{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:18:33Z","timestamp":1790381913438,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n Several pathologies either invade or arise within the orbit. These include meningiomas, schwannomas, and cavernous hemangiomas among others. Although several studies describing various approaches to the orbit are available, no study describes all cranio-orbital and orbitocranial approaches with clear, surgically oriented anatomical descriptions. As such, this study aimed to provide a comprehensive guide to the microsurgical and endoscopic approaches to and through the orbit.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n Six formalin-fixed, latex-injected cadaveric head specimens were dissected in the surgical anatomy laboratory at the authors\u2019 institution. In each specimen, the following approaches were modularly performed: endoscopic transorbital approaches (ETOAs), including a lateral transorbital approach and a superior eyelid crease approach; endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEAs), including those to the medial orbit and optic canal; and transcranial approaches, including a supraorbital approach, a fronto-orbital approach, and a 3-piece orbito-zygomatic approach. Each pertinent step was 3D photograph\u2013documented with macroscopic and endoscopic techniques as previously described.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n Endoscopic endonasal approaches to the orbit afforded excellent access to the medial orbit and medial optic canal. Regarding ETOAs, the lateral transorbital approach afforded excellent access to the floor of the middle fossa and, once the lateral orbital rim was removed, the cavernous sinus could be dissected and the petrous apex drilled. The superior eyelid approach provides excellent access to the anterior cranial fossa just superior to the orbit, as well as the dura of the lesser wing of the sphenoid. Craniotomy-based approaches provided excellent access to the anterior and middle cranial fossa and the cavernous sinus, except the supraorbital approach had limited access to the middle fossa.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n This study outlines the essential surgical steps for major cranio-orbital and orbitocranial approaches. Endoscopic endonasal approaches offer direct medial access, potentially providing bilateral exposure to optic canals. ETOAs serve as both orbital access and as a corridor to surrounding regions. Cranio-orbital approaches follow a lateral-to-medial, superior-to-inferior trajectory, progressively allowing removal of protective bony structures for proportional orbit access.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.1.focus23866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T02:18:01Z","timestamp":1711937881000},"page":"E2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["360\u00b0 around the orbit: key surgical anatomy of the microsurgical and endoscopic cranio-orbital and orbitocranial approaches"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Agosti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Yohan","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Plou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano C. P. C.","family":"Leonel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"De Bonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan M. J.","family":"Bauman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainhoa","family":"Garc\u00eda-Lliber\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Valencia University General Hospital, Valencia, Spain;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amedeo","family":"Piazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, \"Sapienza\" University, Rome, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Torregrossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Neurosurgical Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Italy; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos D.","family":"Pinheiro Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\/Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Peris Celda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\/Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Front Surg","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cranio-orbital and orbitocranial approaches to orbital and intracranial disease: eye-opening approaches for neurosurgeons","volume":"7","author":"Abou-Al-Shaar H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abou-Al-Shaar H, Krisht KM, Cohen MA, Cranio-orbital and orbitocranial approaches to orbital and intracranial disease: eye-opening approaches for neurosurgeons. Front Surg. 2020;7:1."},{"issue":"4","key":"b2","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"359","article-title":"Lateral transorbital endoscope-assisted approach to the cavernous sinus","volume":"25","author":"Bander ED","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bander ED, Carnevale JA, Tosi U, Godfrey KJ, Schwartz TH. Lateral transorbital endoscope-assisted approach to the cavernous sinus. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2023;25(4):359\u2013364."},{"issue":"2","key":"b3","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"165","article-title":"The endoscopic lateral transorbital approach for the removal of select sphenoid wing and middle fossa meningiomas. Surgical technique and short-term outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Carnevale JA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carnevale JA, Rosen KU, Chae JK, The endoscopic lateral transorbital approach for the removal of select sphenoid wing and middle fossa meningiomas. Surgical technique and short-term outcomes. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2024;26(2):165\u2013172."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b4","series-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital","first-page":"S59","article-title":"When multidisciplinary surgical trans-orbital approaches should be considered to reach the skull base","volume":"41","author":"Dallan I","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dallan I, Cristofani-Mencacci L, Fiacchini G, Caniglia M, Sellari-Franceschini S, Berrettini S. When multidisciplinary surgical trans-orbital approaches should be considered to reach the skull base. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2021;41(Suppl 1):S59\u2013S66."},{"issue":"5","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1203","article-title":"Endoscopic transorbital superior eyelid approach: anatomical study from a neurosurgical perspective","volume":"129","author":"Di Somma A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Di Somma A, Andaluz N, Cavallo LM, Endoscopic transorbital superior eyelid approach: anatomical study from a neurosurgical perspective. J Neurosurg. 2018;129(5):1203\u20131216."},{"issue":"4","key":"b6","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1187","article-title":"Endoscopic transorbital surgery levels of difficulty","volume":"137","author":"Di Somma A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Di Somma A, Kong DS, de Notaris M, Endoscopic transorbital surgery levels of difficulty. J Neurosurg. 2022;137(4):1187\u20131190."},{"issue":"1","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"103","article-title":"Use of endoscopic transorbital and endonasal approaches for 360\u00b0 circumferential access to orbital tumors","volume":"135","author":"Jeon C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jeon C, Hong SD, Woo KI, Use of endoscopic transorbital and endonasal approaches for 360\u00b0 circumferential access to orbital tumors. J Neurosurg. 2020;135(1):103\u2013112."},{"issue":"6","key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1653","article-title":"Indications and outcomes of endoscopic transorbital surgery for trigeminal schwannoma based on tumor classification: a multicenter study with 50 cases","volume":"138","author":"Kong DS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kong DS, Kim YH, Lee WJ, Kim YH, Hong CK. Indications and outcomes of endoscopic transorbital surgery for trigeminal schwannoma based on tumor classification: a multicenter study with 50 cases. J Neurosurg. 2022;138(6):1653\u20131661."},{"issue":"1","key":"b9","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"96","article-title":"Endoscopic transorbital surgery for trigeminal schwannoma: introduction of a novel approach: 2-dimensional operative video","volume":"26","author":"Kong DS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kong DS, Shin HJ. Endoscopic transorbital surgery for trigeminal schwannoma: introduction of a novel approach: 2-dimensional operative video. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2024;26(1):96\u201397."},{"issue":"2","key":"b10","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"431","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal and transorbital approaches to petrous apex lesions","volume":"136","author":"Lee WJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee WJ, Hong SD, Woo KI, Endoscopic endonasal and transorbital approaches to petrous apex lesions. J Neurosurg. 2021;136(2):431\u2013440."},{"issue":"4","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurosurg Sci","first-page":"514","article-title":"Transorbital endoscopic approaches to the skull base: current concepts and future perspectives","volume":"60","author":"Locatelli D","year":"2016","unstructured":"Locatelli D, Pozzi F, Turri-Zanoni M, Transorbital endoscopic approaches to the skull base: current concepts and future perspectives. J Neurosurg Sci. 2016;60(4):514\u2013525."},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Clin Neurosurg","first-page":"100","article-title":"Surgical techniques for removal of intracranial meningiomas","volume":"7","author":"MacCarty CS","year":"1959","unstructured":"MacCarty CS. Surgical techniques for removal of intracranial meningiomas. Clin Neurosurg. 1959;7:100\u2013111."},{"issue":"5","key":"b13","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"E144","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal resection of orbital apex cavernous hemangioma: 2-dimensional operative video","volume":"16","author":"Marcellino CR","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marcellino CR, Peris-Celda M, Link MJ, Stokken JK. Endoscopic endonasal resection of orbital apex cavernous hemangioma: 2-dimensional operative video. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2019;16(5):E144\u2013E145."},{"issue":"3","key":"b14","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"677","article-title":"The lateral transorbital approach to the medial sphenoid wing, anterior clinoid, middle fossa, cavernous sinus, and Meckel\u2019s cave: target-based classification, approach-related complications, and intermediate-term ocular outcomes","volume":"140","author":"Mathios D","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mathios D, Bobeff EJ, Longo D, The lateral transorbital approach to the medial sphenoid wing, anterior clinoid, middle fossa, cavernous sinus, and Meckel\u2019s cave: target-based classification, approach-related complications, and intermediate-term ocular outcomes. J Neurosurg. 2024;140(3):677\u2013687."},{"issue":"1","key":"b15","series-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base","first-page":"79","article-title":"Anatomical step-by-step dissection of complex skull base approaches for trainees: endoscopic endonasal approach to the orbit","volume":"84","author":"Salgado-Lopez L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salgado-Lopez L, Leonel LCPC, O\u2019brien M, Anatomical step-by-step dissection of complex skull base approaches for trainees: endoscopic endonasal approach to the orbit. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2022;84(1):79\u201388."},{"issue":"18","key":"b16","series-title":"Cancers (Basel)","first-page":"4435","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the microscopic and endoscopic transorbital approach to the middle fossa and cavernous sinus: anatomo-radiological study with clinical applications","volume":"15","author":"Serioli S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Serioli S, Nizzola M, Plou P, Surgical anatomy of the microscopic and endoscopic transorbital approach to the middle fossa and cavernous sinus: anatomo-radiological study with clinical applications. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15(18):4435."},{"issue":"6 Suppl Operative","key":"b17","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"230","article-title":"Refined and simplified surgical landmarks for the MacCarty keyhole and orbitozygomatic craniotomy","volume":"66","author":"Tubbs RS","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tubbs RS, Loukas M, Shoja MM, Cohen-Gadol AA. Refined and simplified surgical landmarks for the MacCarty keyhole and orbitozygomatic craniotomy. Neurosurgery. 2010;66(6 Suppl Operative):230\u2013233."},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base","first-page":"e248","article-title":"Foundations of advanced neuroanatomy: technical guidelines for specimen preparation, dissection, and 3D-photodocumentation in a surgical anatomy laboratory","volume":"82","author":"Leonel LCP","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leonel LCP, Carlstrom LP, Graffeo CS, Foundations of advanced neuroanatomy: technical guidelines for specimen preparation, dissection, and 3D-photodocumentation in a surgical anatomy laboratory. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2021;82(Suppl 3):e248-e258."},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Front Surg","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cranio-orbital and orbitocranial approaches to orbital and intracranial disease: eye-opening approaches for neurosurgeons","volume":"7","author":"Abou-Al-Shaar H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abou-Al-Shaar H, Krisht KM, Cohen MA, Cranio-orbital and orbitocranial approaches to orbital and intracranial disease: eye-opening approaches for neurosurgeons. Front Surg. 2020;7:1."},{"issue":"4","key":"b2","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"359","article-title":"Lateral transorbital endoscope-assisted approach to the cavernous sinus","volume":"25","author":"Bander ED","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bander ED, Carnevale JA, Tosi U, Godfrey KJ, Schwartz TH. Lateral transorbital endoscope-assisted approach to the cavernous sinus. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2023;25(4):359\u2013364."},{"issue":"2","key":"b3","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"165","article-title":"The endoscopic lateral transorbital approach for the removal of select sphenoid wing and middle fossa meningiomas. Surgical technique and short-term outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Carnevale JA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carnevale JA, Rosen KU, Chae JK, The endoscopic lateral transorbital approach for the removal of select sphenoid wing and middle fossa meningiomas. Surgical technique and short-term outcomes. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2024;26(2):165\u2013172."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b4","series-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital","first-page":"S59","article-title":"When multidisciplinary surgical trans-orbital approaches should be considered to reach the skull base","volume":"41","author":"Dallan I","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dallan I, Cristofani-Mencacci L, Fiacchini G, Caniglia M, Sellari-Franceschini S, Berrettini S. When multidisciplinary surgical trans-orbital approaches should be considered to reach the skull base. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2021;41(Suppl 1):S59\u2013S66."},{"issue":"5","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1203","article-title":"Endoscopic transorbital superior eyelid approach: anatomical study from a neurosurgical perspective","volume":"129","author":"Di Somma A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Di Somma A, Andaluz N, Cavallo LM, Endoscopic transorbital superior eyelid approach: anatomical study from a neurosurgical perspective. J Neurosurg. 2018;129(5):1203\u20131216."},{"issue":"4","key":"b6","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1187","article-title":"Endoscopic transorbital surgery levels of difficulty","volume":"137","author":"Di Somma A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Di Somma A, Kong DS, de Notaris M, Endoscopic transorbital surgery levels of difficulty. J Neurosurg. 2022;137(4):1187\u20131190."},{"issue":"1","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"103","article-title":"Use of endoscopic transorbital and endonasal approaches for 360\u00b0 circumferential access to orbital tumors","volume":"135","author":"Jeon C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jeon C, Hong SD, Woo KI, Use of endoscopic transorbital and endonasal approaches for 360\u00b0 circumferential access to orbital tumors. J Neurosurg. 2020;135(1):103\u2013112."},{"issue":"6","key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1653","article-title":"Indications and outcomes of endoscopic transorbital surgery for trigeminal schwannoma based on tumor classification: a multicenter study with 50 cases","volume":"138","author":"Kong DS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kong DS, Kim YH, Lee WJ, Kim YH, Hong CK. Indications and outcomes of endoscopic transorbital surgery for trigeminal schwannoma based on tumor classification: a multicenter study with 50 cases. J Neurosurg. 2022;138(6):1653\u20131661."},{"issue":"1","key":"b9","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"96","article-title":"Endoscopic transorbital surgery for trigeminal schwannoma: introduction of a novel approach: 2-dimensional operative video","volume":"26","author":"Kong DS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kong DS, Shin HJ. Endoscopic transorbital surgery for trigeminal schwannoma: introduction of a novel approach: 2-dimensional operative video. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2024;26(1):96\u201397."},{"issue":"2","key":"b10","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"431","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal and transorbital approaches to petrous apex lesions","volume":"136","author":"Lee WJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee WJ, Hong SD, Woo KI, Endoscopic endonasal and transorbital approaches to petrous apex lesions. J Neurosurg. 2021;136(2):431\u2013440."},{"issue":"4","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurosurg Sci","first-page":"514","article-title":"Transorbital endoscopic approaches to the skull base: current concepts and future perspectives","volume":"60","author":"Locatelli D","year":"2016","unstructured":"Locatelli D, Pozzi F, Turri-Zanoni M, Transorbital endoscopic approaches to the skull base: current concepts and future perspectives. J Neurosurg Sci. 2016;60(4):514\u2013525."},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Clin Neurosurg","first-page":"100","article-title":"Surgical techniques for removal of intracranial meningiomas","volume":"7","author":"MacCarty CS","year":"1959","unstructured":"MacCarty CS. Surgical techniques for removal of intracranial meningiomas. Clin Neurosurg. 1959;7:100\u2013111."},{"issue":"5","key":"b13","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"E144","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal resection of orbital apex cavernous hemangioma: 2-dimensional operative video","volume":"16","author":"Marcellino CR","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marcellino CR, Peris-Celda M, Link MJ, Stokken JK. Endoscopic endonasal resection of orbital apex cavernous hemangioma: 2-dimensional operative video. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2019;16(5):E144\u2013E145."},{"issue":"3","key":"b14","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"677","article-title":"The lateral transorbital approach to the medial sphenoid wing, anterior clinoid, middle fossa, cavernous sinus, and Meckel\u2019s cave: target-based classification, approach-related complications, and intermediate-term ocular outcomes","volume":"140","author":"Mathios D","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mathios D, Bobeff EJ, Longo D, The lateral transorbital approach to the medial sphenoid wing, anterior clinoid, middle fossa, cavernous sinus, and Meckel\u2019s cave: target-based classification, approach-related complications, and intermediate-term ocular outcomes. J Neurosurg. 2024;140(3):677\u2013687."},{"issue":"1","key":"b15","series-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base","first-page":"79","article-title":"Anatomical step-by-step dissection of complex skull base approaches for trainees: endoscopic endonasal approach to the orbit","volume":"84","author":"Salgado-Lopez L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salgado-Lopez L, Leonel LCPC, O\u2019brien M, Anatomical step-by-step dissection of complex skull base approaches for trainees: endoscopic endonasal approach to the orbit. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2022;84(1):79\u201388."},{"issue":"18","key":"b16","series-title":"Cancers (Basel)","first-page":"4435","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the microscopic and endoscopic transorbital approach to the middle fossa and cavernous sinus: anatomo-radiological study with clinical applications","volume":"15","author":"Serioli S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Serioli S, Nizzola M, Plou P, Surgical anatomy of the microscopic and endoscopic transorbital approach to the middle fossa and cavernous sinus: anatomo-radiological study with clinical applications. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15(18):4435."},{"issue":"6 Suppl Operative","key":"b17","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"230","article-title":"Refined and simplified surgical landmarks for the MacCarty keyhole and orbitozygomatic craniotomy","volume":"66","author":"Tubbs RS","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tubbs RS, Loukas M, Shoja MM, Cohen-Gadol AA. Refined and simplified surgical landmarks for the MacCarty keyhole and orbitozygomatic craniotomy. Neurosurgery. 2010;66(6 Suppl Operative):230\u2013233."},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base","first-page":"e248","article-title":"Foundations of advanced neuroanatomy: technical guidelines for specimen preparation, dissection, and 3D-photodocumentation in a surgical anatomy laboratory","volume":"82","author":"Leonel LCP","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leonel LCP, Carlstrom LP, Graffeo CS, Foundations of advanced neuroanatomy: technical guidelines for specimen preparation, dissection, and 3D-photodocumentation in a surgical anatomy laboratory. 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