{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T17:39:18Z","timestamp":1788716358325,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Venous thromboembolism (VTE) following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a significant clinical concern. This study sought to determine the incidence of VTE and hemorrhagic complications among patients with SCI who received low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) within 24 hours of injury or surgery and identify variables that predict VTE using the prospective Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in SCI (TRACK-SCI) database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The TRACK-SCI database was queried for individuals with traumatic SCI from 2015 to 2022. Primary outcomes of interest included rates of VTE (including deep vein thrombosis [DVT] and pulmonary embolism [PE]) and in-hospital hemorrhagic complications that occurred after LWMH administration. Secondary outcomes included intensive care unit and hospital length of stay, discharge location type, and in-hospital mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study cohort consisted of 162 patients with SCI. Fifteen of the 162 patients withdrew from the study, leading to loss of data for certain variables for these patients. One hundred thirty patients (87.8%) underwent decompression and\/or fusion surgery for SCI. DVT occurred in 11 (7.4%) of 148 patients, PE in 9 (6.1%) of 148, and any VTE in 18 (12.2%) of 148 patients. The analysis showed that admission lower-extremity motor score (p = 0.0408), injury at the thoracic level (p = 0.0086), admission American Spinal Injury Association grade (p = 0.0070), and younger age (p = 0.0372) were significantly associated with VTE. There were 3 instances of postoperative spine surgery\u2013related bleeding (2.4%) in the 127 patients who had spine surgery with bleeding complication data available, with one requiring return to surgery (0.8%). Thirteen (8.8%) of 147 patients had a bleeding complication not related to spine surgery. There were 2 gastrointestinal bleeds associated with nasogastric tube placement, 3 cases of postoperative non\u2013spine-related surgery bleeding, and 8 cases of other bleeding complications (5.4%) not related to any surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Initiation of LMWH within 24 hours was associated with a low rate of spine surgery\u2013related bleeding. Bleeding complications unrelated to SCI surgery still occur with LMWH administration. Because neurosurgical intervention is typically the limiting factor in initializing chemical DVT prophylaxis, many of these bleeding complications would have likely occurred regardless of the protocol.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.7.focus23362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T09:27:19Z","timestamp":1696152439000},"page":"E17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Safety and comparative efficacy of initiating low-molecular-weight heparin within 24 hours of injury or surgery for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients with spinal cord injury: a prospective TRACK-SCI registry study"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Austin","family":"Lui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Chryssikos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Radabaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arati","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander A.","family":"Aabedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam R.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"},{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco;"},{"name":"Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California, San Francisco;"},{"name":"San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abel","family":"Torres Espin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"},{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco;"},{"name":"Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California, San Francisco;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen V.","family":"Mummaneni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"},{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco;"},{"name":"Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California, San Francisco;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay S.","family":"Dhall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"},{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco;"},{"name":"Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California, San Francisco;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Duong-Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"},{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco;"},{"name":"Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California, San Francisco;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Saigal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"},{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco;"},{"name":"Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California, San Francisco;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"},{"name":"Anesthesia and Perioperative Care,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vineeta","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra D.","family":"Hemmerle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"},{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco;"},{"name":"Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California, San Francisco;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikos","family":"Kyritsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"},{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco;"},{"name":"Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California, San Francisco;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason F.","family":"Talbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California, San Francisco;"},{"name":"Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa U.","family":"Pascual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Russell","family":"Huie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"},{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco;"},{"name":"Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California, San Francisco;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William D.","family":"Whetstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline C.","family":"Bresnahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"},{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco;"},{"name":"Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California, San Francisco;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Beattie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"},{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco;"},{"name":"Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California, San Francisco;"},{"name":"San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip R.","family":"Weinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"},{"name":"Neurology,"},{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spine Center, University of California, San Francisco; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey T.","family":"Manley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"},{"name":"Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony M.","family":"DiGiorgio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"},{"name":"Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco;"},{"name":"Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California, San Francisco;"},{"name":"Brain and Spinal Injury Center, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"b1","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1601","article-title":"A prospective study of venous thromboembolism after major trauma","volume":"331","author":"Geerts WH","year":"1994","unstructured":"Geerts WH, Code KI, Jay RM, Chen E, Szalai JP. 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JAMA Surg. 2014;149(4):365\u2013370."},{"issue":"6","key":"b7","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"334","article-title":"Prophylactic anticoagulant therapy in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"19","author":"El Masri WS","year":"1981","unstructured":"El Masri WS, Silver JR. Prophylactic anticoagulant therapy in patients with spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 1981;19(6):334\u2013342."},{"issue":"12","key":"b8","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"2240","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism after spinal cord injury: incidence, time course, and associated risk factors in 16,240 adults and children","volume":"86","author":"Jones T","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jones T, Ugalde V, Franks P, Zhou H, White RH. Venous thromboembolism after spinal cord injury: incidence, time course, and associated risk factors in 16,240 adults and children. 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Venous thromboembolism chemoprophylaxis within 24 hours of surgery for spinal cord injury: is it safe and effective? Neurospine. 2020;17(2):407\u2013416."},{"issue":"6","key":"b33","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"888","article-title":"A critical appraisal of clinical practice guidelines for management of four common complications after spinal cord injury","volume":"23","author":"Zheng R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng R, Guan B, Fan Y,  A critical appraisal of clinical practice guidelines for management of four common complications after spinal cord injury. Spine J. 2023;23(6):888\u2013899."},{"issue":"2","key":"b34","series-title":"Am Surg","first-page":"187","article-title":"Early chemoprophylaxis against venous thromboembolism in patients with traumatic brain injury","volume":"88","author":"Rivas L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rivas L, Vella M, Ju T,  Early chemoprophylaxis against venous thromboembolism in patients with traumatic brain injury. 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