{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:45:53Z","timestamp":1792176353533,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to review a series of patients who underwent open cranial surgeries to evaluate the incidence of iatrogenic incisional CSF leaks and discuss its prevention and management. The authors also discuss the utility of the \"folding technique\" used in duraplasty as an alternative to conventional dural reconstruction techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All patients undergoing open cranial surgery were reviewed, and those with incisional CSF leak were included in this study. CSF leakage was managed using either conservative nonsurgical methods or surgical interventions. When the conservative nonsurgical methods failed to curb the leak, surgical procedures such as lumbar external drainage (LED) using lumbar subarachnoid drainage, external ventricular drainage (EVD), a lumboperitoneal or ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS), and reexploration of the surgical site were considered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 2019 and 2024, 2149 patients underwent open cranial surgeries at our hospital for any cranial pathology; 39 (1.8%) of these patients experienced postoperative incisional CSF leakage. The majority of the pathologies requiring surgeries were located in the supratentorial region (76.9%). Patients were classified according to the type of dural closure technique used. Primary stitching, the patient\u2019s fascia, or synthetic dura (resorbable, nonresorbable, or both) were used for dural reconstruction. The median interval between the surgery and the start of the leakage was 19 (IQR 1\u201379) days in patients with no history of radiotherapy; however, this duration was longer in patients who received radiotherapy (median 45 [IQR 10\u2013540] days). The surgical interventions for CSF leakage were classified as wound resuturing (combined with other conservative approaches such as tightened dressing and elevating the head end of the bed), LED or EVD, or surgical reexploration. The folding technique in duraplasty is a simple way to achieve watertight duraplasty even with autograft or synthetic material.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incisional CSF leakage is a potentially preventable complication with high morbidity. Such cases could be managed via conservative approaches including wound resuturing, LED or EVD, and surgical reexploration. However, the management strategy is beyond any strict algorithm. This folding technique for duraplasty is a worthy replacement for conventional primary suturing for dural repair or reconstruction in cranial and even spinal defects. This study highlights the importance of regaining the watertight nature of the dura in the primary surgery to prevent any further intervention and lower the overall morbidity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.11.focus24661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T06:53:10Z","timestamp":1738392790000},"page":"E7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Management of incisional cerebrospinal fluid leak in open cranial surgeries and the \"folding technique\" in duraplasty"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Eyup","family":"Bayatli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onur","family":"Ozgural","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Engin","family":"Erdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00dcmit","family":"Karadagoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gokmen","family":"Kahilogullari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan Caglar","family":"Ugur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hakan","family":"Tuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayhan","family":"Attar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agahan","family":"Unlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y. Sukru","family":"Caglar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ihsan","family":"Dogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"b1","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"826","article-title":"Endoscopic closure of CSF rhinorrhea: 193 cases over 21 years","volume":"140","author":"Banks CA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Banks CA, Palmer JN, Chiu AG, O\u2019Malley BW Jr, Woodworth BA, Kennedy DW. Endoscopic closure of CSF rhinorrhea: 193 cases over 21 years. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;140(6):826\u2013833."},{"issue":"1","key":"b2","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"64","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid leakage complicating skull base fractures: analysis of 81 cases","volume":"29","author":"Yilmazlar S","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yilmazlar S, Arslan E, Kocaeli H,  Cerebrospinal fluid leakage complicating skull base fractures: analysis of 81 cases. Neurosurg Rev. 2006;29(1):64\u201371."},{"issue":"2","key":"b3","series-title":"J Ankara Univ Fac Med","first-page":"164","article-title":"The utility of folding technique in duraplasty","volume":"77","author":"Bayatl\u0131 E","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bayatl\u0131 E, Aktan ES, Ate\u015f FS\u00d6, \u00d6zg\u00fcral O, Do\u011fan \u0130, U\u011fur H\u00c7. The utility of folding technique in duraplasty. J Ankara Univ Fac Med. 2024;77(2):164\u2013168."},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","first-page":"171","article-title":"Two alternative dural sealing techniques in posterior fossa surgery: (Polylactide-co-glycolide) self-adhesive resorbable membrane versus polyethylene glycol hydrogel","volume":"5","author":"Schiariti M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schiariti M, Acerbi F, Broggi M,  Two alternative dural sealing techniques in posterior fossa surgery: (Polylactide-co-glycolide) self-adhesive resorbable membrane versus polyethylene glycol hydrogel. Surg Neurol Int. 2014;5:171."},{"issue":"6","key":"b5","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"490","article-title":"Costs of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage: 1-year, retrospective analysis of 412 consecutive nontrauma cases","volume":"64","author":"Grotenhuis JA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grotenhuis JA. Costs of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage: 1-year, retrospective analysis of 412 consecutive nontrauma cases. Surg Neurol. 2005;64(6):490\u2013494."},{"issue":"1","key":"b6","series-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am","first-page":"119","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid diversion in endoscopic skull base reconstruction: an evidence-based approach to the use of lumbar drains","volume":"49","author":"Tien DA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tien DA, Stokken JK, Recinos PF, Woodard TD, Sindwani R. Cerebrospinal fluid diversion in endoscopic skull base reconstruction: an evidence-based approach to the use of lumbar drains. 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Surg Neurol. 2009;72(4):369\u2013375."},{"key":"b9","series-title":"BioMed Res Int","first-page":"315952","article-title":"Complications of microsurgery of vestibular schwannoma","volume":"2014","author":"Betka J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Betka J, Zv\u011b\u0159ina E, Balogov\u00e1 Z,  Complications of microsurgery of vestibular schwannoma. BioMed Res Int. 2014; 2014:315952."},{"issue":"8","key":"b10","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"634","article-title":"Delayed cerebrospinal fluid leak after watertight dural closure with a polyethylene glycol hydrogel dural sealant in posterior fossa surgery: case report","volume":"54","author":"Jito J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jito J, Nitta N, Nozaki K. Delayed cerebrospinal fluid leak after watertight dural closure with a polyethylene glycol hydrogel dural sealant in posterior fossa surgery: case report. 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J Trauma. 1966;6(5):618\u2013622."},{"issue":"4","key":"b13","series-title":"Otol Neurotol","first-page":"580","article-title":"Management options for cerebrospinal fluid leak after vestibular schwannoma surgery and introduction of an innovative treatment","volume":"25","author":"Selesnick SH","year":"2004","unstructured":"Selesnick SH, Liu JC, Jen A, Carew JF. Management options for cerebrospinal fluid leak after vestibular schwannoma surgery and introduction of an innovative treatment. Otol Neurotol. 2004;25(4):580\u2013586."},{"issue":"3","key":"b14","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"101","article-title":"Effect of cerebrospinal fluid leakage on wound healing in flap surgery: histological evaluation","volume":"40","author":"Babuccu O","year":"2004","unstructured":"Babuccu O, Kalayci M, Peksoy I, Kargi E, Cagavi F, Numano\u011flu G. Effect of cerebrospinal fluid leakage on wound healing in flap surgery: histological evaluation. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2004;40(3):101\u2013106."},{"issue":"9","key":"b15","series-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol","first-page":"718","article-title":"Acetazolamide for high intracranial pressure cerebrospinal fluid leaks","volume":"3","author":"Chaaban MR","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chaaban MR, Illing E, Riley KO, Woodworth BA. Acetazolamide for high intracranial pressure cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2013;3(9):718\u2013721."},{"issue":"7","key":"b16","series-title":"Acta Med Iran","first-page":"467","article-title":"Analysing the effect of early acetazolamide administration on patients with a high risk of permanent cerebrospinal fluid leakage","volume":"51","author":"Abrishamkar S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abrishamkar S, Khalighinejad N, Moein P. Analysing the effect of early acetazolamide administration on patients with a high risk of permanent cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Acta Med Iran. 2013;51(7):467\u2013471."},{"issue":"6","key":"b17","series-title":"ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec","first-page":"329","article-title":"Management of cerebrospinal fluid leak following retrosigmoid posterior cranial fossa surgery","volume":"71","author":"Bayazit YA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bayazit YA, Celenk F, Duzlu M, Goksu N. Management of cerebrospinal fluid leak following retrosigmoid posterior cranial fossa surgery. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2009;71(6):329\u2013333."},{"issue":"8","key":"b18","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"1002","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid drainage in the management of CSF leak following acoustic neuroma surgery","volume":"106","author":"Fishman AJ","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fishman AJ, Hoffman RA, Roland JT Jr, Lebowitz RA, Cohen NL. Cerebrospinal fluid drainage in the management of CSF leak following acoustic neuroma surgery. Laryngoscope. 1996;106(8):1002\u20131004."},{"issue":"6","key":"b19","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"559","article-title":"Severe craniofacial fractures with frontobasal involvement and cerebrospinal fluid fistula: indications for surgical repair","volume":"63","author":"Rocchi G","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rocchi G, Caroli E, Belli E, Salvati M, Cimatti M, Delfini R. Severe craniofacial fractures with frontobasal involvement and cerebrospinal fluid fistula: indications for surgical repair. Surg Neurol. 2005;63(6):559\u2013564."},{"issue":"5","key":"b20","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"381","article-title":"Acute traumatic CSF fistulae: the risk of intracranial infection","volume":"4","author":"Eljamel MS","year":"1990","unstructured":"Eljamel MS, Foy PM. Acute traumatic CSF fistulae: the risk of intracranial infection. Br J Neurosurg. 1990;4(5):381\u2013385."},{"issue":"8","key":"b21","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD004884","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing meningitis in patients with basilar skull fractures","author":"Ratilal BO","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ratilal BO, Costa J, Sampaio C, Pappamikail L. Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing meningitis in patients with basilar skull fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(8):CD004884."},{"issue":"2","key":"b22","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"139","article-title":"Intraoperative management to prevent cerebrospinal fluid leakage after microvascular decompression: dural closure with a \"plugging muscle\" method","volume":"30","author":"Park JS","year":"2007","unstructured":"Park JS, Kong DS, Lee JA, Park K. Intraoperative management to prevent cerebrospinal fluid leakage after microvascular decompression: dural closure with a \"plugging muscle\" method. Neurosurg Rev. 2007;30(2):139\u2013142."},{"issue":"1)(suppl 1","key":"b23","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"ONS182","article-title":"Polyethylene glycol hydrogel dural sealant may reduce incisional cerebrospinal fluid leak after posterior fossa surgery","volume":"63","author":"Than KD","year":"2008","unstructured":"Than KD, Baird CJ, Olivi A. Polyethylene glycol hydrogel dural sealant may reduce incisional cerebrospinal fluid leak after posterior fossa surgery. Neurosurgery. 2008;63(1)(suppl 1):ONS182\u2013ONS187."},{"issue":"2","key":"b24","series-title":"J Ankara Univ Fac Med","first-page":"137","article-title":"\"Inner flap\" method in the reconstruction of posterior fossa dura: surgical technique and single center clinical experience","volume":"69","author":"Dogan I","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dogan I. \"Inner flap\" method in the reconstruction of posterior fossa dura: surgical technique and single center clinical experience. J Ankara Univ Fac Med. 2016;69(2):137\u2013140."},{"issue":"6","key":"b25","series-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg","first-page":"369","article-title":"Clinical application of artificial dura mater to avoid cerebrospinal fluid leaks after microvascular decompression surgery","volume":"48","author":"Li N","year":"2005","unstructured":"Li N, Zhao WG, Pu CH, Shen JK. Clinical application of artificial dura mater to avoid cerebrospinal fluid leaks after microvascular decompression surgery. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2005;48(6):369\u2013372."},{"issue":"6","key":"b1","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"826","article-title":"Endoscopic closure of CSF rhinorrhea: 193 cases over 21 years","volume":"140","author":"Banks CA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Banks CA, Palmer JN, Chiu AG, O\u2019Malley BW Jr, Woodworth BA, Kennedy DW. Endoscopic closure of CSF rhinorrhea: 193 cases over 21 years. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;140(6):826\u2013833."},{"issue":"1","key":"b2","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"64","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid leakage complicating skull base fractures: analysis of 81 cases","volume":"29","author":"Yilmazlar S","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yilmazlar S, Arslan E, Kocaeli H,  Cerebrospinal fluid leakage complicating skull base fractures: analysis of 81 cases. Neurosurg Rev. 2006;29(1):64\u201371."},{"issue":"2","key":"b3","series-title":"J Ankara Univ Fac Med","first-page":"164","article-title":"The utility of folding technique in duraplasty","volume":"77","author":"Bayatl\u0131 E","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bayatl\u0131 E, Aktan ES, Ate\u015f FS\u00d6, \u00d6zg\u00fcral O, Do\u011fan \u0130, U\u011fur H\u00c7. The utility of folding technique in duraplasty. J Ankara Univ Fac Med. 2024;77(2):164\u2013168."},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","first-page":"171","article-title":"Two alternative dural sealing techniques in posterior fossa surgery: (Polylactide-co-glycolide) self-adhesive resorbable membrane versus polyethylene glycol hydrogel","volume":"5","author":"Schiariti M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schiariti M, Acerbi F, Broggi M,  Two alternative dural sealing techniques in posterior fossa surgery: (Polylactide-co-glycolide) self-adhesive resorbable membrane versus polyethylene glycol hydrogel. Surg Neurol Int. 2014;5:171."},{"issue":"6","key":"b5","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"490","article-title":"Costs of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage: 1-year, retrospective analysis of 412 consecutive nontrauma cases","volume":"64","author":"Grotenhuis JA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grotenhuis JA. Costs of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage: 1-year, retrospective analysis of 412 consecutive nontrauma cases. Surg Neurol. 2005;64(6):490\u2013494."},{"issue":"1","key":"b6","series-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am","first-page":"119","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid diversion in endoscopic skull base reconstruction: an evidence-based approach to the use of lumbar drains","volume":"49","author":"Tien DA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tien DA, Stokken JK, Recinos PF, Woodard TD, Sindwani R. Cerebrospinal fluid diversion in endoscopic skull base reconstruction: an evidence-based approach to the use of lumbar drains. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2016;49(1):119\u2013129."},{"issue":"2","key":"b7","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"227","article-title":"A management algorithm for cerebrospinal fluid leak associated with anterior skull base fractures: detailed clinical and radiological follow-up","volume":"35","author":"Sherif C","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sherif C, Di Ieva A, Gibson D,  A management algorithm for cerebrospinal fluid leak associated with anterior skull base fractures: detailed clinical and radiological follow-up. Neurosurg Rev. 2012;35(2):227\u2013238."},{"issue":"4","key":"b8","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"369","article-title":"Complications of posterior cranial fossa surgery\u2014an institutional experience of 500 patients","volume":"72","author":"Dubey A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dubey A, Sung WS, Shaya M,  Complications of posterior cranial fossa surgery\u2014an institutional experience of 500 patients. Surg Neurol. 2009;72(4):369\u2013375."},{"key":"b9","series-title":"BioMed Res Int","first-page":"315952","article-title":"Complications of microsurgery of vestibular schwannoma","volume":"2014","author":"Betka J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Betka J, Zv\u011b\u0159ina E, Balogov\u00e1 Z,  Complications of microsurgery of vestibular schwannoma. BioMed Res Int. 2014; 2014:315952."},{"issue":"8","key":"b10","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"634","article-title":"Delayed cerebrospinal fluid leak after watertight dural closure with a polyethylene glycol hydrogel dural sealant in posterior fossa surgery: case report","volume":"54","author":"Jito J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jito J, Nitta N, Nozaki K. Delayed cerebrospinal fluid leak after watertight dural closure with a polyethylene glycol hydrogel dural sealant in posterior fossa surgery: case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2014;54(8):634\u2013639."},{"issue":"6","key":"b11","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"676","article-title":"Management of cerebrospinal fluid leak associated with craniomaxillofacial trauma","volume":"62","author":"Bell RB","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bell RB, Dierks EJ, Homer L, Potter BE. Management of cerebrospinal fluid leak associated with craniomaxillofacial trauma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62(6):676\u2013684."},{"issue":"5","key":"b12","series-title":"J Trauma","first-page":"618","article-title":"Posttraumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistula of the frontal fossa","volume":"6","author":"Mincy JE","year":"1966","unstructured":"Mincy JE. Posttraumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistula of the frontal fossa. J Trauma. 1966;6(5):618\u2013622."},{"issue":"4","key":"b13","series-title":"Otol Neurotol","first-page":"580","article-title":"Management options for cerebrospinal fluid leak after vestibular schwannoma surgery and introduction of an innovative treatment","volume":"25","author":"Selesnick SH","year":"2004","unstructured":"Selesnick SH, Liu JC, Jen A, Carew JF. Management options for cerebrospinal fluid leak after vestibular schwannoma surgery and introduction of an innovative treatment. Otol Neurotol. 2004;25(4):580\u2013586."},{"issue":"3","key":"b14","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"101","article-title":"Effect of cerebrospinal fluid leakage on wound healing in flap surgery: histological evaluation","volume":"40","author":"Babuccu O","year":"2004","unstructured":"Babuccu O, Kalayci M, Peksoy I, Kargi E, Cagavi F, Numano\u011flu G. Effect of cerebrospinal fluid leakage on wound healing in flap surgery: histological evaluation. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2004;40(3):101\u2013106."},{"issue":"9","key":"b15","series-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol","first-page":"718","article-title":"Acetazolamide for high intracranial pressure cerebrospinal fluid leaks","volume":"3","author":"Chaaban MR","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chaaban MR, Illing E, Riley KO, Woodworth BA. Acetazolamide for high intracranial pressure cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2013;3(9):718\u2013721."},{"issue":"7","key":"b16","series-title":"Acta Med Iran","first-page":"467","article-title":"Analysing the effect of early acetazolamide administration on patients with a high risk of permanent cerebrospinal fluid leakage","volume":"51","author":"Abrishamkar S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abrishamkar S, Khalighinejad N, Moein P. Analysing the effect of early acetazolamide administration on patients with a high risk of permanent cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Acta Med Iran. 2013;51(7):467\u2013471."},{"issue":"6","key":"b17","series-title":"ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec","first-page":"329","article-title":"Management of cerebrospinal fluid leak following retrosigmoid posterior cranial fossa surgery","volume":"71","author":"Bayazit YA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bayazit YA, Celenk F, Duzlu M, Goksu N. Management of cerebrospinal fluid leak following retrosigmoid posterior cranial fossa surgery. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2009;71(6):329\u2013333."},{"issue":"8","key":"b18","series-title":"Laryngoscope","first-page":"1002","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid drainage in the management of CSF leak following acoustic neuroma surgery","volume":"106","author":"Fishman AJ","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fishman AJ, Hoffman RA, Roland JT Jr, Lebowitz RA, Cohen NL. Cerebrospinal fluid drainage in the management of CSF leak following acoustic neuroma surgery. Laryngoscope. 1996;106(8):1002\u20131004."},{"issue":"6","key":"b19","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"559","article-title":"Severe craniofacial fractures with frontobasal involvement and cerebrospinal fluid fistula: indications for surgical repair","volume":"63","author":"Rocchi G","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rocchi G, Caroli E, Belli E, Salvati M, Cimatti M, Delfini R. Severe craniofacial fractures with frontobasal involvement and cerebrospinal fluid fistula: indications for surgical repair. Surg Neurol. 2005;63(6):559\u2013564."},{"issue":"5","key":"b20","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"381","article-title":"Acute traumatic CSF fistulae: the risk of intracranial infection","volume":"4","author":"Eljamel MS","year":"1990","unstructured":"Eljamel MS, Foy PM. Acute traumatic CSF fistulae: the risk of intracranial infection. Br J Neurosurg. 1990;4(5):381\u2013385."},{"issue":"8","key":"b21","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD004884","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing meningitis in patients with basilar skull fractures","author":"Ratilal BO","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ratilal BO, Costa J, Sampaio C, Pappamikail L. Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing meningitis in patients with basilar skull fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(8):CD004884."},{"issue":"2","key":"b22","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"139","article-title":"Intraoperative management to prevent cerebrospinal fluid leakage after microvascular decompression: dural closure with a \"plugging muscle\" method","volume":"30","author":"Park JS","year":"2007","unstructured":"Park JS, Kong DS, Lee JA, Park K. Intraoperative management to prevent cerebrospinal fluid leakage after microvascular decompression: dural closure with a \"plugging muscle\" method. Neurosurg Rev. 2007;30(2):139\u2013142."},{"issue":"1)(suppl 1","key":"b23","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"ONS182","article-title":"Polyethylene glycol hydrogel dural sealant may reduce incisional cerebrospinal fluid leak after posterior fossa surgery","volume":"63","author":"Than KD","year":"2008","unstructured":"Than KD, Baird CJ, Olivi A. Polyethylene glycol hydrogel dural sealant may reduce incisional cerebrospinal fluid leak after posterior fossa surgery. Neurosurgery. 2008;63(1)(suppl 1):ONS182\u2013ONS187."},{"issue":"2","key":"b24","series-title":"J Ankara Univ Fac Med","first-page":"137","article-title":"\"Inner flap\" method in the reconstruction of posterior fossa dura: surgical technique and single center clinical experience","volume":"69","author":"Dogan I","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dogan I. \"Inner flap\" method in the reconstruction of posterior fossa dura: surgical technique and single center clinical experience. 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