":"Boden SD, Martin GJ Jr, Horton WC, Truss TL, Sandhu HS. Laparoscopic anterior spinal arthrodesis with rhBMP-2 in a titanium interbody threaded cage. 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J Spinal Disord. 1999;12(3):179\u2013186."},{"issue":"7","key":"b33","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"629","article-title":"The use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) to promote spinal fusion in a nonhuman primate anterior interbody fusion model","volume":"24","author":"Hecht BP","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hecht BP, Fischgrund JS, Herkowitz HN, Penman L, Toth JM, Shirkhoda A. The use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) to promote spinal fusion in a nonhuman primate anterior interbody fusion model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999;24(7):629\u2013636."},{"issue":"16 suppl 1","key":"b34","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"S66","article-title":"Use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in spinal fusion applications","volume":"27","author":"McKay B","year":"2002","unstructured":"McKay B, Sandhu HS. Use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in spinal fusion applications. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002;27(16 suppl 1):S66\u2013S85.12205423"},{"issue":"5","key":"b35","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"521","article-title":"Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion involving a polyetheretherketone spacer and bone morphogenetic protein","volume":"2","author":"Boakye M","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boakye M, Mummaneni PV, Garrett M, Rodts G, Haid R. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion involving a polyetheretherketone spacer and bone morphogenetic protein. J Neurosurg Spine. 2005;2(5):521\u2013525.15945426"},{"issue":"3","key":"b36","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"342","article-title":"Interbody fusion with allograft and rhBMP-2 leads to consistent fusion but early subsidence","volume":"89","author":"Vaidya R","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vaidya R, Weir R, Sethi A, Meisterling S, Hakeos W, Wybo CD. Interbody fusion with allograft and rhBMP-2 leads to consistent fusion but early subsidence. 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