{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T01:37:04Z","timestamp":1789177024948,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n The surgical management of craniosynostosis varies without consensus on technique or standard outcomes reporting. The authors of this study aimed to investigate current surgical management of craniosynostosis in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n Two hundred seventy-five surgeons actively treating craniosynostosis in the United States were surveyed. The results from a 28-item instrument were analyzed according to surgeon specialty, surgeon tenure, and geographic location of practice.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n The overall response rate was 47.6% (131\/275), and final analyses included 58 plastic and reconstructive surgeons and 69 neurosurgeons from 79 different institutions. The majority of surgeons used internal data registries (65.4%); however, only 17.4% of neurosurgeons and 34.5% of plastic surgeons (p = 0.04) contributed to national or international registries. Neurosurgeons were more likely to offer endoscopic strip craniectomy for unicoronal craniosynostosis (75.4% vs 50.0%, p = 0.05) and unilateral lambdoid craniosynostosis (69.6% vs 48.3%, p = 0.018). Plastic surgeons were more likely to offer spring-assisted cranioplasty for bilambdoid synostosis (20.7% vs 7.2%, p = 0.036) and most other sutures. For all sutures, open cranial vault remodeling remains the most frequently offered technique. Plastic surgeons more often selected the surgical technique based on physical examination (86.2% vs 68.1%, p = 0.02) and recognized a \"gold-standard\" treatment (51.7% vs 17.4%, p < 0.001). Region did not significantly impact the techniques offered. Compared to surgeons with fewer years of experience, those with 6 or more years of experience were less likely to offer cranial vault remodeling for unilateral lambdoid craniosynostosis (p = 0.002) and those with more than 10 years of experience were less likely to offer cranial vault remodeling for bilateral lambdoid craniosynostosis (p = 0.011).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n The authors present the largest description of current craniosynostosis practices in the United States. Reported surgical offerings were overall similar across specialties, regions, and years of surgeon experience. Nearly all surveyed surgeons continue to offer open cranial vault remodeling as an option for all included craniosynostosis variations. Endoscopic strip craniectomy is the second most proposed technique for most sutures, but distraction methods are similarly or more frequently offered in cases of bilateral and multisuture synostoses. Plastic surgeons also report greater spring-assisted repair offers than neurosurgeons, whereas the longest practicing surgeons are less likely to offer open repair in lambdoid cases. Encouraging further contributions to national databases, such as that of the Synostosis Research Group, may provide robust outcome data that can help to identify best practices for managing this complicated pathology.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.10.focus24572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T01:12:50Z","timestamp":1735693970000},"page":"E2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Craniosynostosis surgery practice patterns in the United States: what are we doing and how are we doing it?"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Alving-Trinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"O\u2019Sick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Plastic Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Nixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Plastic Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Bonfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Golinko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Plastic Surgery and"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Monroe Carell Jr. Children\u2019s Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew E.","family":"Pontell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Plastic Surgery and"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Monroe Carell Jr. Children\u2019s Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"b1","series-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am","first-page":"395","article-title":"Management of sagittal and lambdoid craniosynostosis: open cranial vault expansion and remodeling","volume":"34","author":"Markiewicz MR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Markiewicz MR, Recker MJ, Reynolds RM. Management of sagittal and lambdoid craniosynostosis: open cranial vault expansion and remodeling. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2022;34(3):395\u2013419."},{"issue":"4 suppl 4","key":"b2","series-title":"Ann Plast Surg","first-page":"S158","article-title":"Twenty-year outcome experience with open craniosynostosis repairs: an analysis of reoperation and complication rates","volume":"80","author":"Morrison KA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morrison KA, Lee JC, Souweidane MM, Feldstein NA, Ascherman JA. Twenty-year outcome experience with open craniosynostosis repairs: an analysis of reoperation and complication rates. Ann Plast Surg. 2018;80(4 suppl 4):S158\u2013S163."},{"issue":"8","key":"b3","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"1684","article-title":"Surgical correction of craniosynostosis. A review of 100 cases","volume":"42","author":"Zakhary GM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zakhary GM, Montes DM, Woerner JE, Notarianni C, Ghali GE. Surgical correction of craniosynostosis. A review of 100 cases. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2014;42(8):1684\u20131691."},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"b4","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"97","article-title":"Early management of craniosynostosis using endoscopic-assisted strip craniectomies and cranial orthotic molding therapy","volume":"110","author":"Jimenez DF","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jimenez DF, Barone CM, Cartwright CC, Baker L. Early management of craniosynostosis using endoscopic-assisted strip craniectomies and cranial orthotic molding therapy. Pediatrics. 2002;110(1 Pt 1):97\u2013104."},{"issue":"1","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"77","article-title":"Endoscopic craniectomy for early surgical correction of sagittal craniosynostosis","volume":"88","author":"Jimenez DF","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jimenez DF, Barone CM. Endoscopic craniectomy for early surgical correction of sagittal craniosynostosis. J Neurosurg. 1998;88(1):77\u201381."},{"issue":"2","key":"b6","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"545","article-title":"The evolving role of springs in craniofacial surgery: the first 100 clinical cases","volume":"121","author":"Lauritzen CGK","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lauritzen CGK, Davis C, Ivarsson A, Sanger C, Hewitt TD. The evolving role of springs in craniofacial surgery: the first 100 clinical cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121(2):545\u2013554."},{"issue":"1","key":"b7","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"125","article-title":"Spring-assisted cranioplasty for the correction of nonsyndromic scaphocephaly: a quantitative analysis of 100 consecutive cases","volume":"140","author":"Rodgers W","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rodgers W, Glass GE, Schievano S. Spring-assisted cranioplasty for the correction of nonsyndromic scaphocephaly: a quantitative analysis of 100 consecutive cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;140(1):125\u2013134."},{"issue":"7","key":"b8","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"2092","article-title":"Spring cranioplasty: incorporation into practice","volume":"31","author":"Pearson G","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pearson G, Khansa I, Drapeau A. Spring cranioplasty: incorporation into practice. J Craniofac Surg. 2020;31(7):2092\u20132094."},{"issue":"3","key":"b9","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"657","article-title":"Distraction osteogenesis for surgical treatment of craniosynostosis: a systematic review","volume":"138","author":"Mundinger GS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mundinger GS, Rehim SA, Johnson O III. Distraction osteogenesis for surgical treatment of craniosynostosis: a systematic review. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;138(3):657\u2013669."},{"issue":"5","key":"b10","series-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"353","article-title":"Distraction osteogenesis in the surgical management of syndromic craniosynostosis: a comprehensive review of published papers","volume":"56","author":"Al-Namnam NMN","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Namnam NMN, Hariri F, Rahman ZAA. Distraction osteogenesis in the surgical management of syndromic craniosynostosis: a comprehensive review of published papers. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;56(5):353\u2013366."},{"issue":"5","key":"b11","series-title":"Ann Plast Surg","first-page":"554","article-title":"Gradual cranial vault expansion for the treatment of craniofacial synostosis: a preliminary report","volume":"40","author":"Sugawara Y","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sugawara Y, Hirabayashi S, Sakurai A, Harii K. Gradual cranial vault expansion for the treatment of craniofacial synostosis: a preliminary report. Ann Plast Surg. 1998;40(5):554\u2013565."},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis","first-page":"333","article-title":"ERN CRANIO patient coverage of craniosynostosis in Europe","volume":"17","author":"Spivack O","year":"2022","unstructured":"Spivack O, Gaillard L. ERN CRANIO patient coverage of craniosynostosis in Europe. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2022;17(1):333."},{"key":"b13","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e970","article-title":"Establishing standards of care in craniosynostosis: results from a survey of ERN CRANIO member institutions","volume":"164","author":"Berrington T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Berrington T, Schulz M, Delye H, James G. Establishing standards of care in craniosynostosis: results from a survey of ERN CRANIO member institutions. World Neurosurg. 2022;164:e970\u2013e972."},{"issue":"6","key":"b14","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"627","article-title":"Variation in the management of isolated craniosynostosis: a survey of the Synostosis Research Group","volume":"22","author":"Kestle JRW","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kestle JRW, Lee A, Anderson RCE. Variation in the management of isolated craniosynostosis: a survey of the Synostosis Research Group. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2018;22(6):627\u2013631."},{"issue":"6","key":"b15","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1909","article-title":"Is craniosynostosis repair keeping up with the times? Results from the largest national survey on craniosynostosis","volume":"26","author":"Alperovich M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alperovich M, Vyas RM, Staffenberg DA. Is craniosynostosis repair keeping up with the times? Results from the largest national survey on craniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;26(6):1909\u20131913."},{"issue":"5","key":"b16","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open","first-page":"e2229","article-title":"Current trends in management of nonsyndromic unilateral coronal craniosynostosis: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"7","author":"Moderie C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moderie C, Govshievich A, Papay F, Fearon J, Gosain A, Doumit G. Current trends in management of nonsyndromic unilateral coronal craniosynostosis: a cross-sectional survey. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2019;7(5):e2229."},{"key":"b17","article-title":"Children\u2019s Hospital Association. Children\u2019s hospital directory","unstructured":"Children\u2019s Hospital Association. Children\u2019s hospital directory. Accessed November 4, 2024. https:\/\/www.childrenshospitals.org\/Directories\/Hospital-Directory"},{"issue":"4","key":"b18","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1260","article-title":"Management of sagittal synostosis: a solution to equipoise","volume":"25","author":"Doumit GD","year":"2014","unstructured":"Doumit GD, Papay FA, Moores N, Zins JE. Management of sagittal synostosis: a solution to equipoise. J Craniofac Surg. 2014;25(4):1260\u20131265."},{"issue":"suppl","key":"b19","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"1S","article-title":"Parameters of care for craniosynostosis","volume":"49","author":"McCarthy JG","year":"2012","unstructured":"McCarthy JG, Warren SM, Bernstein J. Parameters of care for craniosynostosis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2012;49(suppl):1S-24S."},{"issue":"2","key":"b20","series-title":"Paediatr Anaesth","first-page":"145","article-title":"The Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group (PCCG) Consensus Conference methodology","volume":"31","author":"Derderian CK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Derderian CK, Derderian CA, Fernandez A. The Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group (PCCG) Consensus Conference methodology. Paediatr Anaesth. 2021;31(2):145\u2013149."},{"issue":"2","key":"b21","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"910","article-title":"An evidence-based approach to craniosynostosis","volume":"127","author":"Chim H","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chim H, Gosain AK. An evidence-based approach to craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;127(2):910\u2013917."},{"issue":"1","key":"b22","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"106","article-title":"Opinion leaders and evidence-based medicine in craniofacial surgery","volume":"25","author":"Doumit GD","year":"2014","unstructured":"Doumit GD, Papay FA, Moores N, Meisler E, Zins JE. Opinion leaders and evidence-based medicine in craniofacial surgery. J Craniofac Surg. 2014;25(1):106\u2013110."},{"issue":"1","key":"b23","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"371","article-title":"Updated guideline on treatment and management of craniosynostosis","volume":"32","author":"Mathijssen IMJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mathijssen IMJ. Updated guideline on treatment and management of craniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg. 2021;32(1):371\u2013450."},{"issue":"3","key":"b24","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"344","article-title":"Preoperative imaging patterns and intracranial findings in single-suture craniosynostosis: a study from the Synostosis Research Group","volume":"28","author":"Ravindra VM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ravindra VM, Awad AW, Baker CM, Preoperative imaging patterns and intracranial findings in single-suture craniosynostosis: a study from the Synostosis Research Group. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2021;28(3):344\u2013350."},{"issue":"4","key":"b25","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E3","article-title":"Management of sagittal synostosis in the Synostosis Research Group: baseline data and early outcomes","volume":"50","author":"Baker CM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baker CM, Ravindra VM, Gociman B, Management of sagittal synostosis in the Synostosis Research Group: baseline data and early outcomes. Neurosurg Focus. 2021;50(4):E3."},{"issue":"7","key":"b26","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1077","article-title":"Avoiding CT scans in children with single-suture craniosynostosis","volume":"28","author":"Schweitzer T","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schweitzer T, B\u00f6hm H, Meyer-Marcotty P, Collmann H, Ernestus RI, Krau\u00df J. Avoiding CT scans in children with single-suture craniosynostosis. Childs Nerv Syst. 2012;28(7):1077\u20131082."},{"issue":"7","key":"b27","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"2046","article-title":"Can craniosynostosis be diagnosed on physical examination? A retrospective review","volume":"34","author":"Zavala CA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zavala CA, Zima LA, Greives MR, Can craniosynostosis be diagnosed on physical examination? A retrospective review. J Craniofac Surg. 2023;34(7):2046\u20132050."},{"issue":"6","key":"b28","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"1209e","article-title":"Update in management of craniosynostosis","volume":"149","author":"Xue AS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xue AS, Buchanan EP, Hollier LH Jr. Update in management of craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2022;149(6):1209e\u20131223e."},{"issue":"3","key":"b29","series-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am","first-page":"341","article-title":"Epidemiology, genetics, and pathophysiology of craniosynostosis","volume":"34","author":"Blessing M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Blessing M, Gallagher ER. Epidemiology, genetics, and pathophysiology of craniosynostosis. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2022;34(3):341\u2013352."},{"issue":"6","key":"b30","series-title":"Eur J Hum Genet","first-page":"920","article-title":"Benefits of clinical criteria and high-throughput sequencing for diagnosing children with syndromic craniosynostosis","volume":"29","author":"T\u00f8nne E","year":"2021","unstructured":"T\u00f8nne E, Due-T\u00f8nnessen BJ, Mero IL. Benefits of clinical criteria and high-throughput sequencing for diagnosing children with syndromic craniosynostosis. Eur J Hum Genet. 2021;29(6):920\u2013929."},{"issue":"4","key":"b31","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1251","article-title":"Operative management of nonsyndromic sagittal synostosis: a head-to-head meta-analysis of outcomes comparing 3 techniques","volume":"26","author":"Gerety PA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gerety PA, Basta MN, Fischer JP, Taylor JA. Operative management of nonsyndromic sagittal synostosis: a head-to-head meta-analysis of outcomes comparing 3 techniques. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;26(4):1251\u20131257."},{"issue":"5","key":"b32","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"467","article-title":"Analysis of clinical outcomes for treatment of sagittal craniosynostosis: a comparison of endoscopic suturectomy and cranial vault remodeling","volume":"22","author":"Isaac KV","year":"2018","unstructured":"Isaac KV, Meara JG, Proctor MR. Analysis of clinical outcomes for treatment of sagittal craniosynostosis: a comparison of endoscopic suturectomy and cranial vault remodeling. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2018;22(5):467\u2013474."},{"issue":"7","key":"b33","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"e747","article-title":"Assessment of the outcome of calvarial vault remodeling and spring-mediated cranioplasty in the correction of isolated sagittal suture synostosis","volume":"31","author":"Hassanein AG","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hassanein AG, Fadle KN. Assessment of the outcome of calvarial vault remodeling and spring-mediated cranioplasty in the correction of isolated sagittal suture synostosis. J Craniofac Surg. 2020;31(7):e747\u2013e752."},{"issue":"6","key":"b34","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"904e","article-title":"Distraction osteogenesis for unicoronal craniosynostosis: rotational flap technique and case series","volume":"142","author":"Brandel MG","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brandel MG, Dalle Ore CL, Reid CM. Distraction osteogenesis for unicoronal craniosynostosis: rotational flap technique and case series. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018;142(6):904e\u2013908e."},{"issue":"5","key":"b35","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"490","article-title":"A multi-institutional survey on calvarial vault remodeling techniques for sagittal synostosis and outcomes analysis for patients treated at 12 months and older","volume":"30","author":"Chi D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chi D, Gibson E, Chiang SN, A multi-institutional survey on calvarial vault remodeling techniques for sagittal synostosis and outcomes analysis for patients treated at 12 months and older. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2022;30(5):490\u2013498."},{"issue":"6","key":"b36","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1735","article-title":"Guideline for care of patients with the diagnoses of craniosynostosis: working group on craniosynostosis","volume":"26","author":"Mathijssen IMJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mathijssen IMJ. Guideline for care of patients with the diagnoses of craniosynostosis: working group on craniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;26(6):1735\u20131807."},{"issue":"4","key":"b37","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"582e","article-title":"Analysis of routine intensive care unit admission following fronto-orbital advancement for craniosynostosis","volume":"131","author":"Seruya M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seruya M, Sauerhammer TM, Basci D, Analysis of routine intensive care unit admission following fronto-orbital advancement for craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;131(4):582e\u2013588e."},{"issue":"6","key":"b38","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"616","article-title":"Examining the need for routine intensive care admission after surgical repair of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis: a preliminary analysis","volume":"22","author":"Bonfield CM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bonfield CM, Basem J, Cochrane DD, Singhal A, Steinbok P. Examining the need for routine intensive care admission after surgical repair of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis: a preliminary analysis. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2018;22(6):616\u2013619."},{"issue":"3","key":"b39","series-title":"FACE","first-page":"208","article-title":"Admission to the regular ward is safe following uncomplicated craniosynostosis surgery: a retrospective study","volume":"2","author":"Sileo D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sileo D, Walch F, French BM. Admission to the regular ward is safe following uncomplicated craniosynostosis surgery: a retrospective study. FACE. 2021;2(3):208\u2013218."},{"issue":"3","key":"b1","series-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am","first-page":"395","article-title":"Management of sagittal and lambdoid craniosynostosis: open cranial vault expansion and remodeling","volume":"34","author":"Markiewicz MR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Markiewicz MR, Recker MJ, Reynolds RM. Management of sagittal and lambdoid craniosynostosis: open cranial vault expansion and remodeling. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2022;34(3):395\u2013419."},{"issue":"4 suppl 4","key":"b2","series-title":"Ann Plast Surg","first-page":"S158","article-title":"Twenty-year outcome experience with open craniosynostosis repairs: an analysis of reoperation and complication rates","volume":"80","author":"Morrison KA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morrison KA, Lee JC, Souweidane MM, Feldstein NA, Ascherman JA. Twenty-year outcome experience with open craniosynostosis repairs: an analysis of reoperation and complication rates. Ann Plast Surg. 2018;80(4 suppl 4):S158\u2013S163."},{"issue":"8","key":"b3","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"1684","article-title":"Surgical correction of craniosynostosis. A review of 100 cases","volume":"42","author":"Zakhary GM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zakhary GM, Montes DM, Woerner JE, Notarianni C, Ghali GE. Surgical correction of craniosynostosis. A review of 100 cases. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2014;42(8):1684\u20131691."},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"b4","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"97","article-title":"Early management of craniosynostosis using endoscopic-assisted strip craniectomies and cranial orthotic molding therapy","volume":"110","author":"Jimenez DF","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jimenez DF, Barone CM, Cartwright CC, Baker L. Early management of craniosynostosis using endoscopic-assisted strip craniectomies and cranial orthotic molding therapy. Pediatrics. 2002;110(1 Pt 1):97\u2013104."},{"issue":"1","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"77","article-title":"Endoscopic craniectomy for early surgical correction of sagittal craniosynostosis","volume":"88","author":"Jimenez DF","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jimenez DF, Barone CM. Endoscopic craniectomy for early surgical correction of sagittal craniosynostosis. J Neurosurg. 1998;88(1):77\u201381."},{"issue":"2","key":"b6","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"545","article-title":"The evolving role of springs in craniofacial surgery: the first 100 clinical cases","volume":"121","author":"Lauritzen CGK","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lauritzen CGK, Davis C, Ivarsson A, Sanger C, Hewitt TD. The evolving role of springs in craniofacial surgery: the first 100 clinical cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121(2):545\u2013554."},{"issue":"1","key":"b7","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"125","article-title":"Spring-assisted cranioplasty for the correction of nonsyndromic scaphocephaly: a quantitative analysis of 100 consecutive cases","volume":"140","author":"Rodgers W","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rodgers W, Glass GE, Schievano S. Spring-assisted cranioplasty for the correction of nonsyndromic scaphocephaly: a quantitative analysis of 100 consecutive cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;140(1):125\u2013134."},{"issue":"7","key":"b8","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"2092","article-title":"Spring cranioplasty: incorporation into practice","volume":"31","author":"Pearson G","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pearson G, Khansa I, Drapeau A. Spring cranioplasty: incorporation into practice. J Craniofac Surg. 2020;31(7):2092\u20132094."},{"issue":"3","key":"b9","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"657","article-title":"Distraction osteogenesis for surgical treatment of craniosynostosis: a systematic review","volume":"138","author":"Mundinger GS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mundinger GS, Rehim SA, Johnson O III. Distraction osteogenesis for surgical treatment of craniosynostosis: a systematic review. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;138(3):657\u2013669."},{"issue":"5","key":"b10","series-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"353","article-title":"Distraction osteogenesis in the surgical management of syndromic craniosynostosis: a comprehensive review of published papers","volume":"56","author":"Al-Namnam NMN","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Namnam NMN, Hariri F, Rahman ZAA. Distraction osteogenesis in the surgical management of syndromic craniosynostosis: a comprehensive review of published papers. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;56(5):353\u2013366."},{"issue":"5","key":"b11","series-title":"Ann Plast Surg","first-page":"554","article-title":"Gradual cranial vault expansion for the treatment of craniofacial synostosis: a preliminary report","volume":"40","author":"Sugawara Y","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sugawara Y, Hirabayashi S, Sakurai A, Harii K. Gradual cranial vault expansion for the treatment of craniofacial synostosis: a preliminary report. Ann Plast Surg. 1998;40(5):554\u2013565."},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis","first-page":"333","article-title":"ERN CRANIO patient coverage of craniosynostosis in Europe","volume":"17","author":"Spivack O","year":"2022","unstructured":"Spivack O, Gaillard L. ERN CRANIO patient coverage of craniosynostosis in Europe. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2022;17(1):333."},{"key":"b13","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e970","article-title":"Establishing standards of care in craniosynostosis: results from a survey of ERN CRANIO member institutions","volume":"164","author":"Berrington T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Berrington T, Schulz M, Delye H, James G. Establishing standards of care in craniosynostosis: results from a survey of ERN CRANIO member institutions. World Neurosurg. 2022;164:e970\u2013e972."},{"issue":"6","key":"b14","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"627","article-title":"Variation in the management of isolated craniosynostosis: a survey of the Synostosis Research Group","volume":"22","author":"Kestle JRW","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kestle JRW, Lee A, Anderson RCE. Variation in the management of isolated craniosynostosis: a survey of the Synostosis Research Group. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2018;22(6):627\u2013631."},{"issue":"6","key":"b15","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1909","article-title":"Is craniosynostosis repair keeping up with the times? Results from the largest national survey on craniosynostosis","volume":"26","author":"Alperovich M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alperovich M, Vyas RM, Staffenberg DA. Is craniosynostosis repair keeping up with the times? Results from the largest national survey on craniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;26(6):1909\u20131913."},{"issue":"5","key":"b16","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open","first-page":"e2229","article-title":"Current trends in management of nonsyndromic unilateral coronal craniosynostosis: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"7","author":"Moderie C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moderie C, Govshievich A, Papay F, Fearon J, Gosain A, Doumit G. Current trends in management of nonsyndromic unilateral coronal craniosynostosis: a cross-sectional survey. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2019;7(5):e2229."},{"key":"b17","article-title":"Children\u2019s Hospital Association. Children\u2019s hospital directory","unstructured":"Children\u2019s Hospital Association. Children\u2019s hospital directory. Accessed November 4, 2024. https:\/\/www.childrenshospitals.org\/Directories\/Hospital-Directory"},{"issue":"4","key":"b18","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1260","article-title":"Management of sagittal synostosis: a solution to equipoise","volume":"25","author":"Doumit GD","year":"2014","unstructured":"Doumit GD, Papay FA, Moores N, Zins JE. Management of sagittal synostosis: a solution to equipoise. J Craniofac Surg. 2014;25(4):1260\u20131265."},{"issue":"suppl","key":"b19","series-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J","first-page":"1S","article-title":"Parameters of care for craniosynostosis","volume":"49","author":"McCarthy JG","year":"2012","unstructured":"McCarthy JG, Warren SM, Bernstein J. Parameters of care for craniosynostosis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2012;49(suppl):1S-24S."},{"issue":"2","key":"b20","series-title":"Paediatr Anaesth","first-page":"145","article-title":"The Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group (PCCG) Consensus Conference methodology","volume":"31","author":"Derderian CK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Derderian CK, Derderian CA, Fernandez A. The Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group (PCCG) Consensus Conference methodology. Paediatr Anaesth. 2021;31(2):145\u2013149."},{"issue":"2","key":"b21","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"910","article-title":"An evidence-based approach to craniosynostosis","volume":"127","author":"Chim H","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chim H, Gosain AK. An evidence-based approach to craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;127(2):910\u2013917."},{"issue":"1","key":"b22","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"106","article-title":"Opinion leaders and evidence-based medicine in craniofacial surgery","volume":"25","author":"Doumit GD","year":"2014","unstructured":"Doumit GD, Papay FA, Moores N, Meisler E, Zins JE. Opinion leaders and evidence-based medicine in craniofacial surgery. J Craniofac Surg. 2014;25(1):106\u2013110."},{"issue":"1","key":"b23","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"371","article-title":"Updated guideline on treatment and management of craniosynostosis","volume":"32","author":"Mathijssen IMJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mathijssen IMJ. Updated guideline on treatment and management of craniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg. 2021;32(1):371\u2013450."},{"issue":"3","key":"b24","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"344","article-title":"Preoperative imaging patterns and intracranial findings in single-suture craniosynostosis: a study from the Synostosis Research Group","volume":"28","author":"Ravindra VM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ravindra VM, Awad AW, Baker CM, Preoperative imaging patterns and intracranial findings in single-suture craniosynostosis: a study from the Synostosis Research Group. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2021;28(3):344\u2013350."},{"issue":"4","key":"b25","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E3","article-title":"Management of sagittal synostosis in the Synostosis Research Group: baseline data and early outcomes","volume":"50","author":"Baker CM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baker CM, Ravindra VM, Gociman B, Management of sagittal synostosis in the Synostosis Research Group: baseline data and early outcomes. Neurosurg Focus. 2021;50(4):E3."},{"issue":"7","key":"b26","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1077","article-title":"Avoiding CT scans in children with single-suture craniosynostosis","volume":"28","author":"Schweitzer T","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schweitzer T, B\u00f6hm H, Meyer-Marcotty P, Collmann H, Ernestus RI, Krau\u00df J. Avoiding CT scans in children with single-suture craniosynostosis. Childs Nerv Syst. 2012;28(7):1077\u20131082."},{"issue":"7","key":"b27","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"2046","article-title":"Can craniosynostosis be diagnosed on physical examination? A retrospective review","volume":"34","author":"Zavala CA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zavala CA, Zima LA, Greives MR, Can craniosynostosis be diagnosed on physical examination? A retrospective review. J Craniofac Surg. 2023;34(7):2046\u20132050."},{"issue":"6","key":"b28","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"1209e","article-title":"Update in management of craniosynostosis","volume":"149","author":"Xue AS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xue AS, Buchanan EP, Hollier LH Jr. Update in management of craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2022;149(6):1209e\u20131223e."},{"issue":"3","key":"b29","series-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am","first-page":"341","article-title":"Epidemiology, genetics, and pathophysiology of craniosynostosis","volume":"34","author":"Blessing M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Blessing M, Gallagher ER. Epidemiology, genetics, and pathophysiology of craniosynostosis. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2022;34(3):341\u2013352."},{"issue":"6","key":"b30","series-title":"Eur J Hum Genet","first-page":"920","article-title":"Benefits of clinical criteria and high-throughput sequencing for diagnosing children with syndromic craniosynostosis","volume":"29","author":"T\u00f8nne E","year":"2021","unstructured":"T\u00f8nne E, Due-T\u00f8nnessen BJ, Mero IL. Benefits of clinical criteria and high-throughput sequencing for diagnosing children with syndromic craniosynostosis. Eur J Hum Genet. 2021;29(6):920\u2013929."},{"issue":"4","key":"b31","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1251","article-title":"Operative management of nonsyndromic sagittal synostosis: a head-to-head meta-analysis of outcomes comparing 3 techniques","volume":"26","author":"Gerety PA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gerety PA, Basta MN, Fischer JP, Taylor JA. Operative management of nonsyndromic sagittal synostosis: a head-to-head meta-analysis of outcomes comparing 3 techniques. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;26(4):1251\u20131257."},{"issue":"5","key":"b32","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"467","article-title":"Analysis of clinical outcomes for treatment of sagittal craniosynostosis: a comparison of endoscopic suturectomy and cranial vault remodeling","volume":"22","author":"Isaac KV","year":"2018","unstructured":"Isaac KV, Meara JG, Proctor MR. Analysis of clinical outcomes for treatment of sagittal craniosynostosis: a comparison of endoscopic suturectomy and cranial vault remodeling. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2018;22(5):467\u2013474."},{"issue":"7","key":"b33","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"e747","article-title":"Assessment of the outcome of calvarial vault remodeling and spring-mediated cranioplasty in the correction of isolated sagittal suture synostosis","volume":"31","author":"Hassanein AG","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hassanein AG, Fadle KN. Assessment of the outcome of calvarial vault remodeling and spring-mediated cranioplasty in the correction of isolated sagittal suture synostosis. J Craniofac Surg. 2020;31(7):e747\u2013e752."},{"issue":"6","key":"b34","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"904e","article-title":"Distraction osteogenesis for unicoronal craniosynostosis: rotational flap technique and case series","volume":"142","author":"Brandel MG","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brandel MG, Dalle Ore CL, Reid CM. Distraction osteogenesis for unicoronal craniosynostosis: rotational flap technique and case series. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018;142(6):904e\u2013908e."},{"issue":"5","key":"b35","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"490","article-title":"A multi-institutional survey on calvarial vault remodeling techniques for sagittal synostosis and outcomes analysis for patients treated at 12 months and older","volume":"30","author":"Chi D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chi D, Gibson E, Chiang SN, A multi-institutional survey on calvarial vault remodeling techniques for sagittal synostosis and outcomes analysis for patients treated at 12 months and older. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2022;30(5):490\u2013498."},{"issue":"6","key":"b36","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1735","article-title":"Guideline for care of patients with the diagnoses of craniosynostosis: working group on craniosynostosis","volume":"26","author":"Mathijssen IMJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mathijssen IMJ. Guideline for care of patients with the diagnoses of craniosynostosis: working group on craniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;26(6):1735\u20131807."},{"issue":"4","key":"b37","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"582e","article-title":"Analysis of routine intensive care unit admission following fronto-orbital advancement for craniosynostosis","volume":"131","author":"Seruya M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seruya M, Sauerhammer TM, Basci D, Analysis of routine intensive care unit admission following fronto-orbital advancement for craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;131(4):582e\u2013588e."},{"issue":"6","key":"b38","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"616","article-title":"Examining the need for routine intensive care admission after surgical repair of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis: a preliminary analysis","volume":"22","author":"Bonfield CM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bonfield CM, Basem J, Cochrane DD, Singhal A, Steinbok P. Examining the need for routine intensive care admission after surgical repair of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis: a preliminary analysis. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2018;22(6):616\u2013619."},{"issue":"3","key":"b39","series-title":"FACE","first-page":"208","article-title":"Admission to the regular ward is safe following uncomplicated craniosynostosis surgery: a retrospective study","volume":"2","author":"Sileo D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sileo D, Walch F, French BM. Admission to the regular ward is safe following uncomplicated craniosynostosis surgery: a retrospective study. FACE. 2021;2(3):208\u2013218."}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/58\/1\/article-pE2.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/58\/1\/article-pE2.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/58\/1\/article-pE2.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T08:23:56Z","timestamp":1780734236000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/58\/1\/article-pE2.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2024.10.focus24572","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}}}