{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T07:38:35Z","timestamp":1793864315899,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the 24-month durability of pain relief, function, quality of life, and safety outcomes for patients with nonsurgical refractory back pain (NSRBP) treated with high-frequency spinal cord stimulation (SCS) within a large, national, multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Following the completion of an RCT comparing high-frequency SCS plus CMM with CMM alone for the treatment of NSRBP, patients gave additional consent for a follow-up extension to 24 months. Presented is the cohort analysis of all patients treated with high-frequency SCS following the optional crossover at 6 months. The outcomes assessed to 24 months included responder rate of \u2265 50% pain relief measured according to the visual analog scale [VAS]), disability (Oswestry Disability Index [ODI]), quality of life (EQ-5D 5-level [EQ-5D-5L]), opioid reduction.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of the 125 patients who received a permanent implant, 121 completed the 12-month follow-up, 101 gave additional consent for extended follow-up, and 98 completed the 24-month follow-up. At 24 months after implantation, the mean back pain VAS score was reduced by 73% and the responder rate was 82%. ODI and EQ-5D-5L both improved by at least double the minimal clinically important difference for each measure. No unexpected adverse events were observed, and the rates of serious adverse events (3.4%) and device explantations (4.8%) were low.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The addition of high-frequency SCS to CMM in patients with NSRBP offers profound improvements at 24 months in pain, function, quality of life, and reduced opioid use. This study provides much-needed evidence to inform current clinical practice for managing patients with NSRBP.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.9.spine23504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T01:55:11Z","timestamp":1700272511000},"page":"229-239","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Durable responses at 24 months with high-frequency spinal cord stimulation for nonsurgical refractory back pain"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Naresh P.","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Jameson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Axis Spine Center, Coeur d\u2019Alene, Idaho;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Curtis","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwest Pain Management Center, Overland Park, Kansas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kloster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crimson Pain Management, Overland Park, Kansas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Calodney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Spine and Joint Hospital, Tyler, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kosek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Neurosurgery Specialists, Springfield, Oregon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Pilitsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Bendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pain Management, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taissa","family":"Cherry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pain Management, Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivanand","family":"Lad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish Health Services, Seattle, Washington;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawood","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pain Management, University of Kansas Hospital, Kansas City, Kansas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnathan","family":"Goree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark K.","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Sack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pain Management, University of Kansas Hospital, Kansas City, Kansas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pain Management, Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Bharara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research, Nevro Corp., Redwood City, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Province-Azalde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research, Nevro Corp., Redwood City, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Caraway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research, Nevro Corp., Redwood City, California; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Kapural","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carolinas Pain Institute, Winston-Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"10053","key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1545","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","year":"2016","unstructured":"GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. 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