{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:19:08Z","timestamp":1790381948737,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Surgical treatment of brainstem cavernous malformations (CMs) is challenging. Surgery using the endoscopic transsphenoidal transclival approach (eTSTCA) is reported as a useful alternative for ventral brainstem CMs. However, CMs located in the ventral midline of the brainstem are rare, and only a small number of case reports on these CMs treated with the eTSTCA exist. The efficacy and safety of the eTSTCA have not yet been fully examined.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A retrospective analysis was performed for 5 consecutive patients who underwent surgery via the eTSTCA for treating ventral pontine CMs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The average maximum CM diameter was 26.0 mm (18\u201338 mm). All patients underwent MR\u2013diffusion tensor imaging, which confirmed that the corticospinal tract (CST) deviated posteriorly or laterally to the CM. Direct brainstem cortical stimulation was performed to localize the CST before making the cortical incision. After the excision of the CM, the cavity was filled with artificial CSF to make an aqueous surgical field (wet-field technique) for observing the tumor cavity and confirming complete hemostasis and resection. Total removal was achieved in all patients. The preoperative modified Rankin Scale score was 3 in 3 patients and 4 in 2 patients, whereas it was 1 in 2 patients and 0 in 3 patients 3 months after surgery. Postoperative CSF leakage was observed in 1 patient, and transient abducens nerve palsy was observed in 1 patient. No other intra- or postoperative complications were observed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>MR\u2013diffusion tensor imaging and direct brainstem cortical stimulation were useful to ascertain the proximity of the CST to the CM. The endoscope provides a clear view even underwater, and it was safe and effective to observe the entire CM cavity and confirm complete hemostasis without additional retraction of the brainstem parenchyma, including the CST. The eTSTCA provides a direct access point to the lesion and may be a safer alternative treatment for patients whose CST deviates laterally or posteriorly to the CM.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.6.jns23324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T15:26:50Z","timestamp":1691249210000},"page":"469-477","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Safety and efficacy of the endoscopic transsphenoidal transclival approach performed using direct cortical stimulation for pontine cavernous malformations"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"Kazuhito","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuo","family":"Sasagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiji","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiki","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroo","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuma","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshio","family":"Araki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Japanese Red Cross Aichi Medical Center, Nagoya Daini Hospital, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsutoshi","family":"Nakada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryuta","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"E805","article-title":"Brainstem cavernous malformations","volume":"64","author":"Gross BA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gross BA, Batjer HH, Awad IA, Bendok BR. 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