{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T23:37:45Z","timestamp":1785800265802,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n Radiologically, Chiari malformation type I (CM-I) is characterized by cerebellar tonsil herniation of at least 5 mm through the foramen magnum. In symptomatic cases, posterior fossa decompression (PFD) surgery is often performed and improves symptoms in approximately 75% of patients. However, the surgery involves risks, and identifying which candidates will benefit from surgery is important. It has previously been shown that the amount of tonsillar descent does not correlate with symptom severity or surgical outcomes. The authors hypothesized that using advanced neuroimaging methods to directly measure CSF flow and brain motion will give insights regarding which patients have the greatest likelihood of cerebral dynamic improvements from surgery.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n Here, the authors evaluated 108 CM-I patients (age 19\u201370 years), 61 of whom underwent PFD surgery. The authors used phase-contrast MRI to measure CSF flow\/stroke volume and cine displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) imaging to measure brain motion, with a goal to predict postsurgical cerebral dynamic improvements from presurgical images.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n The authors found that CSF stroke volume increased after PFD surgery by 28.9% (p = 0.014), brainstem motion decreased after surgery by 17.3% (p = 0.002), and cerebellum motion decreased 45.2% (p < 0.001). Notably, the amount of CSF flow increase after surgery had no relationship to tonsillar descent (R = 0.059, p = 0.767) but did relate to the amount of presurgical CSF flow (R = \u22120.518, p = 0.005). Likewise, improvements to brain motion were better predicted by the amount of presurgical motion (brainstem, R = \u22120.638, p < 0.001; cerebellum, R = \u22120.878, p < 0.001) than by tonsillar descent (brainstem, R = \u22120.312, p = 0.093; cerebellum, R = \u22120.620, p < 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n Here, the authors found that presurgical measures of cerebral dynamics were more descriptive of improvements to CSF flow and brain motion after PFD surgery than the conventional measure of presurgical tonsillar descent. These expanded quantitative assessments to determine which patients may benefit from surgery could improve the overall quality of patient care.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.11.jns241509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T20:52:40Z","timestamp":1741380760000},"page":"13-23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Measurement of CSF flow and brain motion in Chiari malformation type I subjects undergoing posterior fossa decompression surgery"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"Grace","family":"McIlvain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia;"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York;"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brice","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad Motaz","family":"Al Samman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Mohsenian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Barrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Loth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John N.","family":"Oshinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia;"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"b1","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2191","article-title":"Congenital and acquired Chiari syndrome","volume":"390","author":"Friedlander RM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Friedlander RM. Congenital and acquired Chiari syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(23):2191\u20132198."},{"issue":"2","key":"b2","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"109","article-title":"The role of cine flow MRI in children with Chiari I malformation","volume":"19","author":"Ventureyra ECG","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ventureyra ECG, Aziz HA, Vassilyadi M. The role of cine flow MRI in children with Chiari I malformation. Childs Nerv Syst. 2003;19(2):109\u2013113."},{"issue":"3","key":"b3","series-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep","first-page":"157","article-title":"What differences exist in the appropriate treatment of congenital versus acquired adult Chiari type I malformation?","volume":"15","author":"Ram\u00f3n C","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ram\u00f3n C, Gonz\u00e1les-Mandly A, Pascual J. What differences exist in the appropriate treatment of congenital versus acquired adult Chiari type I malformation? Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2011;15(3):157\u2013163."},{"issue":"10","key":"b4","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1673","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis\u2014part I: what is really caused by Chiari I","volume":"35","author":"Ciaramitaro P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ciaramitaro P, Ferraris M, Massaro F, Garbossa D. Clinical diagnosis\u2014part I: what is really caused by Chiari I. Childs Nerv Syst. 2019;35(10):1673\u20131679."},{"issue":"1","key":"b5","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Definition of the adult Chiari malformation: a brief historical overview","volume":"11","author":"Bejjani GK","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bejjani GK. Definition of the adult Chiari malformation: a brief historical overview. Neurosurg Focus. 2001;11(1):E1."},{"key":"b6","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"213","article-title":"Chiari malformation Type 1: a systematic review of natural history and conservative management","volume":"104","author":"Langridge B","year":"2017","unstructured":"Langridge B, Phillips E, Choi D. Chiari malformation Type 1: a systematic review of natural history and conservative management. World Neurosurg. 2017;104:213\u2013219."},{"issue":"12","key":"b7","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"2201","article-title":"Comparison of operative and non-operative outcomes based on surgical selection criteria for patients with Chiari I malformations","volume":"21","author":"Chavez A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chavez A, Roguski M, Killeen A, Heilman C, Hwang S. Comparison of operative and non-operative outcomes based on surgical selection criteria for patients with Chiari I malformations. J Clin Neurosci. 2014;21(12):2201\u20132206."},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Exp Neurol","first-page":"57","article-title":"A balanced view of the cerebrospinal fluid composition and functions: focus on adult humans","volume":"273","author":"Spector R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spector R, Robert Snodgrass S, Johanson CE. A balanced view of the cerebrospinal fluid composition and functions: focus on adult humans. Exp Neurol. 2015;273:57\u201368."},{"issue":"8","key":"b9","series-title":"Med Phys","first-page":"3413","article-title":"Tracking brain motion during the cardiac cycle using spiral cine-DENSE MRI","volume":"36","author":"Zhong X","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhong X, Meyer CH, Schlesinger DJ, Tracking brain motion during the cardiac cycle using spiral cine-DENSE MRI. Med Phys. 2009;36(8):3413\u20133419."},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"42","article-title":"Comparison of posterior fossa decompression with and without duraplasty for the surgical treatment of Chiari malformation Type I in pediatric patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Durham SR","year":"2008","unstructured":"Durham SR, Fjeld-Olenec K. Comparison of posterior fossa decompression with and without duraplasty for the surgical treatment of Chiari malformation Type I in pediatric patients: a meta-analysis. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2008;2(1):42\u201349."},{"issue":"4","key":"b11","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"281","article-title":"Management of syringomyelia associated with Chiari malformation: comparative study of syrinx size and symptoms by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"36","author":"Fujii K","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fujii K, Natori Y, Nakagaki H, Fukui M. Management of syringomyelia associated with Chiari malformation: comparative study of syrinx size and symptoms by magnetic resonance imaging. Surg Neurol. 1991;36(4):281\u2013285."},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Int J Pediatr","first-page":"640127","article-title":"Surgical management of patients with Chiari I malformation","volume":"2012","author":"Siasios J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Siasios J, Kapsalaki EZ, Fountas KN. Surgical management of patients with Chiari I malformation. Int J Pediatr. 2012;2012:640127."},{"issue":"4","key":"b13","series-title":"Int J Spine Surg","first-page":"615","article-title":"Accurate posterior fossa decompression technique for Chiari malformation Type I and a syringomyelia with navigation: a technical note","volume":"17","author":"Tanaka M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tanaka M, Sharma S, Fujiwara Y, Accurate posterior fossa decompression technique for Chiari malformation Type I and a syringomyelia with navigation: a technical note. Int J Spine Surg. 2023;17(4):615\u2013622."},{"issue":"1","key":"b14","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"187","article-title":"Cerebellar and brainstem displacement measured with DENSE MRI in Chiari malformation following posterior fossa decompression surgery","volume":"301","author":"Eppelheimer MS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eppelheimer MS, Nwotchouang BST, Heidari Pahlavian S, Cerebellar and brainstem displacement measured with DENSE MRI in Chiari malformation following posterior fossa decompression surgery. Radiology. 2021;301(1):187\u2013194."},{"issue":"4","key":"b15","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"546","article-title":"Cerebellar and hindbrain motion in Chiari malformation with and without syringomyelia","volume":"24","author":"Leung V","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leung V, Magnussen JS, Stoodley MA, Bilston LE. Cerebellar and hindbrain motion in Chiari malformation with and without syringomyelia. J Neurosurg Spine. 2016;24(4):546\u2013555."},{"key":"b16","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e74","article-title":"Cerebellar tissue strain in Chiari malformation with headache","volume":"130","author":"Dawes BH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dawes BH, Lloyd RA, Rogers JM, Magnussen JS, Bilston LE, Stoodley MA. Cerebellar tissue strain in Chiari malformation with headache. World Neurosurg. 2019;130:e74\u2013e81."},{"issue":"3","key":"b17","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"862","article-title":"Myocardial tissue tracking with two-dimensional cine displacement-encoded MR imaging: development and initial evaluation","volume":"230","author":"Kim D","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kim D, Gilson WD, Kramer CM, Epstein FH. Myocardial tissue tracking with two-dimensional cine displacement-encoded MR imaging: development and initial evaluation. Radiology. 2004;230(3):862\u2013871."},{"issue":"4","key":"b18","series-title":"Magn Reson Med","first-page":"1089","article-title":"Imaging three-dimensional myocardial mechanics using navigator-gated volumetric spiral cine DENSE MRI","volume":"64","author":"Zhong X","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhong X, Spottiswoode BS, Meyer CH, Kramer CM, Epstein FH. Imaging three-dimensional myocardial mechanics using navigator-gated volumetric spiral cine DENSE MRI. Magn Reson Med. 2010;64(4):1089\u20131097."},{"issue":"3","key":"b19","series-title":"Magn Reson Med","first-page":"1237","article-title":"Accuracy of cardiac-induced brain motion measurement using displacement-encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): a phantom study","volume":"85","author":"Nwotchouang BST","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nwotchouang BST, Eppelheimer MS, Biswas D, Accuracy of cardiac-induced brain motion measurement using displacement-encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): a phantom study. Magn Reson Med. 2021;85(3):1237\u20131247."},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Magn Reson Imaging","first-page":"148","article-title":"Reproducibility of cine displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) in human subjects","volume":"35","author":"Lin K","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin K, Meng L, Collins JD, Chowdhary V, Markl M, Carr JC. Reproducibility of cine displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) in human subjects. Magn Reson Imaging. 2017;35:148\u2013153."},{"issue":"5","key":"b21","series-title":"Magn Reson Med","first-page":"1126","article-title":"Selective suppression of artifact-generating echoes in cine DENSE using through-plane dephasing","volume":"56","author":"Zhong X","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhong X, Spottiswoode BS, Cowart EA, Gilson WD, Epstein FH. Selective suppression of artifact-generating echoes in cine DENSE using through-plane dephasing. Magn Reson Med. 2006;56(5):1126\u20131131."},{"issue":"8","key":"b22","series-title":"J Biomech Eng","first-page":"081010","article-title":"Regional quantification of brain tissue strain using displacement-encoding with stimulated echoes magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"140","author":"Pahlavian SH","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pahlavian SH, Oshinski J, Zhong X, Loth F, Amini R. 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CSF flow study in Chiari I malformation. Childs Nerv Syst. 2004;20(5):336\u2013340."},{"issue":"3","key":"b25","series-title":"Neurol Res","first-page":"247","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics in type I Chiari malformation","volume":"33","author":"Shaffer N","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shaffer N, Martin B, Loth F. Cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics in type I Chiari malformation. Neurol Res. 2011;33(3):247\u2013260."},{"issue":"1","key":"b26","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"229","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid flow in foramen magnum: temporal and spatial patterns at MR imaging in volunteers and in patients with Chiari I malformation","volume":"232","author":"Quigley MF","year":"2004","unstructured":"Quigley MF, Iskandar B, Quigley ME, Nicosia M, Haughton V. Cerebrospinal fluid flow in foramen magnum: temporal and spatial patterns at MR imaging in volunteers and in patients with Chiari I malformation. Radiology. 2004;232(1):229\u2013236."},{"issue":"2","key":"b27","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"169","article-title":"Peak systolic and diastolic CSF velocity in the foramen magnum in adult patients with Chiari I malformations and in normal control participants","volume":"24","author":"Haughton VM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Haughton VM, Korosec FR, Medow JE, Dolar MT, Iskandar BJ. Peak systolic and diastolic CSF velocity in the foramen magnum in adult patients with Chiari I malformations and in normal control participants. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24(2):169\u2013176."},{"issue":"8","key":"b28","series-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab","first-page":"1338","article-title":"Monro-Kellie 2.0: the dynamic vascular and venous pathophysiological components of intracranial pressure","volume":"36","author":"Wilson MH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wilson MH. Monro-Kellie 2.0: the dynamic vascular and venous pathophysiological components of intracranial pressure. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2016;36(8):1338\u20131350."},{"issue":"12","key":"b29","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"1746","article-title":"The Monro-Kellie hypothesis: applications in CSF volume depletion","volume":"56","author":"Mokri B","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mokri B. The Monro-Kellie hypothesis: applications in CSF volume depletion. Neurology. 2001;56(12):1746\u20131748."},{"issue":"2","key":"b30","series-title":"NMR Biomed","first-page":"e4050","article-title":"Quantifying cardiac-induced brain tissue expansion using DENSE","volume":"32","author":"Adams AL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adams AL, Kuijf HJ, Viergever MA, Luijten PR, Zwanenburg JJM. Quantifying cardiac-induced brain tissue expansion using DENSE. NMR Biomed. 2019;32(2):e4050."},{"issue":"10","key":"b31","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"889","article-title":"Chiari malformation in craniosynostosis","volume":"21","author":"Cinalli G","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cinalli G, Spennato P, Sainte-Rose C, Chiari malformation in craniosynostosis. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21(10):889\u2013901."},{"issue":"2","key":"b32","series-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging","first-page":"360","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid flow and brain motion in Chiari I malformation: past, present, and future","volume":"58","author":"Bhadelia RA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bhadelia RA, Chang YM, Oshinski JN, Loth F. Cerebrospinal fluid flow and brain motion in Chiari I malformation: past, present, and future. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2023;58(2):360\u2013378."},{"issue":"23","key":"b1","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2191","article-title":"Congenital and acquired Chiari syndrome","volume":"390","author":"Friedlander RM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Friedlander RM. Congenital and acquired Chiari syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(23):2191\u20132198."},{"issue":"2","key":"b2","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"109","article-title":"The role of cine flow MRI in children with Chiari I malformation","volume":"19","author":"Ventureyra ECG","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ventureyra ECG, Aziz HA, Vassilyadi M. The role of cine flow MRI in children with Chiari I malformation. Childs Nerv Syst. 2003;19(2):109\u2013113."},{"issue":"3","key":"b3","series-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep","first-page":"157","article-title":"What differences exist in the appropriate treatment of congenital versus acquired adult Chiari type I malformation?","volume":"15","author":"Ram\u00f3n C","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ram\u00f3n C, Gonz\u00e1les-Mandly A, Pascual J. What differences exist in the appropriate treatment of congenital versus acquired adult Chiari type I malformation? Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2011;15(3):157\u2013163."},{"issue":"10","key":"b4","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1673","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis\u2014part I: what is really caused by Chiari I","volume":"35","author":"Ciaramitaro P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ciaramitaro P, Ferraris M, Massaro F, Garbossa D. Clinical diagnosis\u2014part I: what is really caused by Chiari I. Childs Nerv Syst. 2019;35(10):1673\u20131679."},{"issue":"1","key":"b5","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Definition of the adult Chiari malformation: a brief historical overview","volume":"11","author":"Bejjani GK","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bejjani GK. Definition of the adult Chiari malformation: a brief historical overview. Neurosurg Focus. 2001;11(1):E1."},{"key":"b6","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"213","article-title":"Chiari malformation Type 1: a systematic review of natural history and conservative management","volume":"104","author":"Langridge B","year":"2017","unstructured":"Langridge B, Phillips E, Choi D. Chiari malformation Type 1: a systematic review of natural history and conservative management. World Neurosurg. 2017;104:213\u2013219."},{"issue":"12","key":"b7","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"2201","article-title":"Comparison of operative and non-operative outcomes based on surgical selection criteria for patients with Chiari I malformations","volume":"21","author":"Chavez A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chavez A, Roguski M, Killeen A, Heilman C, Hwang S. Comparison of operative and non-operative outcomes based on surgical selection criteria for patients with Chiari I malformations. J Clin Neurosci. 2014;21(12):2201\u20132206."},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Exp Neurol","first-page":"57","article-title":"A balanced view of the cerebrospinal fluid composition and functions: focus on adult humans","volume":"273","author":"Spector R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spector R, Robert Snodgrass S, Johanson CE. A balanced view of the cerebrospinal fluid composition and functions: focus on adult humans. Exp Neurol. 2015;273:57\u201368."},{"issue":"8","key":"b9","series-title":"Med Phys","first-page":"3413","article-title":"Tracking brain motion during the cardiac cycle using spiral cine-DENSE MRI","volume":"36","author":"Zhong X","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhong X, Meyer CH, Schlesinger DJ, Tracking brain motion during the cardiac cycle using spiral cine-DENSE MRI. Med Phys. 2009;36(8):3413\u20133419."},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"42","article-title":"Comparison of posterior fossa decompression with and without duraplasty for the surgical treatment of Chiari malformation Type I in pediatric patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Durham SR","year":"2008","unstructured":"Durham SR, Fjeld-Olenec K. Comparison of posterior fossa decompression with and without duraplasty for the surgical treatment of Chiari malformation Type I in pediatric patients: a meta-analysis. 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Int J Pediatr. 2012;2012:640127."},{"issue":"4","key":"b13","series-title":"Int J Spine Surg","first-page":"615","article-title":"Accurate posterior fossa decompression technique for Chiari malformation Type I and a syringomyelia with navigation: a technical note","volume":"17","author":"Tanaka M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tanaka M, Sharma S, Fujiwara Y, Accurate posterior fossa decompression technique for Chiari malformation Type I and a syringomyelia with navigation: a technical note. Int J Spine Surg. 2023;17(4):615\u2013622."},{"issue":"1","key":"b14","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"187","article-title":"Cerebellar and brainstem displacement measured with DENSE MRI in Chiari malformation following posterior fossa decompression surgery","volume":"301","author":"Eppelheimer MS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eppelheimer MS, Nwotchouang BST, Heidari Pahlavian S, Cerebellar and brainstem displacement measured with DENSE MRI in Chiari malformation following posterior fossa decompression surgery. Radiology. 2021;301(1):187\u2013194."},{"issue":"4","key":"b15","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"546","article-title":"Cerebellar and hindbrain motion in Chiari malformation with and without syringomyelia","volume":"24","author":"Leung V","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leung V, Magnussen JS, Stoodley MA, Bilston LE. Cerebellar and hindbrain motion in Chiari malformation with and without syringomyelia. J Neurosurg Spine. 2016;24(4):546\u2013555."},{"key":"b16","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e74","article-title":"Cerebellar tissue strain in Chiari malformation with headache","volume":"130","author":"Dawes BH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dawes BH, Lloyd RA, Rogers JM, Magnussen JS, Bilston LE, Stoodley MA. Cerebellar tissue strain in Chiari malformation with headache. World Neurosurg. 2019;130:e74\u2013e81."},{"issue":"3","key":"b17","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"862","article-title":"Myocardial tissue tracking with two-dimensional cine displacement-encoded MR imaging: development and initial evaluation","volume":"230","author":"Kim D","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kim D, Gilson WD, Kramer CM, Epstein FH. Myocardial tissue tracking with two-dimensional cine displacement-encoded MR imaging: development and initial evaluation. Radiology. 2004;230(3):862\u2013871."},{"issue":"4","key":"b18","series-title":"Magn Reson Med","first-page":"1089","article-title":"Imaging three-dimensional myocardial mechanics using navigator-gated volumetric spiral cine DENSE MRI","volume":"64","author":"Zhong X","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhong X, Spottiswoode BS, Meyer CH, Kramer CM, Epstein FH. Imaging three-dimensional myocardial mechanics using navigator-gated volumetric spiral cine DENSE MRI. 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