{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T21:14:45Z","timestamp":1784841285375,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spinal cord cavernous malformations (SCCMs) are rare vascular malformations with a capricious prognosis. Given the eloquent nature of the spinal cord, considerable surgical morbidity may be encountered. Therefore, conservative management has emerged as a valid alternative, especially for incidental lesions diagnosed on ubiquitous imaging. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of surgical versus conservative management of SCCMs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following PRISMA guidelines, this study included articles published in full-text form comparing the outcomes following conservative and surgical management of SCCMs. Collected variables included the total number of patients, spine level, resection, myelotomy, follow-up duration, bleeding, motor weakness, pain, bladder and\/or bowel dysfunction, and neurological improvement or deterioration after discharge. The primary outcome of interest was long-term functional outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eleven articles comprising 515 patients were included, of whom 343 (66.6%) underwent resection and 172 (33.4%) were managed conservatively. Patients who underwent surgery were more likely to have preoperative motor deficits, hemorrhagic episodes, and bladder and\/or bowel dysfunction, indicating increased disease severity. Resection was associated with significantly improved long-term functional outcomes (OR 3.27, 95% CI 1.72\u20136.24) compared with conservative management. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding odds of long-term clinical deterioration (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.35\u20133.03). However, the risk of hemorrhagic episodes during follow-up was higher in the conservative group (17.3%) compared with the surgical group (1.69%). The odds of hemorrhage during follow-up were lower in the surgical group, although not statistically significant (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.05\u20131.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights that while surgical management of SCCMs is associated with better long-term functional outcomes and reduced risk of recurrent hemorrhage, treatment decisions must be carefully tailored to the individual patient, particularly given the potential risks associated with surgery. Conservative management, although less invasive, carries a nonnegligible risk of hemorrhage during follow-up, warranting close monitoring. These findings parallel management strategies used for brainstem cavernomas, for which surgery is reserved for cases with low surgical risk and worsening neurological symptoms. However, the limitations of current data, including selection bias and heterogeneity in reporting, emphasize the need for a multi-institutional registry to better define the natural history of SCCMs and inform future management strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.10.spine24432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T20:57:40Z","timestamp":1738357060000},"page":"509-519","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Surgical versus conservative management of spinal cord cavernous malformations: a systematic review and comparative meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"Rios-Zermeno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Karim","family":"Ghaith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-Informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Navarro-Garcia de Llano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor Gabriel","family":"El-Hajj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Uppland, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar R.","family":"Ortega-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anshit","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishnan","family":"Ravindran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeyan S.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsy N.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Bydon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabih G.","family":"Tawk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"b1","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"1294","article-title":"Familial cerebral cavernous malformations","volume":"50","author":"Zafar A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zafar A, Quadri SA, Farooqui M,  Familial cerebral cavernous malformations. Stroke. 2019;50(5):1294\u20131301."},{"issue":"6","key":"b2","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E24","article-title":"The natural history of intracranial cavernous malformations","volume":"30","author":"Gross BA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gross BA, Lin N, Du R, Day AL. The natural history of intracranial cavernous malformations. Neurosurg Focus. 2011;30(6):E24."},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"31","article-title":"Cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord","volume":"68","author":"Cosgrove GR","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cosgrove GR, Bertrand G, Fontaine S, Robitaille Y, Melanson D. Cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord. J Neurosurg. 1988;68(1):31\u201336."},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Handb Clin Neurol","first-page":"303","article-title":"Spinal cavernous malformations","volume":"143","author":"Clark AJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Clark AJ, Wang DD, Lawton MT. Spinal cavernous malformations. Handb Clin Neurol. 2017;143:303\u2013308."},{"issue":"4","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"662","article-title":"Surgical outcomes and natural history of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: a single-center series and meta-analysis of individual patient data","volume":"21","author":"Badhiwala JH","year":"2014","unstructured":"Badhiwala JH, Farrokhyar F, Alhazzani W,  Surgical outcomes and natural history of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: a single-center series and meta-analysis of individual patient data. J Neurosurg Spine. 2014;21(4):662\u2013676."},{"issue":"2","key":"b6","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"219","article-title":"Intramedullary cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord: clinical presentation, pathological features, and surgical management","volume":"31","author":"Ogilvy CS","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ogilvy CS, Louis DN, Ojemann RG. 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