{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T12:33:47Z","timestamp":1790944427385,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n Recently, the endoscopic superior eyelid transorbital approach (SETA) has emerged as a potential alternative to access the cavernous sinus (CS). Several previous studies have attempted to quantitatively compare the traditional open anterolateral skull base approaches with transorbital exposure; however, these comparisons have been limited to the area of exposure provided by the bone opening and trajectory, and fail to account for the main avenues of exposure provided by subsequent requisite surgical maneuvers. The authors quantitatively compare the surgical access provided by the frontotemporal-orbitozygomatic (FTOZ) approach and the SETA following applicable periclinoid surgical maneuvers, evaluate the surgical exposure of key structures in each, and discuss optimal approach selection.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n SETA and FTOZ approaches were performed with subsequent applicable surgical maneuvers on 8 cadaveric heads. The lengths of exposure of cranial nerves (CNs) II\u2013VI and the cavernous internal carotid artery; the areas of the space accessed within the supratrochlear, infratrochlear, and supramaxillary (anteromedial) triangles; the total area of exposure; and the angles of attack were measured and compared.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n Exposure of the extradural CS was comparable between approaches, whereas access was significantly greater in the FTOZ approach compared with the SETA. The lengths of extradural exposure of CN III, V1, V2, and V3 were comparable between approaches. The FTOZ approach provided marginally increased exposure of CNs IV (20.9 \u00b1 2.36 mm vs 13.4 \u00b1 3.97 mm, p = 0.023) and VI (14.1 \u00b1 2.44 mm vs 9.22 \u00b1 3.45 mm, p = 0.066). The FTOZ also provided significantly larger vertical (44.5\u00b0 \u00b1 6.15\u00b0 vs 18.4\u00b0 \u00b1 1.65\u00b0, p = 0.002) and horizontal (41.5\u00b0 \u00b1 5.40\u00b0 vs 15.3\u00b0 \u00b1 5.06\u00b0, p < 0.001) angles of attack, and thus significantly greater surgical freedom, and provided significantly greater access to the supratrochlear (p = 0.021) and infratrochlear (p = 0.007) triangles, and significantly greater exposure of the cavernous internal carotid artery (17.2 \u00b1 1.70 mm vs 8.05 \u00b1 2.37 mm, p = 0.001). Total area of exposure was also significantly larger in the FTOZ, which provided wide access to the lateral wall of the CS as well as the possibility for intradural access.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n This is the first study to quantitatively identify the relative advantages of the FTOZ and transorbital approaches at the target region following requisite surgical maneuvers. Understanding these data will aid in selecting an optimal approach and maneuver set based on target lesion size and location.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.1.focus23860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T02:18:17Z","timestamp":1711937897000},"page":"E4","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A quantitative comparative surgical analysis of the endoscopic transorbital approach and frontotemporal-orbitozygomatic approach for extradural exposure of the cavernous sinus"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Alexander I.","family":"Evins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine\/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I\u00f1igo L.","family":"Sistiaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine\/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Cruces, Bilbao, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei H.","family":"Quispe-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine\/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marinelle M.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine\/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis J.","family":"Atchley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine\/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Health System, Birmingham, Alabama; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"P\u00e9rez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I\u00f1igo","family":"Pomposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Cruces, Bilbao, Spain;"},{"name":"Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip E.","family":"Stieg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine\/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine\/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e253","article-title":"Tailored surgical access to the cavernous sinus and parasellar region: assessment of cavernous sinus entry corridors and the periclinoid and pericavernous surgical maneuvers","volume":"171","author":"Bernardo A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bernardo A, Evins AI, Barbagli G, Tailored surgical access to the cavernous sinus and parasellar region: assessment of cavernous sinus entry corridors and the periclinoid and pericavernous surgical maneuvers. World Neurosurg. 2023;171:e253\u2013e275."},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Cranio-Orbital Mass Lesions: Diagnosis and Management","first-page":"17","article-title":"Microsurgical anatomy of the superior and inferior orbital fissures","author":"Bernardo A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bernardo A, Evins AI, Corvino S. Microsurgical anatomy of the superior and inferior orbital fissures. In: Bonavolont\u00e0 G, Maiuri F, Mariniello G, eds. Cranio-Orbital Mass Lesions: Diagnosis and Management. Springer International Publishing; 2023:17-24."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"131","article-title":"Anterolateral routes to the skull base-the frontotemporal approaches and exposure of the sellar and parasellar regions","volume":"172","author":"Bernardo A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bernardo A, Evins AI. Anterolateral routes to the skull base-the frontotemporal approaches and exposure of the sellar and parasellar regions. World Neurosurg. 2023;172:131\u2013145."},{"key":"b4","article-title":"Complex Surgical Approaches to the Skull Base: Dissection Manual","author":"Bernardo A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bernardo A, Evins AI. Complex Surgical Approaches to the Skull Base: Dissection Manual. Weill Cornell Medicine; 2023."},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Front Oncol","first-page":"962598","article-title":"Endoscopic transorbital approach to the cavernous sinus: cadaveric anatomy study and clinical application (\u2021SevEN-009)","volume":"12","author":"Jung IH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jung IH, Yoo J, Choi S, Endoscopic transorbital approach to the cavernous sinus: cadaveric anatomy study and clinical application (\u2021SevEN-009). Front Oncol. 2022;12:962598."},{"issue":"1","key":"b6","series-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base","first-page":"11","article-title":"Lateral transorbital neuroendoscopic approach to the lateral cavernous sinus","volume":"75","author":"Bly R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bly R, Ramakrishna R, Ferreira M, Moe K. Lateral transorbital neuroendoscopic approach to the lateral cavernous sinus. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2014;75(1):11\u201317."},{"issue":"4","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1126","article-title":"Endoscopic transorbital surgery for Meckel\u2019s cave and middle cranial fossa tumors: surgical technique and early results","volume":"131","author":"Jeon C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jeon C, Hong CK, Woo KI, Endoscopic transorbital surgery for Meckel\u2019s cave and middle cranial fossa tumors: surgical technique and early results. J Neurosurg. 2018;131(4):1126\u20131135."},{"key":"b8","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"1030","article-title":"The orbit as seen through different surgical windows: extensive anatomosurgical study","volume":"106","author":"Bernardo A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bernardo A, Evins AI, Mattogno PP, Quiroga M, Zacharia BE. The orbit as seen through different surgical windows: extensive anatomosurgical study. World Neurosurg. 2017;106:1030\u20131046."},{"issue":"4","key":"b9","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"359","article-title":"Lateral transorbital endoscope-assisted approach to the cavernous sinus","volume":"25","author":"Bander ED","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bander ED, Carnevale JA, Tosi U, Godfrey KJ, Schwartz TH. Lateral transorbital endoscope-assisted approach to the cavernous sinus. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2023;25(4):359\u2013364."},{"issue":"6","key":"b10","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"E494","article-title":"Quantitative anatomic comparison of microsurgical transcranial, endoscopic endonasal, and transorbital approaches to the spheno-orbital region","volume":"21","author":"Agosti E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Agosti E, Turri-Zanoni M, Saraceno G, Quantitative anatomic comparison of microsurgical transcranial, endoscopic endonasal, and transorbital approaches to the spheno-orbital region. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2021;21(6):E494\u2013E505."},{"key":"b11","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e682","article-title":"Quantitative anatomical comparison of anterior, anterolateral and lateral, microsurgical and endoscopic approaches to the middle cranial fossa","volume":"134","author":"Saraceno G","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saraceno G, Agosti E, Qiu J, Quantitative anatomical comparison of anterior, anterolateral and lateral, microsurgical and endoscopic approaches to the middle cranial fossa. World Neurosurg. 2020;134:e682\u2013e730."},{"issue":"9","key":"b12","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"2407","article-title":"The anterolateral triangle as window on the foramen lacerum from transorbital corridor: anatomical study and technical nuances","volume":"165","author":"Corvino S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Corvino S, Armocida D, Offi M, The anterolateral triangle as window on the foramen lacerum from transorbital corridor: anatomical study and technical nuances. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2023;165(9):2407\u20132419."},{"key":"b13","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e236","article-title":"A frontal route to middle and posterior cranial fossa: quantitative study for the lateral transorbital endoscopic approach and comparison with the subtemporal approach","volume":"167","author":"Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez D, Abarca J, Gonz\u00e1lez-L\u00f3pez P, Nieto J, Lagares A, Paredes I. A frontal route to middle and posterior cranial fossa: quantitative study for the lateral transorbital endoscopic approach and comparison with the subtemporal approach. World Neurosurg. 2022;167:e236\u2013e250."},{"issue":"4","key":"b14","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"e271","article-title":"Comparison of accessibility to cavernous sinus areas throughout endonasal, transorbital, and transcranial approaches: anatomic study with quantitative analysis","volume":"24","author":"Santos C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Santos C, Guizzardi G, Di Somma A, Comparison of accessibility to cavernous sinus areas throughout endonasal, transorbital, and transcranial approaches: anatomic study with quantitative analysis. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2023;24(4):e271\u2013e280."},{"issue":"8","key":"b15","series-title":"Brain Sci","first-page":"1215","article-title":"A new perspective on the cavernous sinus as seen through multiple surgical corridors: anatomical study comparing the transorbital, endonasal, and transcranial routes and the relative coterminous spatial regions","volume":"13","author":"Corvino S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Corvino S, Villanueva-Sol\u00f3rzano PL, Offi M, A new perspective on the cavernous sinus as seen through multiple surgical corridors: anatomical study comparing the transorbital, endonasal, and transcranial routes and the relative coterminous spatial regions. Brain Sci. 2023;13(8):1215."},{"issue":"2","key":"b16","series-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base","first-page":"125","article-title":"The meningo-orbital band: microsurgical anatomy and surgical detachment of the membranous structures through a frontotemporal craniotomy with removal of the anterior clinoid process","volume":"75","author":"Fukuda H","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fukuda H, Evins AI, Burrell JC, Iwasaki K, Stieg PE, Bernardo A. The meningo-orbital band: microsurgical anatomy and surgical detachment of the membranous structures through a frontotemporal craniotomy with removal of the anterior clinoid process. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2014;75(2):125\u2013132."},{"issue":"7","key":"b17","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1953","article-title":"Endoscopic superior eyelid transorbital approach: how I do it","volume":"164","author":"Di Somma A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Di Somma A, Sanchez Espa\u00f1a JC, Alobid I, Ense\u00f1at J. Endoscopic superior eyelid transorbital approach: how I do it. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2022;164(7):1953\u20131959."},{"issue":"8","key":"b18","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"2177","article-title":"Extradural anterior clinoidectomy through endoscopic transorbital approach: laboratory investigation for surgical perspective","volume":"163","author":"L\u00f3pez CB","year":"2021","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez CB, Di Somma A, Cepeda S, Extradural anterior clinoidectomy through endoscopic transorbital approach: laboratory investigation for surgical perspective. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2021;163(8):2177\u20132188."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Front Oncol","first-page":"991065","article-title":"Endoscopic transorbital extradural anterior clinoidectomy: a stepwise surgical technique and case series study [SevEN-013]","volume":"12","author":"Lim J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lim J, Sung KS, Yoo J, Oh J, Moon JH. Endoscopic transorbital extradural anterior clinoidectomy: a stepwise surgical technique and case series study [SevEN-013]. Front Oncol. 2022;12:991065."},{"issue":"3","key":"b20","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"905","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the combined petrosal and the pretemporal transcavernous anterior petrosal approach to the petroclival region","volume":"136","author":"Labib MA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Labib MA, Zhao X, Houlihan LM, Comparative analysis of the combined petrosal and the pretemporal transcavernous anterior petrosal approach to the petroclival region. J Neurosurg. 2021;136(3):905\u2013916."},{"issue":"1","key":"b21","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"86","article-title":"Comparative analysis between lateral orbital rim preservation and osteotomy for transorbital endoscopic approaches to the cavernous sinus: an anatomic study","volume":"16","author":"Noiphithak R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Noiphithak R, Yanez-Siller JC, Revuelta Barbero JM, Otto BA, Carrau RL, Prevedello DM. Comparative analysis between lateral orbital rim preservation and osteotomy for transorbital endoscopic approaches to the cavernous sinus: an anatomic study. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2019;16(1):86\u201393."},{"issue":"2","key":"b22","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"196","article-title":"Transorbital surgical corridor: an anatomic analysis of ocular globe retraction and the associated exposure for the transpalpebral orbital rim preserving endoscopic orbitotomy (TORPEDO) approach","volume":"26","author":"Piper K","year":"2024","unstructured":"Piper K, Saez-Alegre M, George Z, Srivastava A, Felbaum DR, Jean WC. Transorbital surgical corridor: an anatomic analysis of ocular globe retraction and the associated exposure for the transpalpebral orbital rim preserving endoscopic orbitotomy (TORPEDO) approach. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2024;26(2):196\u2013202."},{"issue":"1","key":"b23","series-title":"BMC Ophthalmol","first-page":"76","article-title":"Optimization of orbital retraction during endoscopic transorbital approach via quantitative measurement of the intraocular pressure - [SevEN 006]","volume":"21","author":"Kim W","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim W, Moon JH, Kim EH, Hong CK, Han J, Hong JB. Optimization of orbital retraction during endoscopic transorbital approach via quantitative measurement of the intraocular pressure - [SevEN 006]. BMC Ophthalmol. 2021;21(1):76."},{"issue":"3","key":"b24","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"622","article-title":"Endoscopic transorbital route to the cavernous sinus through the meningo-orbital band: a descriptive anatomical study","volume":"127","author":"Dallan I","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dallan I, Di Somma A, Prats-Galino A, Endoscopic transorbital route to the cavernous sinus through the meningo-orbital band: a descriptive anatomical study. J Neurosurg. 2017;127(3):622\u2013629."},{"key":"b1","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e253","article-title":"Tailored surgical access to the cavernous sinus and parasellar region: assessment of cavernous sinus entry corridors and the periclinoid and pericavernous surgical maneuvers","volume":"171","author":"Bernardo A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bernardo A, Evins AI, Barbagli G, Tailored surgical access to the cavernous sinus and parasellar region: assessment of cavernous sinus entry corridors and the periclinoid and pericavernous surgical maneuvers. World Neurosurg. 2023;171:e253\u2013e275."},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Cranio-Orbital Mass Lesions: Diagnosis and Management","first-page":"17","article-title":"Microsurgical anatomy of the superior and inferior orbital fissures","author":"Bernardo A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bernardo A, Evins AI, Corvino S. Microsurgical anatomy of the superior and inferior orbital fissures. In: Bonavolont\u00e0 G, Maiuri F, Mariniello G, eds. Cranio-Orbital Mass Lesions: Diagnosis and Management. Springer International Publishing; 2023:17-24."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"131","article-title":"Anterolateral routes to the skull base-the frontotemporal approaches and exposure of the sellar and parasellar regions","volume":"172","author":"Bernardo A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bernardo A, Evins AI. Anterolateral routes to the skull base-the frontotemporal approaches and exposure of the sellar and parasellar regions. World Neurosurg. 2023;172:131\u2013145."},{"key":"b4","article-title":"Complex Surgical Approaches to the Skull Base: Dissection Manual","author":"Bernardo A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bernardo A, Evins AI. Complex Surgical Approaches to the Skull Base: Dissection Manual. Weill Cornell Medicine; 2023."},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Front Oncol","first-page":"962598","article-title":"Endoscopic transorbital approach to the cavernous sinus: cadaveric anatomy study and clinical application (\u2021SevEN-009)","volume":"12","author":"Jung IH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jung IH, Yoo J, Choi S, Endoscopic transorbital approach to the cavernous sinus: cadaveric anatomy study and clinical application (\u2021SevEN-009). Front Oncol. 2022;12:962598."},{"issue":"1","key":"b6","series-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base","first-page":"11","article-title":"Lateral transorbital neuroendoscopic approach to the lateral cavernous sinus","volume":"75","author":"Bly R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bly R, Ramakrishna R, Ferreira M, Moe K. Lateral transorbital neuroendoscopic approach to the lateral cavernous sinus. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2014;75(1):11\u201317."},{"issue":"4","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1126","article-title":"Endoscopic transorbital surgery for Meckel\u2019s cave and middle cranial fossa tumors: surgical technique and early results","volume":"131","author":"Jeon C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jeon C, Hong CK, Woo KI, Endoscopic transorbital surgery for Meckel\u2019s cave and middle cranial fossa tumors: surgical technique and early results. J Neurosurg. 2018;131(4):1126\u20131135."},{"key":"b8","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"1030","article-title":"The orbit as seen through different surgical windows: extensive anatomosurgical study","volume":"106","author":"Bernardo A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bernardo A, Evins AI, Mattogno PP, Quiroga M, Zacharia BE. The orbit as seen through different surgical windows: extensive anatomosurgical study. World Neurosurg. 2017;106:1030\u20131046."},{"issue":"4","key":"b9","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"359","article-title":"Lateral transorbital endoscope-assisted approach to the cavernous sinus","volume":"25","author":"Bander ED","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bander ED, Carnevale JA, Tosi U, Godfrey KJ, Schwartz TH. Lateral transorbital endoscope-assisted approach to the cavernous sinus. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2023;25(4):359\u2013364."},{"issue":"6","key":"b10","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"E494","article-title":"Quantitative anatomic comparison of microsurgical transcranial, endoscopic endonasal, and transorbital approaches to the spheno-orbital region","volume":"21","author":"Agosti E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Agosti E, Turri-Zanoni M, Saraceno G, Quantitative anatomic comparison of microsurgical transcranial, endoscopic endonasal, and transorbital approaches to the spheno-orbital region. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2021;21(6):E494\u2013E505."},{"key":"b11","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e682","article-title":"Quantitative anatomical comparison of anterior, anterolateral and lateral, microsurgical and endoscopic approaches to the middle cranial fossa","volume":"134","author":"Saraceno G","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saraceno G, Agosti E, Qiu J, Quantitative anatomical comparison of anterior, anterolateral and lateral, microsurgical and endoscopic approaches to the middle cranial fossa. World Neurosurg. 2020;134:e682\u2013e730."},{"issue":"9","key":"b12","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"2407","article-title":"The anterolateral triangle as window on the foramen lacerum from transorbital corridor: anatomical study and technical nuances","volume":"165","author":"Corvino S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Corvino S, Armocida D, Offi M, The anterolateral triangle as window on the foramen lacerum from transorbital corridor: anatomical study and technical nuances. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2023;165(9):2407\u20132419."},{"key":"b13","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e236","article-title":"A frontal route to middle and posterior cranial fossa: quantitative study for the lateral transorbital endoscopic approach and comparison with the subtemporal approach","volume":"167","author":"Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez D, Abarca J, Gonz\u00e1lez-L\u00f3pez P, Nieto J, Lagares A, Paredes I. A frontal route to middle and posterior cranial fossa: quantitative study for the lateral transorbital endoscopic approach and comparison with the subtemporal approach. World Neurosurg. 2022;167:e236\u2013e250."},{"issue":"4","key":"b14","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"e271","article-title":"Comparison of accessibility to cavernous sinus areas throughout endonasal, transorbital, and transcranial approaches: anatomic study with quantitative analysis","volume":"24","author":"Santos C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Santos C, Guizzardi G, Di Somma A, Comparison of accessibility to cavernous sinus areas throughout endonasal, transorbital, and transcranial approaches: anatomic study with quantitative analysis. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2023;24(4):e271\u2013e280."},{"issue":"8","key":"b15","series-title":"Brain Sci","first-page":"1215","article-title":"A new perspective on the cavernous sinus as seen through multiple surgical corridors: anatomical study comparing the transorbital, endonasal, and transcranial routes and the relative coterminous spatial regions","volume":"13","author":"Corvino S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Corvino S, Villanueva-Sol\u00f3rzano PL, Offi M, A new perspective on the cavernous sinus as seen through multiple surgical corridors: anatomical study comparing the transorbital, endonasal, and transcranial routes and the relative coterminous spatial regions. Brain Sci. 2023;13(8):1215."},{"issue":"2","key":"b16","series-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base","first-page":"125","article-title":"The meningo-orbital band: microsurgical anatomy and surgical detachment of the membranous structures through a frontotemporal craniotomy with removal of the anterior clinoid process","volume":"75","author":"Fukuda H","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fukuda H, Evins AI, Burrell JC, Iwasaki K, Stieg PE, Bernardo A. The meningo-orbital band: microsurgical anatomy and surgical detachment of the membranous structures through a frontotemporal craniotomy with removal of the anterior clinoid process. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2014;75(2):125\u2013132."},{"issue":"7","key":"b17","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1953","article-title":"Endoscopic superior eyelid transorbital approach: how I do it","volume":"164","author":"Di Somma A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Di Somma A, Sanchez Espa\u00f1a JC, Alobid I, Ense\u00f1at J. Endoscopic superior eyelid transorbital approach: how I do it. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2022;164(7):1953\u20131959."},{"issue":"8","key":"b18","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"2177","article-title":"Extradural anterior clinoidectomy through endoscopic transorbital approach: laboratory investigation for surgical perspective","volume":"163","author":"L\u00f3pez CB","year":"2021","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez CB, Di Somma A, Cepeda S, Extradural anterior clinoidectomy through endoscopic transorbital approach: laboratory investigation for surgical perspective. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2021;163(8):2177\u20132188."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Front Oncol","first-page":"991065","article-title":"Endoscopic transorbital extradural anterior clinoidectomy: a stepwise surgical technique and case series study [SevEN-013]","volume":"12","author":"Lim J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lim J, Sung KS, Yoo J, Oh J, Moon JH. Endoscopic transorbital extradural anterior clinoidectomy: a stepwise surgical technique and case series study [SevEN-013]. Front Oncol. 2022;12:991065."},{"issue":"3","key":"b20","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"905","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the combined petrosal and the pretemporal transcavernous anterior petrosal approach to the petroclival region","volume":"136","author":"Labib MA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Labib MA, Zhao X, Houlihan LM, Comparative analysis of the combined petrosal and the pretemporal transcavernous anterior petrosal approach to the petroclival region. J Neurosurg. 2021;136(3):905\u2013916."},{"issue":"1","key":"b21","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"86","article-title":"Comparative analysis between lateral orbital rim preservation and osteotomy for transorbital endoscopic approaches to the cavernous sinus: an anatomic study","volume":"16","author":"Noiphithak R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Noiphithak R, Yanez-Siller JC, Revuelta Barbero JM, Otto BA, Carrau RL, Prevedello DM. Comparative analysis between lateral orbital rim preservation and osteotomy for transorbital endoscopic approaches to the cavernous sinus: an anatomic study. 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