{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:52:54Z","timestamp":1792515174670,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current treatment options for posttraumatic syringomyelia (PTS) lack clear standardization and often result in common complications. This study aims to introduce a novel minimally invasive technique for a modified subarachnoid\u2212subarachnoid (S\u2212S) bypass procedure for PTS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included 20 consecutive patients with symptomatic PTS who underwent the modified S\u2212S bypass. The surgical technique of modified S\u2212S bypass involved two-laminae fenestration based on preoperative MRI and myelography results showing normal subarachnoid space above and below the injury site. A passer was used to create a subcutaneous tunnel, and two medical-grade silicone tubes were inserted into the normal subarachnoid space at the cranial and caudal ends. Bypass tubes were placed in the subcutaneous tunnel, and dural closure was achieved using 6-0 nonabsorbable sutures. The mean follow-up period was 14.9 (range 12\u221218) months, with neurological function assessed using a standard grading system and MRI used to evaluate the change in syrinx size.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventeen patients demonstrated clinical improvement, while 3 remained stable. The mean preoperative syrinx length on MRI was 16.9 spinal levels, with a mean Syringomyelia Tension Index (STI) of 58.1%. The postoperative mean STI was 28.4%, significantly lower than preoperative values (p &lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Modified S\u2212S bypass, which can be performed without myelotomy and without the bypass tubes interfering with the adhesion, was not only a safe and effective surgical technique, but may also be a physiologically better way of treating PTS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.10.spine24987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T21:04:45Z","timestamp":1740171885000},"page":"641-649","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A novel minimally invasive surgical technique for posttraumatic syringomyelia: subarachnoid\u2212subarachnoid bypass"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Chenghua","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing;"},{"name":"Spine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing;"},{"name":"Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing;"},{"name":"National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing;"},{"name":"Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiachen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuro-oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing;"},{"name":"Spine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing;"},{"name":"Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing;"},{"name":"National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing;"},{"name":"Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing;"},{"name":"Spine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing;"},{"name":"Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing;"},{"name":"National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing;"},{"name":"Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengzeng","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing;"},{"name":"Spine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing;"},{"name":"Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing;"},{"name":"National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing;"},{"name":"Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing;"},{"name":"Spine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing;"},{"name":"Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing;"},{"name":"National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing;"},{"name":"Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"21 Suppl","key":"b1","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"S245","article-title":"Surgical management of post-traumatic syringomyelia","volume":"35","author":"Bonfield CM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bonfield CM, Levi AD, Arnold PM, Okonkwo DO. Surgical management of post-traumatic syringomyelia. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010;35(21 Suppl):S245\u2013S258."},{"issue":"6","key":"b2","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E62","article-title":"Long-term impairment of the blood-spinal cord barrier in patients with post-traumatic syringomyelia and its effect on prognosis","volume":"49","author":"Yuan C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuan C, Xia P, Duan W,  Long-term impairment of the blood-spinal cord barrier in patients with post-traumatic syringomyelia and its effect on prognosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2024;49(6):E62\u2013E71."},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"212","article-title":"Role of preoperative albumin quotient in surgical planning for posttraumatic syringomyelia: a comparative cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Xia P","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xia P, Lv H, Yuan C,  Role of preoperative albumin quotient in surgical planning for posttraumatic syringomyelia: a comparative cohort study. Neurospine. 2024;21(1):212\u2013222."},{"issue":"1","key":"b4","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","first-page":"81","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics in Chiari I malformation and syringomyelia: modeling pathophysiology","volume":"34","author":"Heiss JD","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heiss JD. Cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics in Chiari I malformation and syringomyelia: modeling pathophysiology. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2023;34(1):81\u201390."},{"issue":"2","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"233","article-title":"Treatment of syringomyelia associated with arachnoid scarring caused by arachnoiditis or trauma","volume":"86","author":"Klekamp J","year":"1997","unstructured":"Klekamp J, Batzdorf U, Samii M, Bothe HW. Treatment of syringomyelia associated with arachnoid scarring caused by arachnoiditis or trauma. J Neurosurg. 1997;86(2):233\u2013240."},{"issue":"2","key":"b6","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"457","article-title":"Origin of syrinx fluid in syringomyelia: a physiological study","volume":"84","author":"Heiss JD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heiss JD, Jarvis K, Smith RK,  Origin of syrinx fluid in syringomyelia: a physiological study. Neurosurgery. 2019;84(2):457\u2013468."},{"issue":"4","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"535","article-title":"Syrinx shunts for syringomyelia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of syringosubarachnoid, syringoperitoneal, and syringopleural shunting","volume":"35","author":"Rothrock RJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rothrock RJ, Lu VM, Levi AD. Syrinx shunts for syringomyelia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of syringosubarachnoid, syringoperitoneal, and syringopleural shunting. J Neurosurg Spine. 2021;35(4):535\u2013545."},{"issue":"2","key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"174","article-title":"Cordectomy for the treatment of posttraumatic syringomyelia. Report of four cases and review of the literature","volume":"4","author":"Laxton AW","year":"2006","unstructured":"Laxton AW, Perrin RG. Cordectomy for the treatment of posttraumatic syringomyelia. Report of four cases and review of the literature. 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Cytotherapy. 2018;20(6):796\u2013805."},{"issue":"4","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"382","article-title":"Subarachnoid-subarachnoid bypass: a new surgical technique for posttraumatic syringomyelia","volume":"18","author":"Hayashi T","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hayashi T, Ueta T, Kubo M, Maeda T, Shiba K. Subarachnoid-subarachnoid bypass: a new surgical technique for posttraumatic syringomyelia. J Neurosurg Spine. 2013;18(4):382\u2013387."},{"issue":"5","key":"b12","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"817","article-title":"Subarachnoid-subarachnoid bypass for spinal adhesive arachnoiditis","volume":"21","author":"Tachibana T","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tachibana T, Moriyama T, Maruo K, Inoue S, Arizumi F, Yoshiya S. Subarachnoid-subarachnoid bypass for spinal adhesive arachnoiditis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2014;21(5):817\u2013820."},{"issue":"4","key":"b13","series-title":"Turk Neurosurg","first-page":"618","article-title":"Posttraumatic syringomyelia: a technical note","volume":"24","author":"Ozer AF","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ozer AF, Marandi HJ, Sasani M, Oktenoglu T, Suzer T. Posttraumatic syringomyelia: a technical note. Turk Neurosurg. 2014;24(4):618\u2013622."},{"issue":"2","key":"b14","series-title":"Clin Spine Surg","first-page":"58","article-title":"Microscope and fiberscope-assisted subarachnoid-subarachnoid (S-S) bypass: a novel surgical technique to reestablish cerebrospinal fluid flow in treating dorsal spinal arachnoid webs, diagnosed by cine-MRI","volume":"31","author":"Fujiwara Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fujiwara Y, Manabe H, Izumi B, Shima T, Adachi N. Microscope and fiberscope-assisted subarachnoid-subarachnoid (S-S) bypass: a novel surgical technique to reestablish cerebrospinal fluid flow in treating dorsal spinal arachnoid webs, diagnosed by cine-MRI. Clin Spine Surg. 2018;31(2):58\u201364."},{"issue":"3","key":"b15","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"179","article-title":"The value of postural reduction in the initial management of closed injuries of the spine with paraplegia and tetraplegia. I","volume":"7","author":"Frankel HL","year":"1969","unstructured":"Frankel HL, Hancock DO, Hyslop G,  The value of postural reduction in the initial management of closed injuries of the spine with paraplegia and tetraplegia. I. 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J Spinal Cord Med. 2022;45(1):155\u2013159."},{"issue":"6","key":"b22","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"602","article-title":"Aquaporin-4 expression and blood-spinal cord barrier permeability in canalicular syringomyelia","volume":"17","author":"Hemley SJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hemley SJ, Bilston LE, Cheng S, Stoodley MA. Aquaporin-4 expression and blood-spinal cord barrier permeability in canalicular syringomyelia. J Neurosurg Spine. 2012;17(6):602\u2013612."},{"issue":"2","key":"b23","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"325","article-title":"Flexible thecoscopy for extensive spinal arachnoiditis","volume":"36","author":"Mastorakos P","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mastorakos P, Pomeraniec IJ, Bryant JP, Chittiboina P, Heiss JD. Flexible thecoscopy for extensive spinal arachnoiditis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2021;36(2):325\u2013335."},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Exp Neurol","first-page":"114430","article-title":"Impairment of Connexin 43 may initiate cilia decline in syringomyelia","volume":"365","author":"Wang X","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang X, Jiang C, Lu C,  Impairment of Connexin 43 may initiate cilia decline in syringomyelia. Exp Neurol. 2023;365:114430."},{"issue":"3","key":"b25","series-title":"Trends Mol Med","first-page":"285","article-title":"Glymphatic system impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"26","author":"Reeves BC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reeves BC, Karimy JK, Kundishora AJ,  Glymphatic system impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. 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In press."},{"issue":"21 Suppl","key":"b1","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"S245","article-title":"Surgical management of post-traumatic syringomyelia","volume":"35","author":"Bonfield CM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bonfield CM, Levi AD, Arnold PM, Okonkwo DO. Surgical management of post-traumatic syringomyelia. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010;35(21 Suppl):S245\u2013S258."},{"issue":"6","key":"b2","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E62","article-title":"Long-term impairment of the blood-spinal cord barrier in patients with post-traumatic syringomyelia and its effect on prognosis","volume":"49","author":"Yuan C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuan C, Xia P, Duan W,  Long-term impairment of the blood-spinal cord barrier in patients with post-traumatic syringomyelia and its effect on prognosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2024;49(6):E62\u2013E71."},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"212","article-title":"Role of preoperative albumin quotient in surgical planning for posttraumatic syringomyelia: a comparative cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Xia P","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xia P, Lv H, Yuan C,  Role of preoperative albumin quotient in surgical planning for posttraumatic syringomyelia: a comparative cohort study. Neurospine. 2024;21(1):212\u2013222."},{"issue":"1","key":"b4","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","first-page":"81","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics in Chiari I malformation and syringomyelia: modeling pathophysiology","volume":"34","author":"Heiss JD","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heiss JD. Cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics in Chiari I malformation and syringomyelia: modeling pathophysiology. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2023;34(1):81\u201390."},{"issue":"2","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"233","article-title":"Treatment of syringomyelia associated with arachnoid scarring caused by arachnoiditis or trauma","volume":"86","author":"Klekamp J","year":"1997","unstructured":"Klekamp J, Batzdorf U, Samii M, Bothe HW. Treatment of syringomyelia associated with arachnoid scarring caused by arachnoiditis or trauma. J Neurosurg. 1997;86(2):233\u2013240."},{"issue":"2","key":"b6","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"457","article-title":"Origin of syrinx fluid in syringomyelia: a physiological study","volume":"84","author":"Heiss JD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heiss JD, Jarvis K, Smith RK,  Origin of syrinx fluid in syringomyelia: a physiological study. Neurosurgery. 2019;84(2):457\u2013468."},{"issue":"4","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"535","article-title":"Syrinx shunts for syringomyelia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of syringosubarachnoid, syringoperitoneal, and syringopleural shunting","volume":"35","author":"Rothrock RJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rothrock RJ, Lu VM, Levi AD. Syrinx shunts for syringomyelia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of syringosubarachnoid, syringoperitoneal, and syringopleural shunting. J Neurosurg Spine. 2021;35(4):535\u2013545."},{"issue":"2","key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"174","article-title":"Cordectomy for the treatment of posttraumatic syringomyelia. Report of four cases and review of the literature","volume":"4","author":"Laxton AW","year":"2006","unstructured":"Laxton AW, Perrin RG. Cordectomy for the treatment of posttraumatic syringomyelia. Report of four cases and review of the literature. J Neurosurg Spine. 2006;4(2):174\u2013178."},{"issue":"4","key":"b9","series-title":"Tissue Eng Regen Med","first-page":"625","article-title":"Treatment of syringomyelia characterized by focal dilatation of the central canal using mesenchymal stem cells and neural stem cells","volume":"21","author":"Li M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li M, Wang X, Qi B,  Treatment of syringomyelia characterized by focal dilatation of the central canal using mesenchymal stem cells and neural stem cells. Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2024;21(4):625\u2013639."},{"issue":"6","key":"b10","series-title":"Cytotherapy","first-page":"796","article-title":"Cell therapy with autologous mesenchymal stromal cells in post-traumatic syringomyelia","volume":"20","author":"Vaquero J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vaquero J, Zurita M, Rico MA,  Cell therapy with autologous mesenchymal stromal cells in post-traumatic syringomyelia. Cytotherapy. 2018;20(6):796\u2013805."},{"issue":"4","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"382","article-title":"Subarachnoid-subarachnoid bypass: a new surgical technique for posttraumatic syringomyelia","volume":"18","author":"Hayashi T","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hayashi T, Ueta T, Kubo M, Maeda T, Shiba K. Subarachnoid-subarachnoid bypass: a new surgical technique for posttraumatic syringomyelia. J Neurosurg Spine. 2013;18(4):382\u2013387."},{"issue":"5","key":"b12","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"817","article-title":"Subarachnoid-subarachnoid bypass for spinal adhesive arachnoiditis","volume":"21","author":"Tachibana T","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tachibana T, Moriyama T, Maruo K, Inoue S, Arizumi F, Yoshiya S. Subarachnoid-subarachnoid bypass for spinal adhesive arachnoiditis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2014;21(5):817\u2013820."},{"issue":"4","key":"b13","series-title":"Turk Neurosurg","first-page":"618","article-title":"Posttraumatic syringomyelia: a technical note","volume":"24","author":"Ozer AF","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ozer AF, Marandi HJ, Sasani M, Oktenoglu T, Suzer T. Posttraumatic syringomyelia: a technical note. Turk Neurosurg. 2014;24(4):618\u2013622."},{"issue":"2","key":"b14","series-title":"Clin Spine Surg","first-page":"58","article-title":"Microscope and fiberscope-assisted subarachnoid-subarachnoid (S-S) bypass: a novel surgical technique to reestablish cerebrospinal fluid flow in treating dorsal spinal arachnoid webs, diagnosed by cine-MRI","volume":"31","author":"Fujiwara Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fujiwara Y, Manabe H, Izumi B, Shima T, Adachi N. Microscope and fiberscope-assisted subarachnoid-subarachnoid (S-S) bypass: a novel surgical technique to reestablish cerebrospinal fluid flow in treating dorsal spinal arachnoid webs, diagnosed by cine-MRI. Clin Spine Surg. 2018;31(2):58\u201364."},{"issue":"3","key":"b15","series-title":"Paraplegia","first-page":"179","article-title":"The value of postural reduction in the initial management of closed injuries of the spine with paraplegia and tetraplegia. I","volume":"7","author":"Frankel HL","year":"1969","unstructured":"Frankel HL, Hancock DO, Hyslop G,  The value of postural reduction in the initial management of closed injuries of the spine with paraplegia and tetraplegia. I. Paraplegia. 1969;7(3):179\u2013192."},{"issue":"6","key":"b16","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"535","article-title":"International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury (revised 2011)","volume":"34","author":"Kirshblum SC","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kirshblum SC, Burns SP, Biering-Sorensen F,  International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury (revised 2011). J Spinal Cord Med. 2011;34(6):535\u2013546."},{"issue":"7","key":"b17","series-title":"J Neurol","first-page":"455","article-title":"Plasticity of the spinal cord contributes to neurological improvement after treatment by cervical decompression. A magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"244","author":"Baba H","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baba H, Maezawa Y, Uchida K, Furusawa N, Wada M, Imura S. Plasticity of the spinal cord contributes to neurological improvement after treatment by cervical decompression. A magnetic resonance imaging study. 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