{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T05:36:15Z","timestamp":1775540175383,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) alleviates the motor symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD). However, a generalized targeting approach may lead to suboptimal outcomes for patients with diverse symptoms. Volume of tissue activation (VTA) modeling can be used to compute the spatial extent of stimulation relative to specific neural structures to assess clinical outcomes. Better outcomes for gait disturbances may be obtained by stimulating regions within or around the STN. This study aimed to determine the optimal stimulation region within or around the STN to improve gait disturbances in PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty PD patients who underwent bilateral STN DBS were analyzed retrospectively. The therapeutic VTA of 72 implants was calculated to quantify STN and external (non-STN) activation in different regions. Stepwise regression was used to evaluate associations between stimulation location and gait symptom improvement (based on the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale). Implants grouped by stimulation location were compared according to symptom improvement using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Electrode position (relative to the STN) was examined for comparison.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant positive associations between anterior STN activation and gait (p = 0.03) and total gait improvement (p = 0.01) were found. Significant differences in freezing of gait (FoG) (p = 0.03) and total gait (p = 0.02) were also found when the majority anterior and majority posterior STN activation groups were compared. For external activation, a significant positive association between anterior external activation and FoG (p = 0.02) was found. No significant relationship between electrode position and gait symptoms was found.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More anterior STN DBS may benefit patients whose primary symptoms include gait disturbances. This study demonstrates the utility of VTA modeling and highlights the importance of patient- and symptom-specific targeting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.10.jns241470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T09:03:28Z","timestamp":1742634208000},"page":"690-697","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Enhancement of gait improvement in Parkinson disease with anterior subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"Jacqueline R.","family":"Zak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelvin L.","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology,"},{"name":"Neurosurgery, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parag G.","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology,"},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karlo A.","family":"Malaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"b1","series-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord","first-page":"966","article-title":"The MDS-UPDRS tracks motor and non-motor improvement due to subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease","volume":"19","author":"Chou KL","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chou KL, Taylor JL, Patil PG. The MDS-UPDRS tracks motor and non-motor improvement due to subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013;19(11):966\u2013969."},{"issue":"2","key":"b2","series-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord","first-page":"114","article-title":"Long-term outcome of 50 consecutive Parkinson\u2019s disease patients treated with subthalamic deep brain stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Wider C","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wider C, Pollo C, Bloch J, Burkhard PR, Vingerhoets FJG. Long-term outcome of 50 consecutive Parkinson\u2019s disease patients treated with subthalamic deep brain stimulation. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2008;14(2):114\u2013119."},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis","first-page":"8","article-title":"Gaps and roadmap of novel neuromodulation targets for treatment of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Cury RG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cury RG, Pavese N, Aziz TZ, Krauss JK, Moro E. Gaps and roadmap of novel neuromodulation targets for treatment of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2022;8(1):8."},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Front Neurosci","first-page":"29","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation to alleviate freezing of gait and cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: update on current research and future perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Huang C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang C, Chu H, Zhang Y, Wang X. Deep brain stimulation to alleviate freezing of gait and cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: update on current research and future perspectives. Front Neurosci. 2018;12:29."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b5","series-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord","first-page":"S165","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of globus pallidus interna, subthalamic nucleus, and pedunculopontine nucleus for Parkinson\u2019s disease: which target?","volume":"18","author":"Follett KA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Follett KA, Torres-Russotto D. Deep brain stimulation of globus pallidus interna, subthalamic nucleus, and pedunculopontine nucleus for Parkinson\u2019s disease: which target? Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012;18(Suppl 1):S165-S167."},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Parkinsons Dis","first-page":"3410820","article-title":"Comparison of globus pallidus interna and subthalamic nucleus in deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: an institutional experience and review","volume":"2017","author":"Mirza S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mirza S, Yazdani U, Dewey R III,  Comparison of globus pallidus interna and subthalamic nucleus in deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: an institutional experience and review. Parkinsons Dis. 2017;2017:3410820."},{"issue":"8","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"871","article-title":"Effects of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a prospective controlled study","volume":"85","author":"Vercruysse S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vercruysse S, Vandenberghe W, M\u00fcnks L, Nuttin B, Devos H, Nieuwboer A. Effects of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a prospective controlled study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85(8):871-877."},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"Eur J Neurol","first-page":"18","article-title":"Effect of high-frequency subthalamic neurostimulation on gait and freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Schlenstedt C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schlenstedt C, Shalash A, Muthuraman M, Falk D, Witt K, Deuschl G. Effect of high-frequency subthalamic neurostimulation on gait and freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol. 2017;24(1):18\u201326."},{"issue":"6","key":"b9","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1797","article-title":"Long-term effect of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"131","author":"Kim R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim R, Kim HJ, Shin C,  Long-term effect of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurosurg. 2019;131(6):1797-1804."},{"issue":"5","key":"b10","series-title":"Eur J Neurol","first-page":"746","article-title":"MRI verified STN stimulation site\u2014gait improvement and clinical outcome","volume":"17","author":"Johnsen EL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johnsen EL, Sunde N, Mogensen PH, \u00d8stergaard K. MRI verified STN stimulation site\u2014gait improvement and clinical outcome. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17(5):746\u2013753."},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Neuroimage Clin","first-page":"102518","article-title":"N-of-1 tissue activation modeling to map optimal regions of subthalamic deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease","volume":"29","author":"Malaga KA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Malaga KA, Costello JT, Chou KL, Patil PG. Atlas-independent. N-of-1 tissue activation modeling to map optimal regions of subthalamic deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease. Neuroimage Clin. 2021;29:102518."},{"issue":"7","key":"b12","series-title":"R Soc Open Sci","first-page":"171177","article-title":"Mapping movement, mood, motivation and mentation in the subthalamic nucleus","volume":"5","author":"Gourisankar A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gourisankar A, Eisenstein SA, Trapp NT,  Mapping movement, mood, motivation and mentation in the subthalamic nucleus. R Soc Open Sci. 2018;5(7):171177."},{"issue":"4","key":"b13","series-title":"Ann Neurol","first-page":"527","article-title":"Probabilistic sweet spots predict motor outcome for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease","volume":"86","author":"Dembek TA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dembek TA, Roediger J, Horn A,  Probabilistic sweet spots predict motor outcome for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol. 2019;86(4):527\u2013538."},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord","first-page":"153","article-title":"Simultaneous low-frequency deep brain stimulation of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus to treat levodopa unresponsive freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a pilot study","volume":"60","author":"Valldeoriola F","year":"2019","unstructured":"Valldeoriola F, Mu\u00f1oz E, Rumi\u00e0 J,  Simultaneous low-frequency deep brain stimulation of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus to treat levodopa unresponsive freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a pilot study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019;60:153\u2013157."},{"issue":"2","key":"b15","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"273","article-title":"Outcomes from stimulation of the caudal zona incerta and pedunculopontine nucleus in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Khan S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khan S, Mooney L, Plaha P,  Outcomes from stimulation of the caudal zona incerta and pedunculopontine nucleus in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Br J Neurosurg. 2011;25(2):273-280."},{"issue":"3","key":"b16","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"450","article-title":"Fields of forel brain stimulation improves levodopa-unresponsive gait and balance disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"89","author":"Rocha MSG","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rocha MSG, de Freitas JL, Costa CDM,  Fields of forel brain stimulation improves levodopa-unresponsive gait and balance disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosurgery. 2021;89(3):450\u2013459."},{"issue":"4","key":"b17","series-title":"J Parkinsons Dis","first-page":"1251","article-title":"Structural connectivity of subthalamic nucleus stimulation for improving freezing of gait","volume":"12","author":"Strelow JN","year":"2022","unstructured":"Strelow JN, Baldermann JC, Dembek TA,  Structural connectivity of subthalamic nucleus stimulation for improving freezing of gait. J Parkinsons Dis. 2022;12(4):1251-1267."},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord","first-page":"49","article-title":"Freezing of gait depends on cortico-subthalamic network recruitment following STN-DBS in PD patients","volume":"104","author":"Temiz G","year":"2022","unstructured":"Temiz G, Santin MDN, Olivier C,  Freezing of gait depends on cortico-subthalamic network recruitment following STN-DBS in PD patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2022;104:49\u201357."},{"issue":"5","key":"b19","series-title":"Brain Commun","first-page":"fcad238","article-title":"Optimal subthalamic stimulation sites and related networks for freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Fan H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan H, Guo Z, Jiang Y,  Optimal subthalamic stimulation sites and related networks for freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain Commun. 2023;5(5):fcad238."},{"issue":"5","key":"b20","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"493","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease: defining the optimal location within the subthalamic nucleus","volume":"89","author":"Bot M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bot M, Schuurman PR, Odekerken VJJ,  Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease: defining the optimal location within the subthalamic nucleus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;89(5):493-498."},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord","first-page":"91","article-title":"Clinical and anatomical predictors for freezing of gait and falls after subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"62","author":"Karachi C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karachi C, Cormier-Dequaire F, Grabli D,  Clinical and anatomical predictors for freezing of gait and falls after subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019;62:91\u201397."},{"issue":"2","key":"b22","series-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng","first-page":"664","article-title":"Relationship between neural activation and electric field distribution during deep brain stimulation","volume":"62","author":"\u00c5str\u00f6m M","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u00c5str\u00f6m M, Diczfalusy E, Martens H, W\u00e5rdell K. Relationship between neural activation and electric field distribution during deep brain stimulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2015;62(2):664-672."},{"issue":"2","key":"b23","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"661","article-title":"Patient-specific analysis of the volume of tissue activated during deep brain stimulation","volume":"34","author":"Butson CR","year":"2007","unstructured":"Butson CR, Cooper SE, Henderson JM, McIntyre CC. Patient-specific analysis of the volume of tissue activated during deep brain stimulation. Neuroimage. 2007;34(2):661-670."},{"issue":"9","key":"b24","series-title":"Mov Disord","first-page":"1389","article-title":"Subthalamic stimulation may inhibit the beneficial effects of levodopa on akinesia and gait","volume":"31","author":"Fleury V","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fleury V, Pollak P, Gere J,  Subthalamic stimulation may inhibit the beneficial effects of levodopa on akinesia and gait. Mov Disord. 2016;31(9):1389-1397."},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord","first-page":"36","article-title":"Anterior lead location predicts verbal fluency decline following STN-DBS in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"92","author":"Greif TR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Greif TR, Askari A, Cook Maher A, Patil PG, Persad C. Anterior lead location predicts verbal fluency decline following STN-DBS in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2021;92:36\u201340."},{"issue":"1","key":"b26","series-title":"Transl Psychiatry","first-page":"213","article-title":"Depression history modulates effects of subthalamic nucleus topography on neuropsychological outcomes of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Kratter IH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kratter IH, Jorge A, Feyder MT,  Depression history modulates effects of subthalamic nucleus topography on neuropsychological outcomes of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Transl Psychiatry. 2022;12(1):213."},{"issue":"4","key":"b27","series-title":"Brain Stimul","first-page":"904","article-title":"Non-motor outcomes of subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease depend on location of active contacts","volume":"11","author":"Dafsari HS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dafsari HS, Petry-Schmelzer JN, Ray-Chaudhuri K,  Non-motor outcomes of subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease depend on location of active contacts. Brain Stimul. 2018;11(4):904\u2013912."},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc","first-page":"675","article-title":"Improving postural stability via computational modeling approach to deep brain stimulation programming","volume":"2011","author":"McIntyre CC","year":"2011","unstructured":"McIntyre CC, Richardson SJ, Frankemolle AM, Varga G, Noecker AM, Alberts JL. Improving postural stability via computational modeling approach to deep brain stimulation programming. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011;2011:675\u2013676."},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Front Hum Neurosci","first-page":"806513","article-title":"Troubleshooting gait disturbances in Parkinson\u2019s disease with deep brain stimulation","volume":"16","author":"Pozzi NG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pozzi NG, Palmisano C, Reich MM,  Troubleshooting gait disturbances in Parkinson\u2019s disease with deep brain stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci. 2022;16:806513."},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"410","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation programming for movement disorders: current concepts and evidence-based strategies","volume":"10","author":"Koeglsperger T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koeglsperger T, Palleis C, Hell F, Mehrkens JH, B\u00f6tzel K. Deep brain stimulation programming for movement disorders: current concepts and evidence-based strategies. Front Neurol. 2019;10:410."},{"issue":"6","key":"b31","series-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng","first-page":"1993","article-title":"Effect of anisotropic brain conductivity on patient-specific volume of tissue activation in deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease","volume":"71","author":"Liu X","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu X, Chou KL, Patil PG, Malaga KA. Effect of anisotropic brain conductivity on patient-specific volume of tissue activation in deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2024;71(6):1993-2000."},{"issue":"8","key":"b32","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"1689","article-title":"Thalamic segmentation and neural activation modeling based on individual tissue microstructure in deep brain stimulation for essential tremor","volume":"26","author":"Malaga KA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Malaga KA, Houshmand L, Costello JT, Chandrasekaran J, Chou KL, Patil PG. Thalamic segmentation and neural activation modeling based on individual tissue microstructure in deep brain stimulation for essential tremor. Neuromodulation. 2023;26(8):1689-1698."},{"issue":"4","key":"b33","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e93524","article-title":"Coordinate-based lead location does not predict Parkinson\u2019s disease deep brain stimulation outcome","volume":"9","author":"Nestor KA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nestor KA, Jones JD, Butson CR,  Coordinate-based lead location does not predict Parkinson\u2019s disease deep brain stimulation outcome. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e93524."},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev","first-page":"105068","article-title":"Cognition and freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"147","author":"Monaghan AS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Monaghan AS, Gordon E, Graham L, Hughes E, Peterson DS, Morris R. Cognition and freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2023;147:105068."},{"issue":"45","key":"b35","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"11489","article-title":"Frontosubthalamic circuits for control of action and cognition","volume":"36","author":"Aron AR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aron AR, Herz DM, Brown P, Forstmann BU, Zaghloul K. Frontosubthalamic circuits for control of action and cognition. J Neurosci. 2016;36(45):11489-11495."},{"issue":"6","key":"b36","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e100291","article-title":"Functional reorganization of the locomotor network in Parkinson patients with freezing of gait","volume":"9","author":"Fling BW","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fling BW, Cohen RG, Mancini M,  Functional reorganization of the locomotor network in Parkinson patients with freezing of gait. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e100291."},{"issue":"1","key":"b37","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e52602","article-title":"Differential neural activation patterns in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and freezing of gait in response to concurrent cognitive and motor load","volume":"8","author":"Shine JM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shine JM, Matar E, Ward PB,  Differential neural activation patterns in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and freezing of gait in response to concurrent cognitive and motor load. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e52602."},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord","first-page":"105","article-title":"Quantitative mobility measures complement the MDS-UPDRS for characterization of Parkinson\u2019s disease heterogeneity","volume":"84","author":"Hill EJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hill EJ, Mangleburg CG, Alfradique-Dunham I,  Quantitative mobility measures complement the MDS-UPDRS for characterization of Parkinson\u2019s disease heterogeneity. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2021;84:105\u2013111."},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord","first-page":"82","article-title":"Prediction of the effect of deep brain stimulation on gait freezing of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"87","author":"Gavriliuc O","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gavriliuc O, Paschen S, Andrusca A, Schlenstedt C, Deuschl G. Prediction of the effect of deep brain stimulation on gait freezing of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2021;87:82\u201386."},{"issue":"11","key":"b1","series-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord","first-page":"966","article-title":"The MDS-UPDRS tracks motor and non-motor improvement due to subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease","volume":"19","author":"Chou KL","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chou KL, Taylor JL, Patil PG. The MDS-UPDRS tracks motor and non-motor improvement due to subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013;19(11):966\u2013969."},{"issue":"2","key":"b2","series-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord","first-page":"114","article-title":"Long-term outcome of 50 consecutive Parkinson\u2019s disease patients treated with subthalamic deep brain stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Wider C","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wider C, Pollo C, Bloch J, Burkhard PR, Vingerhoets FJG. Long-term outcome of 50 consecutive Parkinson\u2019s disease patients treated with subthalamic deep brain stimulation. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2008;14(2):114\u2013119."},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis","first-page":"8","article-title":"Gaps and roadmap of novel neuromodulation targets for treatment of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Cury RG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cury RG, Pavese N, Aziz TZ, Krauss JK, Moro E. Gaps and roadmap of novel neuromodulation targets for treatment of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2022;8(1):8."},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Front Neurosci","first-page":"29","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation to alleviate freezing of gait and cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: update on current research and future perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Huang C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang C, Chu H, Zhang Y, Wang X. Deep brain stimulation to alleviate freezing of gait and cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: update on current research and future perspectives. Front Neurosci. 2018;12:29."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b5","series-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord","first-page":"S165","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of globus pallidus interna, subthalamic nucleus, and pedunculopontine nucleus for Parkinson\u2019s disease: which target?","volume":"18","author":"Follett KA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Follett KA, Torres-Russotto D. Deep brain stimulation of globus pallidus interna, subthalamic nucleus, and pedunculopontine nucleus for Parkinson\u2019s disease: which target? Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012;18(Suppl 1):S165-S167."},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Parkinsons Dis","first-page":"3410820","article-title":"Comparison of globus pallidus interna and subthalamic nucleus in deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: an institutional experience and review","volume":"2017","author":"Mirza S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mirza S, Yazdani U, Dewey R III,  Comparison of globus pallidus interna and subthalamic nucleus in deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: an institutional experience and review. Parkinsons Dis. 2017;2017:3410820."},{"issue":"8","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"871","article-title":"Effects of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a prospective controlled study","volume":"85","author":"Vercruysse S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vercruysse S, Vandenberghe W, M\u00fcnks L, Nuttin B, Devos H, Nieuwboer A. Effects of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a prospective controlled study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85(8):871-877."},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"Eur J Neurol","first-page":"18","article-title":"Effect of high-frequency subthalamic neurostimulation on gait and freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Schlenstedt C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schlenstedt C, Shalash A, Muthuraman M, Falk D, Witt K, Deuschl G. Effect of high-frequency subthalamic neurostimulation on gait and freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol. 2017;24(1):18\u201326."},{"issue":"6","key":"b9","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1797","article-title":"Long-term effect of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"131","author":"Kim R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim R, Kim HJ, Shin C,  Long-term effect of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurosurg. 2019;131(6):1797-1804."},{"issue":"5","key":"b10","series-title":"Eur J Neurol","first-page":"746","article-title":"MRI verified STN stimulation site\u2014gait improvement and clinical outcome","volume":"17","author":"Johnsen EL","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johnsen EL, Sunde N, Mogensen PH, \u00d8stergaard K. MRI verified STN stimulation site\u2014gait improvement and clinical outcome. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17(5):746\u2013753."},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Neuroimage Clin","first-page":"102518","article-title":"N-of-1 tissue activation modeling to map optimal regions of subthalamic deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease","volume":"29","author":"Malaga KA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Malaga KA, Costello JT, Chou KL, Patil PG. Atlas-independent. N-of-1 tissue activation modeling to map optimal regions of subthalamic deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease. Neuroimage Clin. 2021;29:102518."},{"issue":"7","key":"b12","series-title":"R Soc Open Sci","first-page":"171177","article-title":"Mapping movement, mood, motivation and mentation in the subthalamic nucleus","volume":"5","author":"Gourisankar A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gourisankar A, Eisenstein SA, Trapp NT,  Mapping movement, mood, motivation and mentation in the subthalamic nucleus. R Soc Open Sci. 2018;5(7):171177."},{"issue":"4","key":"b13","series-title":"Ann Neurol","first-page":"527","article-title":"Probabilistic sweet spots predict motor outcome for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease","volume":"86","author":"Dembek TA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dembek TA, Roediger J, Horn A,  Probabilistic sweet spots predict motor outcome for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol. 2019;86(4):527\u2013538."},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord","first-page":"153","article-title":"Simultaneous low-frequency deep brain stimulation of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus to treat levodopa unresponsive freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a pilot study","volume":"60","author":"Valldeoriola F","year":"2019","unstructured":"Valldeoriola F, Mu\u00f1oz E, Rumi\u00e0 J,  Simultaneous low-frequency deep brain stimulation of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus to treat levodopa unresponsive freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a pilot study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019;60:153\u2013157."},{"issue":"2","key":"b15","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"273","article-title":"Outcomes from stimulation of the caudal zona incerta and pedunculopontine nucleus in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Khan S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khan S, Mooney L, Plaha P,  Outcomes from stimulation of the caudal zona incerta and pedunculopontine nucleus in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Br J Neurosurg. 2011;25(2):273-280."},{"issue":"3","key":"b16","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"450","article-title":"Fields of forel brain stimulation improves levodopa-unresponsive gait and balance disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"89","author":"Rocha MSG","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rocha MSG, de Freitas JL, Costa CDM,  Fields of forel brain stimulation improves levodopa-unresponsive gait and balance disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosurgery. 2021;89(3):450\u2013459."},{"issue":"4","key":"b17","series-title":"J Parkinsons Dis","first-page":"1251","article-title":"Structural connectivity of subthalamic nucleus stimulation for improving freezing of gait","volume":"12","author":"Strelow JN","year":"2022","unstructured":"Strelow JN, Baldermann JC, Dembek TA,  Structural connectivity of subthalamic nucleus stimulation for improving freezing of gait. J Parkinsons Dis. 2022;12(4):1251-1267."},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord","first-page":"49","article-title":"Freezing of gait depends on cortico-subthalamic network recruitment following STN-DBS in PD patients","volume":"104","author":"Temiz G","year":"2022","unstructured":"Temiz G, Santin MDN, Olivier C,  Freezing of gait depends on cortico-subthalamic network recruitment following STN-DBS in PD patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2022;104:49\u201357."},{"issue":"5","key":"b19","series-title":"Brain Commun","first-page":"fcad238","article-title":"Optimal subthalamic stimulation sites and related networks for freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Fan H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan H, Guo Z, Jiang Y,  Optimal subthalamic stimulation sites and related networks for freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain Commun. 2023;5(5):fcad238."},{"issue":"5","key":"b20","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"493","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease: defining the optimal location within the subthalamic nucleus","volume":"89","author":"Bot M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bot M, Schuurman PR, Odekerken VJJ,  Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease: defining the optimal location within the subthalamic nucleus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;89(5):493-498."},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord","first-page":"91","article-title":"Clinical and anatomical predictors for freezing of gait and falls after subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"62","author":"Karachi C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karachi C, Cormier-Dequaire F, Grabli D,  Clinical and anatomical predictors for freezing of gait and falls after subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019;62:91\u201397."},{"issue":"2","key":"b22","series-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng","first-page":"664","article-title":"Relationship between neural activation and electric field distribution during deep brain stimulation","volume":"62","author":"\u00c5str\u00f6m M","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u00c5str\u00f6m M, Diczfalusy E, Martens H, W\u00e5rdell K. Relationship between neural activation and electric field distribution during deep brain stimulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2015;62(2):664-672."},{"issue":"2","key":"b23","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"661","article-title":"Patient-specific analysis of the volume of tissue activated during deep brain stimulation","volume":"34","author":"Butson CR","year":"2007","unstructured":"Butson CR, Cooper SE, Henderson JM, McIntyre CC. Patient-specific analysis of the volume of tissue activated during deep brain stimulation. Neuroimage. 2007;34(2):661-670."},{"issue":"9","key":"b24","series-title":"Mov Disord","first-page":"1389","article-title":"Subthalamic stimulation may inhibit the beneficial effects of levodopa on akinesia and gait","volume":"31","author":"Fleury V","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fleury V, Pollak P, Gere J,  Subthalamic stimulation may inhibit the beneficial effects of levodopa on akinesia and gait. Mov Disord. 2016;31(9):1389-1397."},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord","first-page":"36","article-title":"Anterior lead location predicts verbal fluency decline following STN-DBS in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"92","author":"Greif TR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Greif TR, Askari A, Cook Maher A, Patil PG, Persad C. Anterior lead location predicts verbal fluency decline following STN-DBS in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2021;92:36\u201340."},{"issue":"1","key":"b26","series-title":"Transl Psychiatry","first-page":"213","article-title":"Depression history modulates effects of subthalamic nucleus topography on neuropsychological outcomes of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Kratter IH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kratter IH, Jorge A, Feyder MT,  Depression history modulates effects of subthalamic nucleus topography on neuropsychological outcomes of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Transl Psychiatry. 2022;12(1):213."},{"issue":"4","key":"b27","series-title":"Brain Stimul","first-page":"904","article-title":"Non-motor outcomes of subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease depend on location of active contacts","volume":"11","author":"Dafsari HS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dafsari HS, Petry-Schmelzer JN, Ray-Chaudhuri K,  Non-motor outcomes of subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease depend on location of active contacts. Brain Stimul. 2018;11(4):904\u2013912."},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc","first-page":"675","article-title":"Improving postural stability via computational modeling approach to deep brain stimulation programming","volume":"2011","author":"McIntyre CC","year":"2011","unstructured":"McIntyre CC, Richardson SJ, Frankemolle AM, Varga G, Noecker AM, Alberts JL. Improving postural stability via computational modeling approach to deep brain stimulation programming. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011;2011:675\u2013676."},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Front Hum Neurosci","first-page":"806513","article-title":"Troubleshooting gait disturbances in Parkinson\u2019s disease with deep brain stimulation","volume":"16","author":"Pozzi NG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pozzi NG, Palmisano C, Reich MM,  Troubleshooting gait disturbances in Parkinson\u2019s disease with deep brain stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci. 2022;16:806513."},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"410","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation programming for movement disorders: current concepts and evidence-based strategies","volume":"10","author":"Koeglsperger T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Koeglsperger T, Palleis C, Hell F, Mehrkens JH, B\u00f6tzel K. Deep brain stimulation programming for movement disorders: current concepts and evidence-based strategies. Front Neurol. 2019;10:410."},{"issue":"6","key":"b31","series-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng","first-page":"1993","article-title":"Effect of anisotropic brain conductivity on patient-specific volume of tissue activation in deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease","volume":"71","author":"Liu X","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu X, Chou KL, Patil PG, Malaga KA. Effect of anisotropic brain conductivity on patient-specific volume of tissue activation in deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2024;71(6):1993-2000."},{"issue":"8","key":"b32","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"1689","article-title":"Thalamic segmentation and neural activation modeling based on individual tissue microstructure in deep brain stimulation for essential tremor","volume":"26","author":"Malaga KA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Malaga KA, Houshmand L, Costello JT, Chandrasekaran J, Chou KL, Patil PG. Thalamic segmentation and neural activation modeling based on individual tissue microstructure in deep brain stimulation for essential tremor. Neuromodulation. 2023;26(8):1689-1698."},{"issue":"4","key":"b33","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e93524","article-title":"Coordinate-based lead location does not predict Parkinson\u2019s disease deep brain stimulation outcome","volume":"9","author":"Nestor KA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nestor KA, Jones JD, Butson CR,  Coordinate-based lead location does not predict Parkinson\u2019s disease deep brain stimulation outcome. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e93524."},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev","first-page":"105068","article-title":"Cognition and freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"147","author":"Monaghan AS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Monaghan AS, Gordon E, Graham L, Hughes E, Peterson DS, Morris R. Cognition and freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2023;147:105068."},{"issue":"45","key":"b35","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"11489","article-title":"Frontosubthalamic circuits for control of action and cognition","volume":"36","author":"Aron AR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aron AR, Herz DM, Brown P, Forstmann BU, Zaghloul K. Frontosubthalamic circuits for control of action and cognition. J Neurosci. 2016;36(45):11489-11495."},{"issue":"6","key":"b36","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e100291","article-title":"Functional reorganization of the locomotor network in Parkinson patients with freezing of gait","volume":"9","author":"Fling BW","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fling BW, Cohen RG, Mancini M,  Functional reorganization of the locomotor network in Parkinson patients with freezing of gait. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e100291."},{"issue":"1","key":"b37","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e52602","article-title":"Differential neural activation patterns in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and freezing of gait in response to concurrent cognitive and motor load","volume":"8","author":"Shine JM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shine JM, Matar E, Ward PB,  Differential neural activation patterns in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and freezing of gait in response to concurrent cognitive and motor load. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e52602."},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord","first-page":"105","article-title":"Quantitative mobility measures complement the MDS-UPDRS for characterization of Parkinson\u2019s disease heterogeneity","volume":"84","author":"Hill EJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hill EJ, Mangleburg CG, Alfradique-Dunham I,  Quantitative mobility measures complement the MDS-UPDRS for characterization of Parkinson\u2019s disease heterogeneity. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2021;84:105\u2013111."},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord","first-page":"82","article-title":"Prediction of the effect of deep brain stimulation on gait freezing of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"87","author":"Gavriliuc O","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gavriliuc O, Paschen S, Andrusca A, Schlenstedt C, Deuschl G. Prediction of the effect of deep brain stimulation on gait freezing of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2021;87:82\u201386."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/143\/3\/article-p690.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/143\/3\/article-p690.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/143\/3\/article-p690.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T14:28:36Z","timestamp":1772720916000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/143\/3\/article-p690.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2024.10.jns241470","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]}}}