{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T20:13:15Z","timestamp":1772827995143,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pediatric hydrocephalus is a common complex condition, in which late diagnosis can cause irreversible sequelae. The prevalence worldwide is estimated to be approximately 88\/100,000, but the literature suggests it is higher in developing countries, with predominantly postinfectious etiologies. The incidence has been found to be inversely associated with a country\u2019s income level. South America is among the regions considered most affected by this disease, but very few recent prevalence studies exist. This is the first prevalence study of pediatric hydrocephalus in Colombia, an upper-middle-income country. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of pediatric hydrocephalus (ages 0 to 17 years) in Colombia between 2017 and 2022 and to determine its national distribution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A search of the Colombian System of Integrated Information of Social Protection was performed, using\n                      <jats:italic>International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision<\/jats:italic>\n                      codes to extract the Individual Registries for Provision of Health Services. These data were compared to those in the population registries of the National Administrative Department of Statistics. Prevalence for each code was calculated, and distribution according to age group, sex, and department was made. Yearly and overall prevalence rates were graphed on nationwide maps throughout the study period years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors found a nationwide prevalence of 57.2\/100,000, with an underreporting rate for all cases of 31.3%. The adjusted prevalence for underreporting was 83.0 cases per 100,000. A total of 55% of cases were in male patients. The reported causes of hydrocephalus were as follows: 24.9% of cases were due to postinfectious etiologies, 9.9% were attributed to CNS malformations, 0.3% were posttraumatic, and 0.3% were neoplastic. In most cases, etiology was not reported. The maps created show a heterogeneous prevalence distribution through the years. The adjusted prevalence rate map shows a prevalence distribution with higher rates in lower-income regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, the estimated prevalence of pediatric hydrocephalus in Colombia was lower than the prevalence estimated worldwide, and even lower than that estimated for high-income areas. This is explained partially by a significant rate of underreporting; however, even accounting for the underreporting, the prevalence remains considerably lower than that estimated for developing regions like South America. This may suggest a trend of decreasing prevalence in developing countries whose economies have grown in recent years. These findings can guide public policy for adequate surveillance and prevention of pediatric hydrocephalus in Colombia and highlight the importance of further updated research in the region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.10.peds24185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T21:21:00Z","timestamp":1738358460000},"page":"353-360","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Burden of pediatric hydrocephalus in a Latin American upper-middle-income country: a nationwide ecological study in Colombia"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Ramos-M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogot\u00e1;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen E.","family":"Norato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogot\u00e1;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana V.","family":"Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogot\u00e1;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Mej\u00eda-Michelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego F.","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan A.","family":"Mej\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Hakim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Porras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1; and"},{"name":"Grupo de Medicina Comunitaria y Salud Colectiva, Universidad el Bosque, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan F.","family":"Ram\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery","author":"Winn HR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Winn HR. Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery. 8th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2022."},{"issue":"8","key":"b2","series-title":"Cereb Cortex","first-page":"4262","article-title":"A neural stem cell paradigm of pediatric hydrocephalus","volume":"33","author":"Duy PQ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Duy PQ, Rakic P, Alper SL,  A neural stem cell paradigm of pediatric hydrocephalus. Cereb Cortex. 2023;33(8):4262\u20134279."},{"issue":"2","key":"b3","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","first-page":"94","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental long-term outcome in children with hydrocephalus requiring neonatal surgical treatment","volume":"62","author":"Melot A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Melot A, Labarre A, Vanhulle C,  Neurodevelopmental long-term outcome in children with hydrocephalus requiring neonatal surgical treatment. Neurochirurgie. 2016;62(2):94\u201399."},{"issue":"22","key":"b4","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2067","article-title":"Infantile and childhood hydrocephalus","volume":"387","author":"Whitehead WE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Whitehead WE, Weiner HL. Infantile and childhood hydrocephalus. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(22):2067\u20132073."},{"issue":"4","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"130","author":"Dewan MC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dewan MC, Rattani A, Mekary R,  Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2018;130(4):1065\u20131079."},{"issue":"10","key":"b6","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0204926","article-title":"Age-specific global epidemiology of hydrocephalus: systematic review, metanalysis and global birth surveillance","volume":"13","author":"Isaacs AM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Isaacs AM, Riva-Cambrin J, Yavin D,  Age-specific global epidemiology of hydrocephalus: systematic review, metanalysis and global birth surveillance. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0204926."},{"issue":"10020","key":"b7","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"788","article-title":"Hydrocephalus in children","volume":"387","author":"Kahle KT","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kahle KT, Kulkarni AV, Limbrick DD Jr, Warf BC. Hydrocephalus in children. Lancet. 2016;387(10020):788\u2013799."},{"issue":"8","key":"b8","series-title":"Eur J Med Genet","first-page":"359","article-title":"Infantile hydrocephalus: a review of epidemiology, classification and causes","volume":"57","author":"Tully HM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tully HM, Dobyns WB. Infantile hydrocephalus: a review of epidemiology, classification and causes. Eur J Med Genet. 2014;57(8):359\u2013368."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b9","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"3","article-title":"Pediatric hydrocephalus: systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines. Part 1: introduction and methodology","volume":"14","author":"Flannery AM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Flannery AM, Mitchell L. Pediatric hydrocephalus: systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines. Part 1: introduction and methodology. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2014;14(Suppl 1):3-7."},{"issue":"4","key":"b10","series-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am","first-page":"793","article-title":"Pediatric hydrocephalus and the primary care provider","volume":"68","author":"Patel SK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patel SK, Tari R, Mangano FT. Pediatric hydrocephalus and the primary care provider. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2021;68(4):793\u2013809."},{"issue":"5","key":"b11","series-title":"Nat Rev Neurol","first-page":"285","article-title":"Inflammation in acquired hydrocephalus: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"16","author":"Karimy JK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karimy JK, Reeves BC, Damisah E,  Inflammation in acquired hydrocephalus: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Neurol. 2020;16(5):285\u2013296."},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b12","series-title":"Neurol India","first-page":"S395","article-title":"A comparison of adult and pediatric hydrocephalus","volume":"69","author":"Deopujari C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deopujari C, Mohanty C, Agrawal H, Jain S, Chawla P. A comparison of adult and pediatric hydrocephalus. Neurol India. 2021;69(Suppl):S395\u2013S405."},{"issue":"1","key":"b13","series-title":"Eur J Med Res","first-page":"168","article-title":"Hydrocephalus: historical analysis and considerations for treatment","volume":"27","author":"Hochstetler A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hochstetler A, Raskin J, Blazer-Yost BL. Hydrocephalus: historical analysis and considerations for treatment. Eur J Med Res. 2022;27(1):168."},{"key":"b14","article-title":"The World Bank","unstructured":"World Bank country and lending groups. The World Bank. Accessed November 15, 2024. https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica","first-page":"e77","article-title":"Ethnic-racial inequity in health insurance in Colombia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"45","author":"Vi\u00e1fara-L\u00f3pez CA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vi\u00e1fara-L\u00f3pez CA, Palacios-Quejada G, Banguera-Obreg\u00f3n A. Ethnic-racial inequity in health insurance in Colombia: a cross-sectional study. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2021;45:e77."},{"key":"b16","article-title":"Colombia: average age of the population from 1950-2100. Statista","unstructured":"Colombia: average age of the population from 1950-2100. Statista. Accessed November 15, 2024. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/368964\/average-age-of-the-population-in-colombia\/"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Instituto Nacional de Salud;","article-title":"Informe de evento defectos cong\u00e9nitos, Colombia, a\u00f1o 2018. Version 4","author":"Mellizo GAA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mellizo GAA. Informe de evento defectos cong\u00e9nitos, Colombia, a\u00f1o 2018. Version 4. Instituto Nacional de Salud; 2019.Accessed November 15, 2024. https:\/\/www.ins.gov.co\/buscador-eventos\/Informesdeevento\/DEFECTOS%20CONG%C3%89NITOS_2018.pdf"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Implementaci\u00f3n de un sistema de informaci\u00f3n para el reporte de actividades de protecci\u00f3n espec\u00edfica, detecci\u00f3n temprana y la aplicaci\u00f3n de las gu\u00edas de atenci\u00f3n integral para las enfermedades de inter\u00e9s en salud p\u00fablica en la ESE hospital local de I nivel Nuestra Se\u00f1ora del Socorro del municipio de Sinc\u00e9 - Sucre","author":"Fl\u00f3rez Vergara CJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fl\u00f3rez Vergara CJ, Ortega Cardozo LM, Zambrano Ruiz IR, Arrieta G. Implementaci\u00f3n de un sistema de informaci\u00f3n para el reporte de actividades de protecci\u00f3n espec\u00edfica, detecci\u00f3n temprana y la aplicaci\u00f3n de las gu\u00edas de atenci\u00f3n integral para las enfermedades de inter\u00e9s en salud p\u00fablica en la ESE hospital local de I nivel Nuestra Se\u00f1ora del Socorro del municipio de Sinc\u00e9 - Sucre. CECAR; 2015. Accessed November 15, 2024. https:\/\/repositorio.cecar.edu.co\/handle\/cecar\/6997"},{"issue":"3","key":"b19","series-title":"Rev Colomb Cancerol","first-page":"101","article-title":"Disponibilidad de servicios de mamograf\u00eda en Colombia","volume":"18","author":"Velasco S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Velasco S, Bernal O, Salazar A, Romero J, Moreno \u00c1, D\u00edaz X. Disponibilidad de servicios de mamograf\u00eda en Colombia. Rev Colomb Cancerol. 2014;18(3):101\u2013108."},{"key":"b20","series-title":"RStudio","year":"2023","unstructured":"RStudio. Version 2023.03.0+386. Posit; 2023."},{"key":"b21","series-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","unstructured":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Accessed November 15, 2024. https:\/\/www.R-project.org"},{"issue":"85","key":"b22","series-title":"Rev Temas Coyunt","first-page":"34","article-title":"La estimaci\u00f3n del subregistro de la mortalidad adulta en las divisiones administrativas mayores de Venezuela, 2001-2011","author":"Garc\u00eda J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda J. La estimaci\u00f3n del subregistro de la mortalidad adulta en las divisiones administrativas mayores de Venezuela, 2001-2011. Rev Temas Coyunt. 2022;(85):34-58."},{"issue":"2","key":"b23","series-title":"Popul Index","first-page":"207","article-title":"Estimating the completeness of death registration in a closed population","volume":"47","author":"Bennett NG","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bennett NG, Horiuchi S. Estimating the completeness of death registration in a closed population. Popul Index. 1981;47(2):207\u2013221."},{"key":"b24","series-title":"M\u00e9todos para estimar la mortalidad adulta en los pa\u00edses en desarrollo: una revisi\u00f3n comparativa","article-title":"United Nations","author":"Hill KH","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hill KH. M\u00e9todos para estimar la mortalidad adulta en los pa\u00edses en desarrollo: una revisi\u00f3n comparativa. United Nations; 2003. Accessed November 19, 2024. https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11362\/12746"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Age Standardization of Rates: A New WHO Standard. GPE Discuss Paper Series No. 31","first-page":"10","author":"Ahmad OB","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ahmad OB, Boschi Pinto C, Lopez AD. Age Standardization of Rates: A New WHO Standard. GPE Discuss Paper Series No. 31. World Health Organization; 2001:10-12.Accessed November 19, 2024. https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/gho-documents\/global-health-estimates\/gpe_discussion_paper_series_paper31_2001_age_standardization_rates.pdf"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"ggplot2. Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"Wickham H","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wickham H. ggplot2. Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer International Publishing; 2016."},{"key":"b27","article-title":"PBC. tidyr: Tidy Messy Data. R-project.org","author":"Wickham H","unstructured":"Wickham H, Vaughan D, Girlich M, Ushey K, Software P.  PBC. tidyr: Tidy Messy Data. R-project.org. Published online January 24, 2024. Accessed November 19, 2024. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/tidyr\/index.html"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Spatial Data Science: With Applications in R","author":"Pebesma E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pebesma E, Bivand R. Spatial Data Science: With Applications in R. Chapman and Hall\/CRC; 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"b29","series-title":"R J","first-page":"439","article-title":"Simple features for R: standardized support for spatial vector data","volume":"10","author":"Pebesma E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pebesma E. Simple features for R: standardized support for spatial vector data. R J. 2018;10(1):439\u2013446."},{"key":"b30","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e801","article-title":"Congenital pediatric hydrocephalus in the Brazilian public health system: the reality of a middle-income country in the past 13 years","volume":"181","author":"de Mac\u00eado Filho LJM","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Mac\u00eado Filho LJM, Mansouri A, Otamendi-Lopez A,  Congenital pediatric hydrocephalus in the Brazilian public health system: the reality of a middle-income country in the past 13 years. World Neurosurg. 2024;181:e801\u2013e808."},{"issue":"4","key":"b31","series-title":"Article in Spanish. Biomedica","first-page":"556","article-title":"Prevalence of birth defects in Risaralda, 2010-2013","volume":"36","author":"Porras-Hurtado GL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Porras-Hurtado GL, Le\u00f3n-Casta\u00f1eda OM, Molano-Hurtado J, Quiceno SL, Pachajoa H, Montoya JJ. Prevalence of birth defects in Risaralda, 2010-2013. Article in Spanish. Biomedica. 2016;36(4):556\u2013563."},{"issue":"6","key":"b32","series-title":"Rev Chil Obstet Ginecol","first-page":"442","article-title":"Defectos cong\u00e9nitos en un hospital de tercer nivel en Cali, Colombia","volume":"80","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Cheyne J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Cheyne J, Pachajoa H, Ariza Y, Isaza C, Saldarriaga W. Defectos cong\u00e9nitos en un hospital de tercer nivel en Cali, Colombia. Rev Chil Obstet Ginecol. 2015;80(6):442\u2013449."},{"issue":"3","key":"b33","series-title":"J Child Neurol","first-page":"309","article-title":"Two hundred thirty-six children with developmental hydrocephalus: causes and clinical consequences","volume":"31","author":"Tully HM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tully HM, Ishak GE, Rue TC,  Two hundred thirty-six children with developmental hydrocephalus: causes and clinical consequences. J Child Neurol. 2016;31(3):309\u2013320."},{"issue":"3","key":"b34","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"577","article-title":"Surgical intervention for hydrocephalus in infancy; etiology, age and treatment data in a Dutch cohort","volume":"36","author":"Holwerda JC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Holwerda JC, van Lindert EJ, Buis DR, Hoving EW. Surgical intervention for hydrocephalus in infancy; etiology, age and treatment data in a Dutch cohort. Childs Nerv Syst. 2020;36(3):577\u2013582."},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Rev Univ Ind Santander Salud","first-page":"54","article-title":"Modelo de monitoreo de comportamientos inusuales o conglomerados de defectos cong\u00e9nitos en el nivel departamental, distrital y municipal, Colombia, 2018","author":"\u00c1vila-Mellizo GA","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u00c1vila-Mellizo GA, Rozo-Guti\u00e9rrez N, Forero-Motta D, \u00c1vila-Mellizo GA, Rozo-Guti\u00e9rrez N, Forero-Motta D. Modelo de monitoreo de comportamientos inusuales o conglomerados de defectos cong\u00e9nitos en el nivel departamental, distrital y municipal, Colombia, 2018.Rev Univ Ind Santander Salud. 2022;54."},{"issue":"1","key":"b36","series-title":"MedUNAB","first-page":"51","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis cong\u00e9nita, una mirada en la actualidad del tratamiento; revisi\u00f3n de la literatura","volume":"22","author":"Rueda-Paez YS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rueda-Paez YS, Valbuena-Ruiz L, Quintero-Pimiento N, Pinilla-Plata A, Sayago-Silva J. Toxoplasmosis cong\u00e9nita, una mirada en la actualidad del tratamiento; revisi\u00f3n de la literatura. MedUNAB. 2019;22(1):51\u201363."},{"key":"b37","article-title":"Cuentas nacionales departamentales: PIB por departamento","unstructured":"Cuentas nacionales departamentales: PIB por departamento. DANE. Accessed November 19, 2024. https:\/\/www.dane.gov.co\/index.php\/estadisticas-por-tema\/cuentas-nacionales\/cuentas-nacionales-departamentales"},{"issue":"5","key":"b38","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e699","article-title":"Use of the six core surgical indicators from the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery in Colombia: a situational analysis","volume":"8","author":"Hanna JS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hanna JS, Herrera-Almario GE, Pinilla-Roncancio M,  Use of the six core surgical indicators from the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery in Colombia: a situational analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(5):e699\u2013e710."},{"issue":"4","key":"b39","series-title":"Enfermedades Infecc Microbiol","first-page":"104","article-title":"Tuberculosis en comunidades ind\u00edgenas del Choc\u00f3, Colombia. An\u00e1lisis epidemiol\u00f3gico y perspectivas para disminuir su incidencia","volume":"38","author":"Villegas Salazar T","year":"2018","unstructured":"Villegas Salazar T, Vel\u00e1squez Tegaisa L, Hern\u00e1ndez Sarmiento JM. Tuberculosis en comunidades ind\u00edgenas del Choc\u00f3, Colombia. An\u00e1lisis epidemiol\u00f3gico y perspectivas para disminuir su incidencia. Enfermedades Infecc Microbiol. 2018;38(4):104\u2013114."},{"issue":"8","key":"b40","series-title":"Neoreviews","first-page":"e467","article-title":"Neonatal hydrocephalus","volume":"19","author":"Flanders TM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Flanders TM, Billinghurst L, Flibotte J, Heuer GG. Neonatal hydrocephalus. Neoreviews. 2018;19(8):e467\u2013e477."},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Prevalencia de infecci\u00f3n por Toxoplasma gondii en mujeres embarazadas, en Valledupar, Cesar a\u00f1o 2007","article-title":"Thesis. Universidad del Magdalena en convenio con la Universidad Nacional de Colombia","author":"Torres JJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Torres JJ. Prevalencia de infecci\u00f3n por Toxoplasma gondii en mujeres embarazadas, en Valledupar, Cesar a\u00f1o 2007. Thesis. Universidad del Magdalena en convenio con la Universidad Nacional de Colombia; 2007. Accessed November 19, 2024. https:\/\/repositorio.unal.edu.co\/handle\/unal\/2413"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Boletines Poblacionales: Poblaci\u00f3n Ind\u00edgena. Oficina de Promoci\u00f3n Social","author":"Cubillos \u00c1lzate J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cubillos \u00c1lzate J, Matamoros C\u00e1rdenas M, Perea Caro S. Boletines Poblacionales: Poblaci\u00f3n Ind\u00edgena. Oficina de Promoci\u00f3n Social. Ministerio de Salud y Protecci\u00f3n Social; 2020.Accessed November 19, 2024. https:\/\/www.minsalud.gov.co\/sites\/rid\/Lists\/BibliotecaDigital\/RIDE\/DE\/PS\/boletines-poblacionales-poblacion-indigena.pdf"},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery","author":"Winn HR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Winn HR. Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery. 8th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2022."},{"issue":"8","key":"b2","series-title":"Cereb Cortex","first-page":"4262","article-title":"A neural stem cell paradigm of pediatric hydrocephalus","volume":"33","author":"Duy PQ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Duy PQ, Rakic P, Alper SL,  A neural stem cell paradigm of pediatric hydrocephalus. Cereb Cortex. 2023;33(8):4262\u20134279."},{"issue":"2","key":"b3","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","first-page":"94","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental long-term outcome in children with hydrocephalus requiring neonatal surgical treatment","volume":"62","author":"Melot A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Melot A, Labarre A, Vanhulle C,  Neurodevelopmental long-term outcome in children with hydrocephalus requiring neonatal surgical treatment. Neurochirurgie. 2016;62(2):94\u201399."},{"issue":"22","key":"b4","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2067","article-title":"Infantile and childhood hydrocephalus","volume":"387","author":"Whitehead WE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Whitehead WE, Weiner HL. Infantile and childhood hydrocephalus. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(22):2067\u20132073."},{"issue":"4","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"130","author":"Dewan MC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dewan MC, Rattani A, Mekary R,  Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2018;130(4):1065\u20131079."},{"issue":"10","key":"b6","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0204926","article-title":"Age-specific global epidemiology of hydrocephalus: systematic review, metanalysis and global birth surveillance","volume":"13","author":"Isaacs AM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Isaacs AM, Riva-Cambrin J, Yavin D,  Age-specific global epidemiology of hydrocephalus: systematic review, metanalysis and global birth surveillance. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0204926."},{"issue":"10020","key":"b7","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"788","article-title":"Hydrocephalus in children","volume":"387","author":"Kahle KT","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kahle KT, Kulkarni AV, Limbrick DD Jr, Warf BC. Hydrocephalus in children. Lancet. 2016;387(10020):788\u2013799."},{"issue":"8","key":"b8","series-title":"Eur J Med Genet","first-page":"359","article-title":"Infantile hydrocephalus: a review of epidemiology, classification and causes","volume":"57","author":"Tully HM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tully HM, Dobyns WB. Infantile hydrocephalus: a review of epidemiology, classification and causes. Eur J Med Genet. 2014;57(8):359\u2013368."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b9","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"3","article-title":"Pediatric hydrocephalus: systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines. Part 1: introduction and methodology","volume":"14","author":"Flannery AM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Flannery AM, Mitchell L. Pediatric hydrocephalus: systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines. Part 1: introduction and methodology. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2014;14(Suppl 1):3-7."},{"issue":"4","key":"b10","series-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am","first-page":"793","article-title":"Pediatric hydrocephalus and the primary care provider","volume":"68","author":"Patel SK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patel SK, Tari R, Mangano FT. Pediatric hydrocephalus and the primary care provider. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2021;68(4):793\u2013809."},{"issue":"5","key":"b11","series-title":"Nat Rev Neurol","first-page":"285","article-title":"Inflammation in acquired hydrocephalus: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"16","author":"Karimy JK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karimy JK, Reeves BC, Damisah E,  Inflammation in acquired hydrocephalus: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Neurol. 2020;16(5):285\u2013296."},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b12","series-title":"Neurol India","first-page":"S395","article-title":"A comparison of adult and pediatric hydrocephalus","volume":"69","author":"Deopujari C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deopujari C, Mohanty C, Agrawal H, Jain S, Chawla P. A comparison of adult and pediatric hydrocephalus. Neurol India. 2021;69(Suppl):S395\u2013S405."},{"issue":"1","key":"b13","series-title":"Eur J Med Res","first-page":"168","article-title":"Hydrocephalus: historical analysis and considerations for treatment","volume":"27","author":"Hochstetler A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hochstetler A, Raskin J, Blazer-Yost BL. Hydrocephalus: historical analysis and considerations for treatment. Eur J Med Res. 2022;27(1):168."},{"key":"b14","article-title":"The World Bank","unstructured":"World Bank country and lending groups. The World Bank. Accessed November 15, 2024. https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica","first-page":"e77","article-title":"Ethnic-racial inequity in health insurance in Colombia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"45","author":"Vi\u00e1fara-L\u00f3pez CA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vi\u00e1fara-L\u00f3pez CA, Palacios-Quejada G, Banguera-Obreg\u00f3n A. Ethnic-racial inequity in health insurance in Colombia: a cross-sectional study. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2021;45:e77."},{"key":"b16","article-title":"Colombia: average age of the population from 1950-2100. Statista","unstructured":"Colombia: average age of the population from 1950-2100. Statista. Accessed November 15, 2024. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/368964\/average-age-of-the-population-in-colombia\/"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Instituto Nacional de Salud;","article-title":"Informe de evento defectos cong\u00e9nitos, Colombia, a\u00f1o 2018. Version 4","author":"Mellizo GAA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mellizo GAA. Informe de evento defectos cong\u00e9nitos, Colombia, a\u00f1o 2018. Version 4. Instituto Nacional de Salud; 2019.Accessed November 15, 2024. https:\/\/www.ins.gov.co\/buscador-eventos\/Informesdeevento\/DEFECTOS%20CONG%C3%89NITOS_2018.pdf"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Implementaci\u00f3n de un sistema de informaci\u00f3n para el reporte de actividades de protecci\u00f3n espec\u00edfica, detecci\u00f3n temprana y la aplicaci\u00f3n de las gu\u00edas de atenci\u00f3n integral para las enfermedades de inter\u00e9s en salud p\u00fablica en la ESE hospital local de I nivel Nuestra Se\u00f1ora del Socorro del municipio de Sinc\u00e9 - Sucre","author":"Fl\u00f3rez Vergara CJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fl\u00f3rez Vergara CJ, Ortega Cardozo LM, Zambrano Ruiz IR, Arrieta G. Implementaci\u00f3n de un sistema de informaci\u00f3n para el reporte de actividades de protecci\u00f3n espec\u00edfica, detecci\u00f3n temprana y la aplicaci\u00f3n de las gu\u00edas de atenci\u00f3n integral para las enfermedades de inter\u00e9s en salud p\u00fablica en la ESE hospital local de I nivel Nuestra Se\u00f1ora del Socorro del municipio de Sinc\u00e9 - Sucre. CECAR; 2015. Accessed November 15, 2024. https:\/\/repositorio.cecar.edu.co\/handle\/cecar\/6997"},{"issue":"3","key":"b19","series-title":"Rev Colomb Cancerol","first-page":"101","article-title":"Disponibilidad de servicios de mamograf\u00eda en Colombia","volume":"18","author":"Velasco S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Velasco S, Bernal O, Salazar A, Romero J, Moreno \u00c1, D\u00edaz X. Disponibilidad de servicios de mamograf\u00eda en Colombia. Rev Colomb Cancerol. 2014;18(3):101\u2013108."},{"key":"b20","series-title":"RStudio","year":"2023","unstructured":"RStudio. Version 2023.03.0+386. Posit; 2023."},{"key":"b21","series-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","unstructured":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Accessed November 15, 2024. https:\/\/www.R-project.org"},{"issue":"85","key":"b22","series-title":"Rev Temas Coyunt","first-page":"34","article-title":"La estimaci\u00f3n del subregistro de la mortalidad adulta en las divisiones administrativas mayores de Venezuela, 2001-2011","author":"Garc\u00eda J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda J. La estimaci\u00f3n del subregistro de la mortalidad adulta en las divisiones administrativas mayores de Venezuela, 2001-2011. Rev Temas Coyunt. 2022;(85):34-58."},{"issue":"2","key":"b23","series-title":"Popul Index","first-page":"207","article-title":"Estimating the completeness of death registration in a closed population","volume":"47","author":"Bennett NG","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bennett NG, Horiuchi S. Estimating the completeness of death registration in a closed population. Popul Index. 1981;47(2):207\u2013221."},{"key":"b24","series-title":"M\u00e9todos para estimar la mortalidad adulta en los pa\u00edses en desarrollo: una revisi\u00f3n comparativa","article-title":"United Nations","author":"Hill KH","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hill KH. M\u00e9todos para estimar la mortalidad adulta en los pa\u00edses en desarrollo: una revisi\u00f3n comparativa. United Nations; 2003. Accessed November 19, 2024. https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11362\/12746"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Age Standardization of Rates: A New WHO Standard. GPE Discuss Paper Series No. 31","first-page":"10","author":"Ahmad OB","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ahmad OB, Boschi Pinto C, Lopez AD. Age Standardization of Rates: A New WHO Standard. GPE Discuss Paper Series No. 31. World Health Organization; 2001:10-12.Accessed November 19, 2024. https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/gho-documents\/global-health-estimates\/gpe_discussion_paper_series_paper31_2001_age_standardization_rates.pdf"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"ggplot2. Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"Wickham H","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wickham H. ggplot2. Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer International Publishing; 2016."},{"key":"b27","article-title":"PBC. tidyr: Tidy Messy Data. R-project.org","author":"Wickham H","unstructured":"Wickham H, Vaughan D, Girlich M, Ushey K, Software P.  PBC. tidyr: Tidy Messy Data. R-project.org. Published online January 24, 2024. Accessed November 19, 2024. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/tidyr\/index.html"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Spatial Data Science: With Applications in R","author":"Pebesma E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pebesma E, Bivand R. Spatial Data Science: With Applications in R. Chapman and Hall\/CRC; 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"b29","series-title":"R J","first-page":"439","article-title":"Simple features for R: standardized support for spatial vector data","volume":"10","author":"Pebesma E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pebesma E. Simple features for R: standardized support for spatial vector data. R J. 2018;10(1):439\u2013446."},{"key":"b30","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e801","article-title":"Congenital pediatric hydrocephalus in the Brazilian public health system: the reality of a middle-income country in the past 13 years","volume":"181","author":"de Mac\u00eado Filho LJM","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Mac\u00eado Filho LJM, Mansouri A, Otamendi-Lopez A,  Congenital pediatric hydrocephalus in the Brazilian public health system: the reality of a middle-income country in the past 13 years. World Neurosurg. 2024;181:e801\u2013e808."},{"issue":"4","key":"b31","series-title":"Article in Spanish. Biomedica","first-page":"556","article-title":"Prevalence of birth defects in Risaralda, 2010-2013","volume":"36","author":"Porras-Hurtado GL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Porras-Hurtado GL, Le\u00f3n-Casta\u00f1eda OM, Molano-Hurtado J, Quiceno SL, Pachajoa H, Montoya JJ. Prevalence of birth defects in Risaralda, 2010-2013. Article in Spanish. Biomedica. 2016;36(4):556\u2013563."},{"issue":"6","key":"b32","series-title":"Rev Chil Obstet Ginecol","first-page":"442","article-title":"Defectos cong\u00e9nitos en un hospital de tercer nivel en Cali, Colombia","volume":"80","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Cheyne J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Cheyne J, Pachajoa H, Ariza Y, Isaza C, Saldarriaga W. Defectos cong\u00e9nitos en un hospital de tercer nivel en Cali, Colombia. Rev Chil Obstet Ginecol. 2015;80(6):442\u2013449."},{"issue":"3","key":"b33","series-title":"J Child Neurol","first-page":"309","article-title":"Two hundred thirty-six children with developmental hydrocephalus: causes and clinical consequences","volume":"31","author":"Tully HM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tully HM, Ishak GE, Rue TC,  Two hundred thirty-six children with developmental hydrocephalus: causes and clinical consequences. J Child Neurol. 2016;31(3):309\u2013320."},{"issue":"3","key":"b34","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"577","article-title":"Surgical intervention for hydrocephalus in infancy; etiology, age and treatment data in a Dutch cohort","volume":"36","author":"Holwerda JC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Holwerda JC, van Lindert EJ, Buis DR, Hoving EW. Surgical intervention for hydrocephalus in infancy; etiology, age and treatment data in a Dutch cohort. Childs Nerv Syst. 2020;36(3):577\u2013582."},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Rev Univ Ind Santander Salud","first-page":"54","article-title":"Modelo de monitoreo de comportamientos inusuales o conglomerados de defectos cong\u00e9nitos en el nivel departamental, distrital y municipal, Colombia, 2018","author":"\u00c1vila-Mellizo GA","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u00c1vila-Mellizo GA, Rozo-Guti\u00e9rrez N, Forero-Motta D, \u00c1vila-Mellizo GA, Rozo-Guti\u00e9rrez N, Forero-Motta D. Modelo de monitoreo de comportamientos inusuales o conglomerados de defectos cong\u00e9nitos en el nivel departamental, distrital y municipal, Colombia, 2018.Rev Univ Ind Santander Salud. 2022;54."},{"issue":"1","key":"b36","series-title":"MedUNAB","first-page":"51","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis cong\u00e9nita, una mirada en la actualidad del tratamiento; revisi\u00f3n de la literatura","volume":"22","author":"Rueda-Paez YS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rueda-Paez YS, Valbuena-Ruiz L, Quintero-Pimiento N, Pinilla-Plata A, Sayago-Silva J. Toxoplasmosis cong\u00e9nita, una mirada en la actualidad del tratamiento; revisi\u00f3n de la literatura. MedUNAB. 2019;22(1):51\u201363."},{"key":"b37","article-title":"Cuentas nacionales departamentales: PIB por departamento","unstructured":"Cuentas nacionales departamentales: PIB por departamento. DANE. Accessed November 19, 2024. https:\/\/www.dane.gov.co\/index.php\/estadisticas-por-tema\/cuentas-nacionales\/cuentas-nacionales-departamentales"},{"issue":"5","key":"b38","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e699","article-title":"Use of the six core surgical indicators from the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery in Colombia: a situational analysis","volume":"8","author":"Hanna JS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hanna JS, Herrera-Almario GE, Pinilla-Roncancio M,  Use of the six core surgical indicators from the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery in Colombia: a situational analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(5):e699\u2013e710."},{"issue":"4","key":"b39","series-title":"Enfermedades Infecc Microbiol","first-page":"104","article-title":"Tuberculosis en comunidades ind\u00edgenas del Choc\u00f3, Colombia. An\u00e1lisis epidemiol\u00f3gico y perspectivas para disminuir su incidencia","volume":"38","author":"Villegas Salazar T","year":"2018","unstructured":"Villegas Salazar T, Vel\u00e1squez Tegaisa L, Hern\u00e1ndez Sarmiento JM. Tuberculosis en comunidades ind\u00edgenas del Choc\u00f3, Colombia. An\u00e1lisis epidemiol\u00f3gico y perspectivas para disminuir su incidencia. Enfermedades Infecc Microbiol. 2018;38(4):104\u2013114."},{"issue":"8","key":"b40","series-title":"Neoreviews","first-page":"e467","article-title":"Neonatal hydrocephalus","volume":"19","author":"Flanders TM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Flanders TM, Billinghurst L, Flibotte J, Heuer GG. Neonatal hydrocephalus. Neoreviews. 2018;19(8):e467\u2013e477."},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Prevalencia de infecci\u00f3n por Toxoplasma gondii en mujeres embarazadas, en Valledupar, Cesar a\u00f1o 2007","article-title":"Thesis. Universidad del Magdalena en convenio con la Universidad Nacional de Colombia","author":"Torres JJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Torres JJ. Prevalencia de infecci\u00f3n por Toxoplasma gondii en mujeres embarazadas, en Valledupar, Cesar a\u00f1o 2007. Thesis. Universidad del Magdalena en convenio con la Universidad Nacional de Colombia; 2007. Accessed November 19, 2024. https:\/\/repositorio.unal.edu.co\/handle\/unal\/2413"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Boletines Poblacionales: Poblaci\u00f3n Ind\u00edgena. Oficina de Promoci\u00f3n Social","author":"Cubillos \u00c1lzate J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cubillos \u00c1lzate J, Matamoros C\u00e1rdenas M, Perea Caro S. Boletines Poblacionales: Poblaci\u00f3n Ind\u00edgena. Oficina de Promoci\u00f3n Social. Ministerio de Salud y Protecci\u00f3n Social; 2020.Accessed November 19, 2024. https:\/\/www.minsalud.gov.co\/sites\/rid\/Lists\/BibliotecaDigital\/RIDE\/DE\/PS\/boletines-poblacionales-poblacion-indigena.pdf"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/35\/4\/article-p353.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/35\/4\/article-p353.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/35\/4\/article-p353.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T13:46:30Z","timestamp":1772804790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/35\/4\/article-p353.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2024.10.peds24185","relation":{},"ISSN":["1933-0707","1933-0715"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1933-0707","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0715","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}}}