{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T19:44:42Z","timestamp":1793216682999,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>It is unknown whether efforts to expand access to neurosurgery worldwide have translated to an increase in the global neurosurgery workforce, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The main objective of this study was to quantify the number and distribution of consultant neurosurgeons worldwide, while also identifying temporal and geographic trends in the neurosurgery workforce in different income levels and WHO regions, and analyzing what factors might contribute to the growth of a national workforce.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study was a subanalysis of an electronic cross-sectional survey administered to participants identified through neurosurgery societies, personal contacts, and online searches of all 193 countries and 26 territories, independent states, and disputed regions as defined by the World Bank (WB) and United Nations between October 2022 and March 2023. Population-weighted statistics for the consultant neurosurgery workforce and resource availability were estimated, and linear regression analysis was conducted to identify correlations with growth in the workforce.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data were obtained for 192 countries (99.5%) and 25 additional territories, states, and disputed regions (96.2%). One hundred seventy-seven respondents participated in the survey. There were an estimated 72,967 neurosurgeons worldwide, representing a global pooled density of 0.93 neurosurgeons per 100,000 people and a median country density of 0.44 neurosurgeons per 100,000 people. The authors found an increasing density of consultant neurosurgeons, from low-income countries (0.12 per 100,000 people), to lower-middle-income countries (LoMICs; 0.37), to upper-middle-income countries (UpMICs; 1.13), and to high-income countries (2.44). The WHO African and Southeast Asia regions had the lowest pooled neurosurgeon density, while the Western Pacific region (WPR) had the highest density. There were 29 countries, 14 territories, and 1 independent state with no neurosurgeons. Neurosurgeons in countries with higher income\u2013level designations had more frequent access to resources and equipment. The annual growth rates in workforce density were highest in LoMICs (26.0%) and UpMICs (21.3%), and the most rapid annual growth was in the Southeast Asia region (33.0%). Regression analysis revealed that an increasing population quartile, the Eastern Mediterranean region (relative to the WPR), the presence of a national neurosurgery society, increasing global development aid, and national gross domestic product were associated with relative growth in national neurosurgeon density.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors estimate a global consultant neurosurgeon workforce of nearly 73,000 neurosurgeons, with stark disparities in the density and growth of the workforce in different WB income-level groups and WHO regions. The presence of a neurosurgery society was correlated with the growth of the workforce, and this study identified several regional targets for further intervention to expand access to neurosurgery.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.9.jns231615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]],"date-time":"2024-01-20T01:19:56Z","timestamp":1705713596000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Mapping the global neurosurgery workforce. Part 1: Consultant neurosurgeon density"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"141","author":[{"given":"Saksham","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Program for Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsombor T.","family":"Gal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tejas S.","family":"Athni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrystal","family":"Calderon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William \u00c9","family":"Callison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaoluwa E.","family":"Dada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winston","family":"Lie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramya","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myron","family":"Rolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronnie E.","family":"Baticulon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, National Capital Region, Philippines;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bipin","family":"Chaurasia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Clinic, Birgunj, Madesh Province, Nepal;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellianne J.","family":"Dos Santos Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cura\u00e7ao Medical Center, Willemstad, Cura\u00e7ao;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshua","family":"Esquenazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra J.","family":"Golby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad F.","family":"Pirzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kabul University of Medical Sciences, Kabul, Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kee B.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Program for Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"_","family":"_","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jebet B.","family":"Cheserem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdesaamad","family":"El Ouahabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelos","family":"Kolias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"_","family":"_","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas K.","family":"Demetriades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Rasulic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Foroglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debora","family":"Garozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Gonzalez-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus","family":"Lafuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f3","family":"Marchesini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatos","family":"Olldashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Paterno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ondra","family":"Petr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kresimir","family":"Rotim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamil","family":"Rzaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jake","family":"Timothy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Tisell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Visocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"_","family":"_","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignatius","family":"Esene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mubashir M.","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"9993","key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"569","article-title":"Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development","volume":"386","author":"Meara JG","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meara JG, Leather AJM, Hagander L,  Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development. Lancet. 2015;386(9993):569\u2013624."},{"issue":"4","key":"b2","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1055","article-title":"Global neurosurgery: the current capacity and deficit in the provision of essential neurosurgical care. Executive Summary of the Global Neurosurgery Initiative at the Program in Global Surgery and Social Change","volume":"130","author":"Dewan MC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dewan MC, Rattani A, Fieggen G,  Global neurosurgery: the current capacity and deficit in the provision of essential neurosurgical care. Executive Summary of the Global Neurosurgery Initiative at the Program in Global Surgery and Social Change. J Neurosurg. 2019;130(4):1055\u20131064."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"32","article-title":"Global neurosurgery: the unmet need","volume":"88","author":"Park KB","year":"2016","unstructured":"Park KB, Johnson WD, Dempsey RJ. Global neurosurgery: the unmet need. World Neurosurg. 2016;88:32\u201335."},{"issue":"4","key":"b4","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"993","article-title":"Global neurosurgery: innovators, strategies, and the way forward","volume":"131","author":"Haglund MM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haglund MM, Fuller AT. Global neurosurgery: innovators, strategies, and the way forward. J Neurosurg. 2019;131(4):993\u2013999."},{"key":"b5","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e420","article-title":"Emerging trends in the neurosurgical workforce of low- and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study","volume":"142","author":"Kanmounye US","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kanmounye US, Lartigue JW, Sadler S,  Emerging trends in the neurosurgical workforce of low- and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study. World Neurosurg. 2020;142:e420\u2013e433."},{"issue":"4","key":"b6","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1142","article-title":"The global neurosurgical workforce: a mixed-methods assessment of density and growth","volume":"130","author":"Mukhopadhyay S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mukhopadhyay S, Punchak M, Rattani A,  The global neurosurgical workforce: a mixed-methods assessment of density and growth. J Neurosurg. 2019;130(4):1142\u20131148."},{"issue":"3","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1316","article-title":"Global neurosurgery: a scoping review detailing the current state of international neurosurgical outreach","volume":"134","author":"Fuller AT","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fuller AT, Barkley A, Du R,  Global neurosurgery: a scoping review detailing the current state of international neurosurgical outreach. J Neurosurg. 2021;134(3):1316\u20131324."},{"key":"b8","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"188","article-title":"Transnational capacity building efforts in global neurosurgery: a review and analysis of their impact and determinants of success","volume":"173","author":"Lu Z","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu Z, Tshimbombu TN, Abu-Bonsrah N,  Transnational capacity building efforts in global neurosurgery: a review and analysis of their impact and determinants of success. World Neurosurg. 2023;173:188\u2013198.e3."},{"key":"b9","article-title":"The World Bank. Population, total","unstructured":"The World Bank. Population, total. Accessed October 2, 2023.https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL?name_desc=false"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Data Catalog","article-title":"The World Bank","unstructured":"The World Bank. Data Catalog. Accessed October 2, 2023.https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/home"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"World Bank Blogs","article-title":"New World Bank country classifications by income level: 2021-2022","author":"Hamadeh N","unstructured":"Hamadeh N, Van Rompaey C, Metreau E. New World Bank country classifications by income level: 2021-2022. World Bank Blogs. Accessed October 2, 2023.https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/opendata\/new-world-bank-country-classifications-income-level-2021-2022"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","first-page":"161","article-title":"Neurosurgery societies around the world: a study and discussion about its importance","volume":"14","author":"Ara\u00fajo AVS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo AVS, Lacerda AA, de Oliveira AA, Filho ENS. Neurosurgery societies around the world: a study and discussion about its importance. Surg Neurol Int. 2023;14:161."},{"key":"b13","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"309","article-title":"Pediatric neurosurgical outcomes following a neurosurgery health system intervention at Mulago National Referral Hospital in Uganda","volume":"95","author":"Fuller AT","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fuller AT, Haglund MM, Lim S,  Pediatric neurosurgical outcomes following a neurosurgery health system intervention at Mulago National Referral Hospital in Uganda. World Neurosurg. 2016;95:309\u2013314."},{"issue":"3","key":"b14","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"599","article-title":"Increased population density of neurosurgeons associated with decreased risk of death from motor vehicle accidents in the United States","volume":"117","author":"Desai A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Desai A, Bekelis K, Zhao W, Ball PA. Increased population density of neurosurgeons associated with decreased risk of death from motor vehicle accidents in the United States. J Neurosurg. 2012;117(3):599\u2013603."},{"issue":"3","key":"b15","series-title":"Crit Care Med","first-page":"635","article-title":"Admission to a neurologic\/neurosurgical intensive care unit is associated with reduced mortality rate after intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"29","author":"Diringer MN","year":"2001","unstructured":"Diringer MN, Edwards DF. Admission to a neurologic\/neurosurgical intensive care unit is associated with reduced mortality rate after intracerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(3):635\u2013640."},{"issue":"2","key":"b16","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"135","article-title":"The SOSSUS report and its impact on neurosurgery","volume":"46","author":"Zuidema GD","year":"1977","unstructured":"Zuidema GD. The SOSSUS report and its impact on neurosurgery. J Neurosurg. 1977;46(2):135\u2013144."},{"issue":"2","key":"b17","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"354","article-title":"Is there a shortage of neurosurgeons in the United States?","volume":"73","author":"Rosman J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rosman J, Slane S, Dery B, Vogelbaum MA, Cohen-Gadol AA, Couldwell WT. Is there a shortage of neurosurgeons in the United States? Neurosurgery. 2013;73(2):354\u2013366."},{"issue":"10187","key":"b18","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"2233","article-title":"Past, present, and future of global health financing: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995-2050","volume":"393","year":"2019","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network. Past, present, and future of global health financing: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995-2050. Lancet. 2019;393(10187):2233\u20132260."},{"issue":"3","key":"b19","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E7","article-title":"The state of neurosurgical training and education in East Asia: analysis and strategy development for this frontier of the world","volume":"48","author":"Ferraris KP","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ferraris KP, Matsumura H, Wardhana DPW,  The state of neurosurgical training and education in East Asia: analysis and strategy development for this frontier of the world. Neurosurg Focus. 2020;48(3):E7."},{"key":"b20","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"512","article-title":"Scaling up global collaborations for neurosurgical education and care capacity development in West Africa: are there low-hanging fruits where it tolls?","volume":"139","author":"Uche EO","year":"2020","unstructured":"Uche EO, Ryttlefors M, Tisell M. Scaling up global collaborations for neurosurgical education and care capacity development in West Africa: are there low-hanging fruits where it tolls? World Neurosurg. 2020;139:512\u2013518."},{"key":"b21","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e808","article-title":"State of African neurosurgical education: an analysis of publicly available curricula","volume":"166","author":"Dada OE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dada OE, Bukenya GW, Konan L,  State of African neurosurgical education: an analysis of publicly available curricula. World Neurosurg. 2022;166:e808\u2013e814."},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Punch Newspapers","article-title":"Nigeria needs at least 2,000 neurosurgeons but currently has 97 scattered across 27 states, FCT","author":"Adejoro L","unstructured":"Adejoro L. Nigeria needs at least 2,000 neurosurgeons but currently has 97 scattered across 27 states, FCT. Punch Newspapers. Published May 16, 2021. Accessed October 2, 2023.https:\/\/punchng.com\/nigeria-needs-at-least-2000-neurosurgeons-but-currently-has-97-scattered-across-27-states-fct\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"b23","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1102","article-title":"Fulfilling the specialist neurosurgical workforce needs in Africa: a systematic review and projection toward 2030","volume":"138","author":"Ukachukwu AK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ukachukwu AK, Still MEH, Seas A,  Fulfilling the specialist neurosurgical workforce needs in Africa: a systematic review and projection toward 2030. J Neurosurg. 2022;138(4):1102\u20131113."},{"key":"b24","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e545","article-title":"Timely access to neurosurgical care in the Caribbean using geospatial analysis","volume":"151","author":"Rolle ML","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rolle ML, Garba DL, Buda A, Vital A, Ekedede M. Timely access to neurosurgical care in the Caribbean using geospatial analysis. World Neurosurg. 2021;151:e545\u2013e551."},{"issue":"3","key":"b25","series-title":"Orthop Rev (Pavia)","first-page":"8152","article-title":"Global variability in orthopedic surgery training","volume":"11","author":"Sobel AD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sobel AD, Hartnett D, Hernandez D, Eltorai AEM, Daniels AH. Global variability in orthopedic surgery training. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2019;11(3):8152."},{"issue":"5","key":"b26","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"549","article-title":"Training the next generation of spine surgeons: an orthopedic and neurosurgical collaboration with historical precedence. Editorial","volume":"35","author":"Shaffrey CI","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shaffrey CI, Buell TJ. Training the next generation of spine surgeons: an orthopedic and neurosurgical collaboration with historical precedence. Editorial. J Neurosurg Spine. 2021;35(5):549\u2013551."},{"issue":"10","key":"b27","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"795","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"20","year":"2021","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20(10):795\u2013820."},{"issue":"20 suppl 2","key":"b28","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"S6","article-title":"Global epidemiology of stroke and access to acute ischemic stroke interventions","volume":"97","author":"Saini V","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saini V, Guada L, Yavagal DR. Global epidemiology of stroke and access to acute ischemic stroke interventions. Neurology. 2021;97(20 suppl 2):S6\u2013S16."},{"key":"b29","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","first-page":"120640","article-title":"Mission thrombectomy 2020 (MT2020+) surveys of Caribbean stroke services: a call for action in our region","volume":"449","author":"Gordon Perue G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gordon Perue G, Then R, Gayle F,  Mission thrombectomy 2020 (MT2020+) surveys of Caribbean stroke services: a call for action in our region. J Neurol Sci. 2023;449:120640."},{"issue":"4","key":"b30","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1098","article-title":"Operative and consultative proportions of neurosurgical disease worldwide: estimation from the surgeon perspective","volume":"130","author":"Dewan MC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dewan MC, Rattani A, Baticulon RE,  Operative and consultative proportions of neurosurgical disease worldwide: estimation from the surgeon perspective. J Neurosurg. 2019;130(4):1098\u20131106."},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Brain Spine","first-page":"100926","article-title":"Visualization, navigation, augmentation. The ever-changing perspective of the neurosurgeon","volume":"2","author":"Boaro A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boaro A, Moscolo F, Feletti A,  Visualization, navigation, augmentation. The ever-changing perspective of the neurosurgeon. Brain Spine. 2022;2:100926."},{"issue":"9","key":"b32","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e3314","article-title":"Challenges and solutions for functional neurosurgery in developing countries","volume":"10","author":"Fezeu F","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fezeu F, Ramesh A, Melmer PD, Moosa S, Larson PS, Henderson F Jr. Challenges and solutions for functional neurosurgery in developing countries. Cureus. 2018;10(9):e3314."},{"issue":"6","key":"b33","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"e201","article-title":"Letter: The World Health Organization\u2019s Intersectoral Global Action Plan on Epilepsy and Other Neurological Disorders 2022-2031","volume":"90","author":"Kanmounye US","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kanmounye US, Abu-Bonsrah N, Shlobin NA, Djoutsop OM. Letter: The World Health Organization\u2019s Intersectoral Global Action Plan on Epilepsy and Other Neurological Disorders 2022-2031. Neurosurgery. 2022;90(6):e201\u2013e203."},{"issue":"1","key":"b34","series-title":"Pract Neurol","first-page":"4","article-title":"Epilepsy surgery","volume":"20","author":"Rugg-Gunn F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rugg-Gunn F, Miserocchi A, McEvoy A. Epilepsy surgery. Pract Neurol. 2020;20(1):4\u201314."},{"issue":"5","key":"b35","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0196274","article-title":"The long-term outcomes of epilepsy surgery","volume":"13","author":"Mohan M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohan M, Keller S, Nicolson A,  The long-term outcomes of epilepsy surgery. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0196274."},{"issue":"4","key":"b36","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1080","article-title":"Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury","volume":"130","author":"Dewan MC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dewan MC, Rattani A, Gupta S,  Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2019;130(4):1080\u20131097."},{"key":"b37","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"164","article-title":"Establishing collaborations in global neurosurgery: the role of InterSurgeon","volume":"100","author":"Maleknia P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maleknia P, Shlobin NA, Johnston JM Jr, Rosseau G. Establishing collaborations in global neurosurgery: the role of InterSurgeon. J Clin Neurosci. 2022;100:164\u2013168."},{"issue":"2","key":"b38","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"715","article-title":"An online tumor board with international neurosurgical collaboration guides surgical decision-making in Western Kenya","volume":"37","author":"Henderson F Jr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Henderson F Jr, Lepard J, Seibly J, Rambo W Jr, Boswell S, Copeland WR III. An online tumor board with international neurosurgical collaboration guides surgical decision-making in Western Kenya. Childs Nerv Syst. 2021;37(2):715\u2013719."},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Front Surg","first-page":"690735","article-title":"Emphasizing the role of neurosurgery within global health and national health systems: a call to action","volume":"8","author":"Lartigue JW","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lartigue JW, Dada OE, Haq M,  Emphasizing the role of neurosurgery within global health and national health systems: a call to action. Front Surg. 2021;8:690735."},{"issue":"3","key":"b40","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"496","article-title":"Global neurosurgery: progress and resolutions at the 75th World Health Assembly","volume":"93","author":"Garcia RM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garcia RM, Ghotme KA, Arynchyna-Smith A,  Global neurosurgery: progress and resolutions at the 75th World Health Assembly. Neurosurgery. 2023;93(3):496\u2013501."},{"issue":"1","key":"b41","series-title":"J Neurosci Rural Pract","first-page":"156","article-title":"Expanding access to microneurosurgery in low-resource settings: feasibility of a low-cost exoscope in transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"14","author":"Ramirez ME","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramirez ME, Peralta I, Nurmukhametov R,  Expanding access to microneurosurgery in low-resource settings: feasibility of a low-cost exoscope in transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2023;14(1):156\u2013160."},{"issue":"9","key":"b42","series-title":"Int J CARS","first-page":"1745","article-title":"NousNav: a low-cost neuronavigation system for deployment in lower-resource settings","volume":"17","author":"L\u00e9ger \u00c9","year":"2022","unstructured":"L\u00e9ger \u00c9, Horvath S, Fillion-Robin JC,  NousNav: a low-cost neuronavigation system for deployment in lower-resource settings. Int J CARS. 2022;17(9):1745\u20131750."},{"key":"b43","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"135","article-title":"Equitable access to state-of-the-art medical technology\u2014a Malaysian mini-public-private partnership case study","volume":"157","author":"Waran V","year":"2022","unstructured":"Waran V, Thillainathan R, Karuppiah R, Pickard JD. Equitable access to state-of-the-art medical technology\u2014a Malaysian mini-public-private partnership case study. World Neurosurg. 2022;157:135\u2013142."},{"issue":"3","key":"b44","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E5","article-title":"Neurosurgery residency program in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: improving neurosurgical care distribution to reduce inequality","volume":"48","author":"Wicaksono AS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wicaksono AS, Tamba DA, Sudiharto P,  Neurosurgery residency program in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: improving neurosurgical care distribution to reduce inequality. Neurosurg Focus. 2020;48(3):E5."},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Brain Spine","first-page":"101689","article-title":"Working in low- and middle-income countries: learning from each other","volume":"2","author":"Timothy J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Timothy J, Ivanov M, Tisell M,  Working in low- and middle-income countries: learning from each other. Brain Spine. 2022;2:101689."},{"issue":"4","key":"b46","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E18","article-title":"Global neurosurgery: current and potential impact of neurosurgeons at the World Health Organization and the World Health Assembly. Executive summary of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies-World Health Organization Liaison Committee at the 71st World Health Assembly","volume":"45","author":"Rosseau G","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rosseau G, Johnson WD, Park KB, Arr\u00e1ez S\u00e1nchez M, Servadei F, Vaughan KA. Global neurosurgery: current and potential impact of neurosurgeons at the World Health Organization and the World Health Assembly. Executive summary of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies-World Health Organization Liaison Committee at the 71st World Health Assembly. Neurosurg Focus. 2018;45(4):E18."},{"key":"b47","series-title":"J Neurosurg","article-title":"Mapping the global neurosurgery workforce. Part 2: Trainee density","author":"Gupta S","unstructured":"Gupta S, Gal ZT, Athni TS,  Mapping the global neurosurgery workforce. Part 2: Trainee density. J Neurosurg. Published online January 16, 2024. doi:10.3171\/2023.9.JNS231616"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/141\/1\/article-p1.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/141\/1\/article-p1.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/141\/1\/article-p1.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T11:47:50Z","timestamp":1732621670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/141\/1\/article-p1.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2023.9.jns231615","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]}}}