{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T09:06:01Z","timestamp":1780131961803,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n This study describes an innovative optic nerve MRI protocol for better delineating optic nerve anatomy from neighboring pathology.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n Twenty-two patients undergoing MRI examination of the optic nerve with the dedicated protocol were identified and included for analysis of imaging, surgical strategy, and outcomes. T2-weighted and fat-suppressed T1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced images were acquired perpendicular and parallel to the long axis of the optic nerve to achieve en face and in-line views along the course of the nerve.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n Dedicated optic nerve MRI sequences provided enhanced visualization of the nerve, CSF within the nerve sheath, and local pathology. Optic nerve sequences leveraged the \"CSF ring\" within the optic nerve sheath to create contrast between pathology and normal tissue, highlighting areas of compression. Tumor was readily tracked along the longitudinal axis of the nerve by images obtained parallel to the nerve. The findings augmented treatment planning.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n The authors present a dedicated optic nerve MRI protocol that is simple to use and affords improved cross-sectional and longitudinal visualization of the nerve, surrounding CSF, and pathology. This improved visualization enhances radiological evaluation and treatment planning for optic nerve lesions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.1.focus23715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T02:18:29Z","timestamp":1711937909000},"page":"E9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Improved optic nerve visualization and treatment planning through a dedicated optic nerve MRI protocol"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Kyle C.","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio;"},{"name":"Division of Skull Base Neurosurgery, James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, Ohio;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey P.","family":"Guenette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond Y.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ossama","family":"Al-Mefty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian F.","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenya Linda","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"3","article-title":"Neuro-ophthalmology for neuroradiologists","volume":"28","author":"Jacobs D","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jacobs D, Galetta S. Neuro-ophthalmology for neuroradiologists. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28(1):3\u20138."},{"issue":"12","key":"b2","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"2382","article-title":"3T intraoperative MRI for management of pediatric CNS neoplasms","volume":"35","author":"Choudhri AF","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choudhri AF, Klimo P Jr, Auschwitz TS, Whitehead MT, Boop FA. 3T intraoperative MRI for management of pediatric CNS neoplasms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014;35(12):2382\u20132387."},{"issue":"2","key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"481","article-title":"Prognostic factors in the surgical treatment of intracanalicular primary optic nerve sheath meningiomas","volume":"131","author":"Rassi MS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rassi MS, Prasad S, Can A, Pravdenkova S, Almefty R, Al-Mefty O. Prognostic factors in the surgical treatment of intracanalicular primary optic nerve sheath meningiomas. J Neurosurg. 2018;131(2):481\u2013488."},{"issue":"6","key":"b4","series-title":"Eye (Lond)","first-page":"1027","article-title":"Neuroradiology for ophthalmologists","volume":"34","author":"Al Othman B","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al Othman B, Raabe J, Kini A, Lee A. Neuroradiology for ophthalmologists. Eye (Lond). 2020;34(6):1027\u20131038."},{"issue":"6","key":"b5","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Intracanalicular optic nerve meningioma: a serious diagnostic pitfall","volume":"24","author":"Jackson A","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jackson A, Patankar T, Laitt R. Intracanalicular optic nerve meningioma: a serious diagnostic pitfall. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24(6):1167\u20131170."},{"issue":"5","key":"b6","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E12","article-title":"Meningiomas involving the optic canal: pattern of involvement and implications for surgical technique","volume":"30","author":"Taha A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Taha A, Erkmen K, Dunn I, Pravdenkova S, Al-Mefty O. Meningiomas involving the optic canal: pattern of involvement and implications for surgical technique. Neurosurg Focus. 2011;30(5):E12."},{"issue":"6","key":"b7","series-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci","first-page":"4235","article-title":"MRI acquisition and analysis protocol for in vivo intraorbital optic nerve segmentation at 3T","volume":"54","author":"Yiannakas MC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yiannakas MC, Toosy AT, Raftopoulos RE, Kapoor R, Miller DH, Wheeler-Kingshott CA. MRI acquisition and analysis protocol for in vivo intraorbital optic nerve segmentation at 3T. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(6):4235\u20134240."},{"issue":"2","key":"b8","series-title":"J Neuroophthalmol","first-page":"187","article-title":"Advanced MRI of the optic nerve","volume":"37","author":"Hoch MJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hoch MJ, Bruno MT, Shepherd TM. Advanced MRI of the optic nerve. J Neuroophthalmol. 2017;37(2):187\u2013196."},{"issue":"5","key":"b9","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"919","article-title":"MR Imaging of papilledema and visual pathways: effects of increased intracranial pressure and pathophysiologic mechanisms","volume":"34","author":"Passi N","year":"2013","unstructured":"Passi N, Degnan A, Levy L. MR Imaging of papilledema and visual pathways: effects of increased intracranial pressure and pathophysiologic mechanisms. 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Eur J Ophthalmol. 2007;17(3):454\u2013458."},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"b12","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"1027","article-title":"The optic nerve: a new window into cerebrospinal fluid composition?","volume":"129","author":"Killer HE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Killer HE, Jaggi GP, Flammer J, Miller NR, Huber AR. The optic nerve: a new window into cerebrospinal fluid composition?. Brain. 2006;129(Pt 4):1027\u20131030."},{"issue":"5","key":"b13","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"562","article-title":"High resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the anterior visual pathway in patients with optic neuropathies using fast spin echo and phased array local coils","volume":"58","author":"Gass A","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gass A, Barker GJ, MacManus D, High resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the anterior visual pathway in patients with optic neuropathies using fast spin echo and phased array local coils. 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J Neurosurg. 2018;131(2):481\u2013488."},{"issue":"6","key":"b4","series-title":"Eye (Lond)","first-page":"1027","article-title":"Neuroradiology for ophthalmologists","volume":"34","author":"Al Othman B","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al Othman B, Raabe J, Kini A, Lee A. Neuroradiology for ophthalmologists. Eye (Lond). 2020;34(6):1027\u20131038."},{"issue":"6","key":"b5","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Intracanalicular optic nerve meningioma: a serious diagnostic pitfall","volume":"24","author":"Jackson A","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jackson A, Patankar T, Laitt R. Intracanalicular optic nerve meningioma: a serious diagnostic pitfall. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24(6):1167\u20131170."},{"issue":"5","key":"b6","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E12","article-title":"Meningiomas involving the optic canal: pattern of involvement and implications for surgical technique","volume":"30","author":"Taha A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Taha A, Erkmen K, Dunn I, Pravdenkova S, Al-Mefty O. Meningiomas involving the optic canal: pattern of involvement and implications for surgical technique. Neurosurg Focus. 2011;30(5):E12."},{"issue":"6","key":"b7","series-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci","first-page":"4235","article-title":"MRI acquisition and analysis protocol for in vivo intraorbital optic nerve segmentation at 3T","volume":"54","author":"Yiannakas MC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yiannakas MC, Toosy AT, Raftopoulos RE, Kapoor R, Miller DH, Wheeler-Kingshott CA. MRI acquisition and analysis protocol for in vivo intraorbital optic nerve segmentation at 3T. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(6):4235\u20134240."},{"issue":"2","key":"b8","series-title":"J Neuroophthalmol","first-page":"187","article-title":"Advanced MRI of the optic nerve","volume":"37","author":"Hoch MJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hoch MJ, Bruno MT, Shepherd TM. Advanced MRI of the optic nerve. J Neuroophthalmol. 2017;37(2):187\u2013196."},{"issue":"5","key":"b9","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"919","article-title":"MR Imaging of papilledema and visual pathways: effects of increased intracranial pressure and pathophysiologic mechanisms","volume":"34","author":"Passi N","year":"2013","unstructured":"Passi N, Degnan A, Levy L. MR Imaging of papilledema and visual pathways: effects of increased intracranial pressure and pathophysiologic mechanisms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013;34(5):919\u2013924."},{"issue":"11","key":"b10","series-title":"Eye (Lond)","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Primary tumours of the optic nerve and its sheath","volume":"18","author":"Miller N","year":"2004","unstructured":"Miller N. Primary tumours of the optic nerve and its sheath. Eye (Lond). 2004;18(11):1026\u20131037."},{"issue":"3","key":"b11","series-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol","first-page":"454","article-title":"Optic nerve compartment syndrome in a patient with optic nerve sheath meningioma","volume":"17","author":"Jaggi GP","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jaggi GP, Mironov A, Huber AR, Killer HE. Optic nerve compartment syndrome in a patient with optic nerve sheath meningioma. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2007;17(3):454\u2013458."},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"b12","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"1027","article-title":"The optic nerve: a new window into cerebrospinal fluid composition?","volume":"129","author":"Killer HE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Killer HE, Jaggi GP, Flammer J, Miller NR, Huber AR. The optic nerve: a new window into cerebrospinal fluid composition?. Brain. 2006;129(Pt 4):1027\u20131030."},{"issue":"5","key":"b13","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"562","article-title":"High resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the anterior visual pathway in patients with optic neuropathies using fast spin echo and phased array local coils","volume":"58","author":"Gass A","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gass A, Barker GJ, MacManus D, High resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the anterior visual pathway in patients with optic neuropathies using fast spin echo and phased array local coils. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;58(5):562\u2013569."},{"issue":"4","key":"b14","series-title":"Arthroscopy","first-page":"287","article-title":"Accuracy of nonorthogonal magnetic resonance imaging in acute disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament","volume":"5","author":"Vellet AD","year":"1989","unstructured":"Vellet AD, Marks P, Fowler P, Munro T. Accuracy of nonorthogonal magnetic resonance imaging in acute disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament. Arthroscopy. 1989;5(4):287\u2013293."},{"issue":"1","key":"b15","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"37","article-title":"Tuberculum sellae meningiomas: functional outcome in a consecutive series treated microsurgically","volume":"66","author":"Bassiouni H","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bassiouni H, Asgari S, Stolke D. Tuberculum sellae meningiomas: functional outcome in a consecutive series treated microsurgically. Surg Neurol. 2006;66(1):37\u201345."},{"issue":"2","key":"b16","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"235","article-title":"Pterional surgery of meningiomas of the tuberculum sellae and planum sphenoidale: surgical results with special consideration of ophthalmological and endocrinological outcomes","volume":"96","author":"Fahlbusch R","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fahlbusch R, Schott W. Pterional surgery of meningiomas of the tuberculum sellae and planum sphenoidale: surgical results with special consideration of ophthalmological and endocrinological outcomes. J Neurosurg. 2002;96(2):235\u2013243."},{"issue":"6","key":"b17","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1358","article-title":"Tuberculum sellae meningioma: a report on management on the basis of a surgical experience with 70 patients","volume":"51","author":"Goel A","year":"2002","unstructured":"Goel A, Muzumdar D, Desai KI. Tuberculum sellae meningioma: a report on management on the basis of a surgical experience with 70 patients. Neurosurgery. 2002;51(6):1358\u20131364."},{"issue":"3","key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"940","article-title":"Contralateral supraorbital keyhole approach to medial optic nerve lesions: an anatomoclinical study","volume":"126","author":"Singh H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh H, Essayed WI, Jada A, Contralateral supraorbital keyhole approach to medial optic nerve lesions: an anatomoclinical study. J Neurosurg. 2017;126(3):940\u2013944."},{"issue":"4","key":"b19","series-title":"Orbit","first-page":"305","article-title":"Anatomic variation of the entrance of the optic canal into the orbit","volume":"38","author":"Ugradar S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ugradar S, Goldberg R, Rootman D. Anatomic variation of the entrance of the optic canal into the orbit. Orbit. 2019;38(4):305\u2013307."},{"issue":"4","key":"b20","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"797","article-title":"Extensions of the sphenoid sinus: a new classification","volume":"66","author":"Wang J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang J, Bidari S, Inoue K, Yang H, Rhoton A. Extensions of the sphenoid sinus: a new classification. Neurosurgery. 2010;66(4):797\u2013816."},{"issue":"3 suppl","key":"b21","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","first-page":"S28","article-title":"Radiation dose-volume effects of optic nerves and chiasm","volume":"76","author":"Mayo C","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mayo C, Martel MK, Marks LB, Flickinger J, Nam J, Kirkpatrick J. Radiation dose-volume effects of optic nerves and chiasm. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;76(3 suppl):S28\u2013S35."},{"issue":"5","key":"b22","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","first-page":"1177","article-title":"A study on the radiation tolerance of the optic nerves and chiasm after stereotactic radiosurgery","volume":"55","author":"Stafford SL","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stafford SL, Pollock BE, Leavitt JA, A study on the radiation tolerance of the optic nerves and chiasm after stereotactic radiosurgery. 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